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TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by the Secretariat EUROPEAN
RESTRICTED WORLD TRADE WT/TPR/S/214 2 March 2009 ORGANIZATION (09-1000) Trade Policy Review Body TRADE POLICY REVIEW Report by the Secretariat EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES This report, prepared for the ninth Trade Policy Review of the European Communities, has been drawn up by the WTO Secretariat on its own responsibility. The Secretariat has, as required by the Agreement establishing the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (Annex 3 of the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization), sought clarification from the European Communities on its trade policies and practices. Any technical questions arising from this report may be addressed to Jacques Degbelo (tel: 022/739 5583), Ricardo Barba (tel: 022/739 5088), Eugenia Lizano (tel: 022/739 6578), and Thomas Friedheim (tel: 022/739 5083). Document WT/TPR/G/214 contains the policy statement submitted by the European Communities. Note: This report is subject to restricted circulation and press embargo until the end of the first session of the meeting of the Trade Policy Review Body on the European Communities. European Communities WT/TPR/S/214 Page iii CONTENTS Page SUMMARY OBSERVATIONS vii (1) THE ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT vii (2) INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK vii (3) TRADE POLICY INSTRUMENTS viii (4) SECTORAL POLICIES ix (5) TRADE POLICY AND TRADING PARTNERS x I. ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 1 (1) MAIN CHARACTERISTICS 1 (2) RECENT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS 3 (3) TRADE AND INVESTMENT 6 (i) Trade in goods 7 (ii) Trade in services 11 (iii) Foreign direct investment 12 (4) OUTLOOK 13 II. TRADE AND INVESTMENT REGIMES 14 (1) INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 14 (2) POLICY FORMULATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 15 (3) TRADE POLICY OBJECTIVES 17 (4) TRADE REGULATIONS AND BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT 18 (5) TRADE AGREEMENTS AND ARRANGEMENTS 20 (i) Overview 20 (ii) WTO 21 (iii) Preferential trade agreements and arrangements 23 (iv) Aid for Trade (AfT) 32 III. -
Ghidul Solicitantului Pentru DMI 2.4-Modernizarea Şi Dezvoltarea
MINISTERUL TRANSPORTURILOR ȘI INFRASTRUCTURII AUTORITATEA DE MANAGEMENT PENTRU PROGRAMUL OPERAŢIONAL SECTORIAL „TRANSPORT” GHIDUL SOLICITANTULUI (instrucţiuni către solicitanţi privind completarea, depunerea, evaluarea şi aprobarea cererilor de finanţare) PROGRAMUL OPERAȚIONAL SECTORIAL ”TRANSPORT” AXA PRIORITARĂ 2 – Modernizarea și dezvoltarea infrastructurii naționale de transport în afara axelor prioritare TEN-T, în scopul dezvoltării unui sistem național durabil de transport DOMENIUL MAJOR DE INTERVENȚIE 2.4 – Modernizarea şi dezvoltarea infrastructurii de transport aerian – Aprilie 2010 – Notă: Prezentul Ghid al Solicitantului reprezintă o versiune de lucru și este publicat pentru informarea beneficiarilor eligibili. După emiterea opiniei Comisiei Europene privind Schema de finanțare “Sprijin financiar pentru modernizarea şi dezvoltarea infrastructurii de transport aerian în cadrul Programului Operaţional Sectorial “Transport ”, Ghidul Solicitantului va fi definitivat și lansat oficial de AM POST. Programul Operațional Sectorial ”Transport” Axa prioritară 2 – Modernizarea și dezvoltarea infrastructurii naționale de transport în afara Axelor Prioritare TEN-T, în scopul dezvoltării unui sistem național durabil de transport Domeniul Major de intervenție 2.4 – Modernizarea şi dezvoltarea infrastructurii de transport aerian CUPRINS Definiţii şi abrevieri I. Informaţii generale I.1. Documente strategice I.2. Cadrul instituţional pentru POS Transport I.3. Descriere generală a Axei prioritare 2 – Modernizarea și dezvoltarea infrastructurii naţionale de transport în afara Axelor Prioritare TEN-T, în scopul dezvoltării unui sistem naţional durabil de transport I.4. Descriere generală a Domeniului Major de Intervenţie 2.4 – Modernizarea şi dezvoltarea infrastructurii de transport aerian II. Reguli pentru concursul de proiecte II.1. Eligibilitatea solicitantului II.2. Eligibilitatea proiectului III. Completarea și depunerea cererii de finanțare III.1. Condiţiile minime necesare înaintea depunerii unei Cereri de finanţare din POS Transport III.2. -
Romania´S Position in the Transeuropean Transportation
191 ROMANIA ´S POSITION IN THE TRANSEURO P EAN TRANS P ORTATION NETWORKS Csongor MÁTHÉ , Cluj-Napoca, and Géza SCHU B ERT , Vienna [Wien]* CONTENT Summary ...................................................................................................................191 1 Historical development of Romania´s transportation system ...............................192 2 Current situation of Romania´s transportation system .........................................196 3 Major goals regarding the transport infrastructure development strategy ...........211 4 Conclusions ..........................................................................................................216 5 References ............................................................................................................217 Summary As Romania´s European integration proceeds, this country is attracting even more attention due to geostrategic and economic reasons. The 9th TEN-T core network corridor Rhine-Danube (with road, rail and waterway components) is the backbone network of Romania’s international connections. In order to increase economic growth and living standards, the development of transportation infrastructure is strongly required, similar to other post-Communist countries in Central and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, the transport system should be organised and developed in a manner, in which the different carriers should take over the part of the transport chain, which could operate in the most cost-efficient manner. The legacy of the Communist era (underdeveloped -
Novoszáth Péter a Román Regionális Repülőterek Működésének És
REPÜLÉSTUDOMÁNYI KÖZLEMÉNYEK 31. évfolyam (2019) 2. szám 95–113. • DOI: 10.32560/rk.2019.2.7 Novoszáth Péter A román regionális repülőterek működésének és fejlesztésének főbb jellemzői E tanulmány legfőbb célja az, hogy megvizsgálja, Románia hol tart jelenleg a légi forgalom fejlesz- tésében. Milyen tényezők játszanak leginkább szerepet a román regionális repülőterek fejlődésé- ben? Igaz-e az, hogy a román regionális repülőterek forgalma kiugróan nőtt az elmúlt években? Vajon a román regionális repülőterek forgalma valóban jóval dinamikusabban fejlődött az elmúlt négy évben, mint a magyar vagy az osztrák repülőterek? Igaz-e az, hogy egyes román regionális repülőterek forgalma mára már jóval meghaladja vonzáskörzetük, gyűjtőterületük nagyságát? Kulcsszavak: a román repülőterek szövetsége, a vidéki régiók versenyképességének növelése, regionális fejlesztések, regionális repülőterek, román regionális repülőterek, területi fejlesztések Bevezetés A légi közlekedésben tapasztalható rohamos fejlődés nem csupán technikai kérdés, hanem abban politikai, gazdasági-társadalmi, természetföldrajzi okok egyaránt megfigyelhetők. A közép-európai országok helyzete az európai közlekedési térben közlekedésföldrajzi érte- lemben szerencsésnek mondható, hiszen már régóta az összekötő kapocs szerepét töltik be Nyugat- és a szorosabb értelemben vett Kelet-Közép-Európa között. Az idegenforgalom és a külföldi befektetések rohamos növekedésével a légi közlekedés szerepe is nagyban fel- értékelődött az elmúlt évtizedekben. Jelenlegi kutatásom alapvetően Közép-Európa lehető- ségeit és kihívásait kívánja elemzően feltárni és ismertetni, különös hangsúlyt fektetve a légi közlekedésen belül a regionális repülőterek fejlődésére, katalizátor szerepére egy-egy régióban. A légi közlekedés nyújtotta lehetőségek szinte egyedülállók, amelyek az Európai Unióban rejlő lehetőségek fokozatos kihasználását is lehetővé teszik. Olyan kapcsolatok alakulhatnak ki országok, régiók, városok között, amelyek az európai fejlődés és a régiók felzárkózásának meghatározó elemei lehetnek. -
Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport As an Equity Factor
Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport as an Equity Factor Frederico Ferreira Valente Nunes Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Civil Engineering Thesis supervised by Prof. Maria do Rosário Maurício Ribeiro Macário Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. João Torres de Quinhones Levy Supervisor: Prof. Maria do Rosário Maurício Ribeiro Macário Member of the Committee: Doutor Vasco Domingos Moreira Lopes Miranda dos Reis September 2015 Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport as an Equity Factor| Frederico Valente Nunes | II Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport as an Equity Factor| Frederico Valente Nunes | And our people shall leave to find a new India, One that does not exist yet, On boats built from the same material dreams are made of. Fernando Pessoa, in Renascença Portuguesa E a nossa grande raça partirá em busca de uma Índia nova, Que não existe no espaço, Em naus que são construídas daquilo de que os sonhos são feitos. Fernando Pessoa, in Renascença Portuguesa III Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport as an Equity Factor| Frederico Valente Nunes | IV Exploring Connectivity in Air Transport as an Equity Factor| Frederico Valente Nunes | Abstract (and key-words) Abstract (and key-words) In this Master Dissertation we analysed the equity in air transportation in the European Union (EU) regarding routes and ticket prices. This study aimed to analyse whether the European Union policies in this field of transportation are considering the equity as a factor, whether they ensure the main purposes of the EU and whether they are improving the cohesion between countries. For this, three different indicators were created in order to evaluate equity in air transportation in the EU: Availability, the existence of routes between countries; Affordability, if the prices take into account the purchasing power of each country; and Business Convenience, to evaluate the cost of travelling by air on business in Europe. -
National Guide for Tansport Project Evaluation
Ports and Waterways AECOM Revised Final Report on the Master Plan Short, Medium and Long Term 351 6 Ports and Waterways This chapter considers Romania’s ports and waterways as part of the National Transport Master Plan. This chapter is ordered in the following sections: o Existing Conditions o Strategic Objectives o Operational Objectives o Testing Interventions o Other Interventions o Summary Each section is furthered ordered by listing the ports, starting with Constanta and then running up the Danube from the mouth of the river to where the Danube is no longer in Romania. Consideration is then given to the waterways including the Danube itself as well as the Danube-Black Sea Canal. AECOM has compiled this chapter using information from a number of sources including the Ministry of Transport as well as using outputs from consultation with industry stakeholders including port operators, administrators and shipping companies. 6.1 Existing Conditions 6.1.1 Over 318 million tonnes of freight was lifted in 2011. Figure 6.1 shows that of this a large amount of water based freight occurs both maritime (12%) and on the River Danube and canal systems (9%). This shows that water freight has an important role in the transportation of mostly bulk freight in Romania, mainly associated with traditional industries. 6.1.2 Containerisation of freight in Romania is currently just 4%. This is at a low level and it could be reasonably expected for this rate to increase over the next 20 years to a Western European average of around 12%. Containerisation will be prompted by rising labour costs and the need to reduce the cost of handling products in the supply chain. -
Romania General Transport Master Plan
Transportation Government of Romania September 2014 Ministry of Transport Romania General Transport Master Plan Revised Final Report on the Master Plan Short, Medium and Long Term Prepared by: Checked by: Iain Mobbs, Frank Mohan, Geoff Clarke Craig Bell Johan Els Regional Director Approved by: Martin Bright Director Romania General Transport Master Plan Revised Final Report on the Master Plan Short, Medium and Long Term Rev No Comments Checked by Approved by Date 1 First Draft for Client Comment CB MJB 19/08/2013 2 Revised following Client Comments CB MJB 29/08/2014 3 Revised following Client Comments CB MJB 30/09/2014 Strada Polona, Nr. 68-72, Sector 1, Bucuresti, Romania Telephone: +4 021 316 1163 Website: http://www.aecom.com Job No: 60268467 Reference: Revised Final Master Plan Date Created: September 2014 This document has been prepared by AECOM Ingenieria SRL for the sole use of our client (the “Client”) and in accordance with generally accepted consultancy principles, the budget for fees and the terms of reference agreed between AECOM Ingenieria SRL and the Client. Any information provided by third parties and referred to herein has not been checked or verified by AECOM Ingenieria SRL, unless otherwise expressly stated in the document. No third party may rely upon this document without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM Ingenieria SRL. IMPORTANT NOTE The current draft document should be read strictly from the perspective of the following: CAVEATS Status of current document 1. The current document is a working draft of the Master Plan Report. This version is not final and will be updated with the results of more detailed analysis which is being carried out in particular for the rail, ports, airports and intermodal transport sectors. -
Appendix Tables
APPENDIX TABLES European Communities WT/TPR/S/214/Rev.1 Page 159 Table AI.1 Destination of exports, 2003-07 (€ million and percent) 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total (€ million) 869,235.7 952,954.2 1,053,187.8 1,159,276.0 1,240,098.1 (per cent) America 34.6 32.8 32.2 31.7 29.5 United States 26.2 24.7 24.0 23.2 21.1 Other America 8.4 8.1 8.2 8.5 8.4 Canada 2.5 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.1 Brazil 1.4 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.7 Mexico 1.7 1.5 1.6 1.6 1.7 Europe 17.6 18.1 18.1 18.2 18.3 EC(25) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 EFTA 11.7 11.4 11.4 11.2 11.3 Switzerland 8.3 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.6 Norway 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 Other Europe 5.9 6.7 6.6 6.9 6.9 Turkey 3.5 4.2 4.2 4.3 4.2 Croatia 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) 6.2 7.0 7.8 9.1 10.4 Russian Federation 4.3 4.8 5.4 6.2 7.2 Ukraine 1.0 1.1 1.3 1.6 1.8 Africa 8.0 8.0 8.2 7.9 8.3 South Africa 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 Middle East 7.9 8.0 8.4 7.9 7.9 United Arab Emirates 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.2 2.2 Saudi Arabia 1.6 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 Israel 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.2 1.2 Asia 24.1 24.4 23.6 23.5 23.7 China 4.8 5.1 4.9 5.5 5.8 Japan 4.7 4.6 4.2 3.9 3.5 Six East Asian Traders 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.2 8.0 Korea, Rep. -
Romania ROMANIA
Romania I.H.T. Visa: required by all except the following: nationals of Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech ROMANIA Republic, Hungary, Macedonia, Malaysia, Poland, Slovak Republic and Yugoslavia for stays of up to 30 days; nationals of other CIS countries, Costa Rica, Cyprus, San Marino, South Korea and Ukraine for stays of up to 90 days; nationals of Turkey for stays of up to 60 days; nationals of the USA for stays of up to 30 days; transit passengers continuing their journey by the same or first connecting aircraft provided holding valid onward or return documentation and not leaving the airport. Duty Free: The following items may be imported into Romania without incurring customs duty: 200 cigarettes or 200g of tobacco; 1 litre of spirits; 4 litres of wine or beer; gifts up to a value of Lei2000. Health: Mains water is normally chlorinated, and whilst relatively safe, may cause abdominal upsets; visitors are thus advised to drink bottled water. Milk is pasteurized and dairy products are safe for consumption. Local meat, poultry, seafood, fruit and vegetables are generally considered safe to eat. Rabies is present. For those at high risk, vaccination before arrival should be considered. Hepatitis A and tuberculosis occur and hepatitis B is endemic. An anthrax outbreak was reported in the Danube Delta in summer 2000. HOTELS●MOTELS●INNS BRASOV CASA WAGNER BRASOV,Piata Sfatului nr. 5 ,Tel.: +40268 411253,411254 ,Fax: +40268 410871 , E-mail: [email protected] , http://www.casa- wagner.eu Country Dialling Code (Tel/Fax): ++40 HOTEL AMBIENT , S.C. Euro-Tour S.R.L.,Str.