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Measuring Affective Temperaments a Systematic Review of Validation King’s Research Portal DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.023 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Elias, L. R., Köhler, C. A., Stubbs, B., Maciel, B. R., Cavalcante, L. M., Vale, A. M. O., Gonda, X., Quevedo, J., Hyphantis, T. N., Soares, J. C., Vieta, E., & Carvalho, A. F. (2017). Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments. Journal of Affective Disorders, 212, 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.023 Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. 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Sep. 2021 Author’s Accepted Manuscript Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments Liana R. Elias, Cristiano A. Köhler, Brendon Stubbs, Beatriz R. Maciel, Lígia M. Cavalcante, Antonio M.O. Vale, Xénia Gonda, João Quevedo, www.elsevier.com/locate/jad Thomas N. Hyphantis, Jair C. Soares, Eduard Vieta, André F. Carvalho PII: S0165-0327(16)31912-7 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.023 Reference: JAD8743 To appear in: Journal of Affective Disorders Received date: 15 October 2016 Revised date: 18 November 2016 Accepted date: 19 January 2017 Cite this article as: Liana R. Elias, Cristiano A. Köhler, Brendon Stubbs, Beatriz R. Maciel, Lígia M. Cavalcante, Antonio M.O. Vale, Xénia Gonda, João Quevedo, Thomas N. Hyphantis, Jair C. Soares, Eduard Vieta and André F. Carvalho, Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments, Journal of Affective Disorders, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.01.023 This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting galley proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Measuring affective temperaments: a systematic review of validation studies of the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) instruments Liana R. Elias1, Cristiano A. Köhler1, Brendon Stubbs2,3,4, Beatriz R. Maciel1, Lígia M. Cavalcante1, Antonio M. O. Vale1, Xénia Gonda5,6,7, João Quevedo8,9,10,11, Thomas N. Hyphantis12, Jair C. Soares10,13, Eduard Vieta14 & André F. Carvalho1,15,* 1 Translational Psychiatry Research Group and Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; 2 Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 8AZ, United Kingdom; 3 Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, Box SE5 8AF, United Kingdom; 4 Faculty of Health, Social care and Education, Anglia Ruskin University, Bishop Hall Lane, Chelmsford CM1 1SQ, United Kingdom; 5 Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 6 MTA-SE Neuropsychopharmacology and Neurochemistry Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 7 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Kutvolgyi Clinical Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; 8 Laboratory of Neurosciences, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Health Sciences Unit, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciuma, SC, 88806-000, Brazil; 9 Center for Translational Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 10 Center of Excellence on Mood Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 11 Neuroscience Graduate Program, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 12 Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110, Greece; 13 Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA; 1 14 Bipolar Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; 15 Institute for Clinical Research and Education in Medicine, I.R.E.M., Padova, Italy; Running Head: The TEMPS instruments * Corresponding author: André F. Carvalho, MD, Ph.D.; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes, 1608, 4º andar, 60430-040, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil. Phone/Fax: +55 85 33668054. E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] 2 1. Introduction Notwithstanding early versions of the theory of humors might have existed in early Egypt or Mesopotamia, the theory was established by the School of Cos and specifically by Polybos, a pupil of Hippocrates (4th century B.C.) and author of the book ‘Περί φύσιος ἀνθρώπου’ (‘On the Nature of Man’ ). This theory is a precursor of the temperament theory, which originally described four temperament types (in Greek ‘crasis’) according to the predominanc e of a particular humor: the Choleric (yellow bile from the liver; cyclothymic), the Sanguine (blood from the heart; hyperthymic) the Melancholic (black bile from the kidneys; depressive) and the Phlegmatic (phlegm from the lungs; self-content) (Fountoulakis et al., 2016). Approaching a century ago, the seminal work of Kraepelin initially recognized four basic affective dispositions namely depressive, manic, cyclothymic, and irritable, which he believed could represent subclinical forms, and in many circumstances precursors of affective psychoses (Kraepelin, 1921). He proposed that these affective temperaments had their roots in adolescence (Kraepelin, 1921). A renewed interest in the field of affective temperaments emerged with the operationalization of this construct by Akiskal and coworkers (Akiskal and Akiskal, 2005; Akiskal and Mallya, 1987; Matsumoto et al., 2005), which was primarily based on the previous work from Kraepelin (Kraepelin, 1921) and Kretschmer (Kretschmer, 1936), and on clinical and theoretical observations. Affective temperaments are thought to be a ‘heritable’ and relatively stable phenotype over lifespan (Kawamura et al., 2010). In order to capture affective temperaments, the Temperament Evaluation in Memphis Pisa and San Diego (TEMPS) was initially developed as the TEMPS-I administered in an interview format (Akiskal et al., 1998; Placidi et al., 1998), and as a self-report questionnaire TEMPS-A with 110 (for men) or 109 (for women) items (Akiskal et al., 2005b). The TEMPS-A yields a five-factor structure, which corresponds to the five predominant affective temperaments namely depressive, anxious, irritable, hyperthymic, and 3 cyclothymic (Akiskal et al., 2005b). More recently, more succinct versions of the TEMPS-A have been developed to improve compliance of respondents while capturing its five-factor underlying constructs (Erfurth et al., 2005; Preti et al., 2010; Woodruff et al., 2011). Different versions of the TEMPS instrument have been translated and/or validated in more than twenty- five languages, including but not limited to Italian (Pompili et al., 2008), French (Krebs et al., 2006), German (Erfurth et al., 2005), Brazilian Portuguese (Woodruff et al., 2011), Japanese (Matsumoto et al., 2005), Turkish (Vahip et al., 2005), Polish (Borkowska et al., 2010), Hungarian (Rozsa et al., 2008), Lebanese Arabic (Karam et al., 2005), Spanish-Barcelona (Sanchez-Moreno et al., 2005), Spanish-Buenos Aires (Vazquez et al., 2007), and Lisbon- Portuguese versions (Figueira et al., 2008). Furthermore, the TEMPS has been the most widely used set of instruments to measure affective temperaments. The concept of predominant affective
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