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THE Official Magazine of the OCEANOGRAPHY SOCIETY OceanTEFFH O icial MAGAZINEog OF the OCEANOGRAPHYraphy SOCIETY CITATION Sabine, C.L., H. Ducklow, and M. Hood. 2010. International carbon coordination: Roger Revelle’s legacy in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission. Oceanography 23(3):48–61, doi:10.5670/oceanog.2010.23. COPYRIGHT This article has been published inOceanography , Volume 23, Number 3, a quarterly journal of The Oceanography Society. Copyright 2010 by The Oceanography Society. All rights reserved. USAGE Permission is granted to copy this article for use in teaching and research. Republication, systematic reproduction, or collective redistribution of any portion of this article by photocopy machine, reposting, or other means is permitted only with the approval of The Oceanography Society. Send all correspondence to: [email protected] or The Oceanography Society, PO Box 1931, Rockville, MD 20849-1931, USA. do WNLOADED FROM WWW.tos.org/oceanography CELEBRATING 50 YEARS OF THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL OcEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION In TERNATIONAL CARBON COORDINATION Roger Revelle’s Legacy in the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission By CHRISTOPHER L. SABINE, HUGH DUCKLOW, AND MARIA HOOD R oger Revelle in his lab circa 1958. Photo courtesy of Scripps Institution of Oceanography Archives, UC San Diego Libraries 48 Oceanography Vol.23, No.3 ABSTRACT. Since its inception in 1960, the Intergovernmental Oceanographic INTRODUCTION Commission (IOC) has been responsible for organizing and coordinating the Recognizing that global issues scientific investigation of ocean carbon. Roger Revelle (Scripps Institution like climate change could only be of Oceanography) first articulated the principal need for international and addressed through international intergovernmental coordination to address global-scale problems such as climate and intergovernmental cooperation, change when IOC was first developed. Regional to global-scale carbon studies the Intergovernmental Conference started in earnest with the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE) and on Oceanographic Research (also Geochemical Ocean Sections Study (GEOSECS) programs in the 1970s, but they were referred to as the “First Oceanographic hampered by technological barriers that limited both the precision of carbon system Conference”) met in Copenhagen in measurements and the greater sampling frequency needed for a comprehensive global 1960 to create the Intergovernmental view. In 1979, IOC established the Committee on Climate Change and the Ocean Oceanographic Commission (IOC). (CCCO) with Revelle as Chair. CCCO called for a carbon observation program From the beginning, the need to and sampling strategy that could determine the global oceanic CO2 inventory to an understand ocean carbon was seen accuracy of 10–20 petagrams of carbon (Pg C). Perfection of the coulometric analysis as a major IOC driving force. During technique of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in seawater by Ken Johnson a Paris preparatory meeting for the (University of Rhode Island) and introduction of certified reference materials for Copenhagen conference in March 1960, DIC and alkalinity by Andrew Dickson (Scripps Institution of Oceanography) made Roger Revelle, then director of Scripps such a study possible. The first global survey of ocean 2CO was carried out under the Institution of Oceanography, summa- joint sponsorship of IOC and the Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (SCOR) rized the purposes of this new United in the Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) and the World Ocean Circulation Nations organization, citing the need Experiment (WOCE) in the 1990s. With these programs and underway pCO2 for a better understanding of ocean measuring systems on research vessels and ships of opportunity, ocean carbon data carbon (Revelle, 1960): grew exponentially, reaching about a million total measurements by 2002 when Taro Takahashi (Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory) and others provided the first robust In general, oceanographic research, like mapping of surface ocean CO2. Using a new approach developed by Nicolas Gruber many other kinds of research, is best (ETH Zürich) and colleagues with JGOFS-WOCE and other synthesized data sets, done by individuals or small groups one of this article’s authors (Sabine) with a host of coauthors estimated that the total working independently. However, accumulation of anthropogenic CO2 between 1800 and 1994 was 118 ± 19 Pg C, just there are some research problems that within the uncertainty goals set by JGOFS and IOC prior to the global survey. Today, require international co-operation… ocean carbon activities are coordinated through the International Ocean Carbon Scientific problems that require nearly Coordination Project (IOCCP). Ocean carbon measurements now accumulate at a simultaneous observations over a rate of over a million measurements per year—matching the total number achieved wide area or over the entire ocean also over the first three decades of ocean carbon studies. IOCCP is actively working to demand international co-operation combine these data into uniform data sets that the community can use to better in taking the observations, and close understand ocean carbon uptake and storage. The problem of ocean acidification co-ordination to ensure comparability caused by uptake of anthropogenic CO2 is now a major target of IOC and IOCCP. of results. An example is the present Oceanography September 2010 49 attempt to determine the total carbon and more countries participate in endorsed the US effort by initiating the dioxide content in the atmosphere and large-scale field programs, the need for Long-term and Expanded Programme the change in this content with time this type of coordination will become of Ocean Exploration and Research as a result of the input from fossil fuel increasingly important. Through (LEPOR), which highlighted the study combustion and the loss to the ocean activities such as the International Ocean of air-sea gas exchange and the effects and biosphere. One of the questions Carbon Coordination Project, IOC is of turbulence and breaking waves on we are asking is: Where is the carbon dioxide absorbed by the ocean? Does it remain in the surface layers or does it extend throughout the ocean volume? ROGER REVELLE WAS THE FIRST TO RECOGNIZE THAT UndERSTAndING THE GIGANTIC GEOCHEMICAL At the time of this statement, it was EXPERIMENT BEING COndUCTED BY AddING assumed, based on fundamental thermo- dynamics, that the ocean was absorbing “FOSSIL FUEL CO2 TO THE OCEAN REQUIRED AN CO2 from the atmosphere, but it was INTERNATIONAL EFFORT OF UNPRECEDENTED SCALE, unclear how much was absorbed and COMPLEXITY, And INTEGRATION. how quickly it mixed throughout the ocean volume. There were relatively few high-quality inorganic carbon measure- ments in the ocean and no good tech- realizing the vision of coordination and the exchange of elements such as halo- niques for isolating the anthropogenic cooperation envisioned by Revelle and carbons and carbon dioxide (UNESCO,” component. The role of ocean biology the First Oceanographic Conference 1975). This new program also promoted in controlling carbon distributions in 50 years ago. the need for baseline geochemical the ocean was also poorly understood surveys, including carbon dioxide, and from local to global scales. Revelle recog- LONG-TERM AND EXPANDED studies of how climate variability impacts nized the need for countries to work PROGRAMME OF OCEAN ocean biology. together to address these compelling EXPLORATION AND RESEARCH The first high-quality, fully docu- global-scale questions. IOC concentrated its early efforts in mented global inorganic ocean carbon Since its inception, IOC has been the 1960s on the International Indian measurements were carried out as part of providing international coordination Ocean Expedition, but there was little the Geochemical Ocean Sections Study for ocean carbon and biogeochemical focus on ocean carbon, except for (GEOSECS) between 1971 and 1978. measurements, with its programs primary production measurements, The GEOSECS program made roughly evolving to meet new challenges as the until the 1970s when the United States 6,000 measurements of dissolved inor- science progressed and coordination initiated the International Decade ganic carbon (DIC) and total alkalinity needs changed. As techniques develop of Ocean Exploration (IDOE). IOC (TA) in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans as well as the Mediterranean and Christopher L. Sabine ([email protected]) is a supervisory oceanographer at the Red seas (Figure 1). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Pacific Marine Environmental Shortly after completion of the Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA, and chair since 2002 of the Intergovernmental GEOSECS cruises, two publications Oceanographic Commission-Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (IOC-SCOR) independently proposed the first International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project. Hugh Ducklow is Director, The techniques for estimating anthropo- Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA. Maria Hood genic CO2 concentrations from ocean is an IOC consultant and former project coordinator for the CO2 Advisory Panel and the carbon measurements (Brewer, 1978; International Ocean Carbon Coordination Project, UNESCO, Paris, France. Chen and Millero, 1979). However, 50 Oceanography Vol.23, No.3 these approaches were criticized in the of sustained global ocean observations. This figure was at least twice as good literature (e.g., Shiller, 1981; Broecker Initially, these programs
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