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NDSU Extension Bulletin A1995

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NDSU Extension Bulletin A1995 A1995 (December 2020) Sunflower Production Guide Edited and Compiled by Hans Kandel, Greg Endres and Ryan Buetow North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station and North Dakota State University Extension (Sam Markell, NDSU) Foreword The first edition of “Sunflower Production and Marketing Extension Bulletin 25” was published in 1975. Revised editions followed in 1978, 1985, 1994 and 2007. This publication replaces the publication titled “Sunflower Production,” which was published in 2007. The purpose is to update information and provide a production and pest management guide for sunflower growers. This revised publication is directed primarily to the commercial production of sunflower, not to marketing and processing. It will attempt to give specific guidelines and recommendations on production practices and pest management based on current information. This publication also is directed primarily toward sunflower production in the northern part of the Great Plains of the U.S. However, much of the information is relevant to other production areas. All pesticides recommended have a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency label unless otherwise specified. This publication contains certain recommendations for pesticides that are labeled only for North Dakota. The users of any pesticide designated for a state label must have a copy of the state label in their possession at the time of application. State labels can be obtained from agricultural chemical dealers or distributors. Use pesticides only as labeled. Acknowledgments The editors are indebted to the contributors for writing sections of this publication. The editors also appreciate the efforts made by previous contributors because these previous sections often were the starting point for current sections. This publication was compiled and published in cooperation with the National Sunflower Association (www.sunflowernsa.com). Foreword / Acknowledgments 1 Contributors Patrick Beauzay, state IPM coordinator and research specialist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Gary Brewer, former department chair and professor, Department of Entomology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Ryan Buetow, Extension cropping systems specialist, NDSU Research Extension Center, Dickinson, ND 58601 Anitha Chirumamilla, Extension agent, agriculture and natural resources, Cavalier County, Langdon, ND 58249 Greg Endres, Extension cropping systems specialist, NDSU Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421 Dave Franzen, Extension soils specialist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Bob Harveson, Extension plant pathologist, University of Nebraska, Scottsbluff, NE 69361 Kenneth Hellevang, Extension agricultural engineer, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Karl Hoppe, Extension livestock systems specialist, NDSU Research Extension Center, Carrington, ND 58421 Brent Hulke, sunflower breeder, U.S. Department of Agriculture – Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Joe Ikley, Extension weed specialist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Hans Kandel, Extension agronomist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Page Klug, research wildlife biologist, USDA-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service-Wildlife Service National Wildlife Research Center, North Dakota Field Station, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Jan Knodel, Extension entomologist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Sam Markell, Extension plant pathologist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Febina Mathew, oilseeds plant pathologist, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 John Nowatzki, ag machine systems specialist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 2 Sunflower Production Guide | www.ndsu.edu/extension Frayne Olson, Extension crops economist, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 John Sandbakken, Executive director, National Sunflower Association, Mandan, ND 58554 Tom Scherer, Extension agricultural engineer, NDSU Extension, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58105 Former editors: David W. Cobia, David E. Zimmer, Marcia McMullen and Duane R. Berglund Former contributors: Ron R. Allen, Roger Ashley, William S. Ball, James Bauder, Duane R. Berglund, Al Black, Carl Bradley, Lawrence Charlet, David W. Cobia, William Danke, Alan Dexter, Carl Fanning, Gerhardt N. Fick, George Flaskerud, Basil Furgala, Phil Glogoza, Thomas Gulya, James Hanzel, James Helm, Harvey J. Hirning, Edna T. Holm, Vernon L. Hofman, David H. Kinard, Larry Kleingartner, Arthur Lamey, Greg Lardy, George Linz, Darnell Lundstrom, Dean McBride, Hugh McDonald, Jerry Miller, John Nalewaja, Berlin Nelson, David M. Noetzel, William K. Pfeifer, Lyle Prunty, Charlie E. Rogers, LeRoy W. Schaffner, Albert Schneiter, Robert and Jay Schuler, John T. Schulz, Don Tanaka, Tommy E. Thompson, Sebastian Vogel, Howard D. Wilkins, David E. Zimmer, Richard Zollinger and Joseph C. Zubriski. Contributors 3 4 Sunflower Production Guide | www.ndsu.edu/extension Contents Foreword ................................................................................ 1 Acknowledgments ................................................................... 1 Contributors ........................................................................... 2 I. Introduction ....................................................................... 7 Historical Perspective ....................................................... 9 Taxonomy ..................................................................... 10 Growth Stages ............................................................... 11 Description of Sunflower Growth Stages ............................ 12 II. Production ...................................................................... 15 World Production ........................................................... 17 U.S. Production ............................................................. 17 Acreage ................................................................. 17 Seed Yield Per Acre ................................................. 18 Prices .................................................................... 19 Sunflower Marketing Strategy ................................... 19 III. Hybrid Selection and Production Practices..................... 23 Hybrid Selection ............................................................ 25 Sunflower Market Types ........................................... 25 Criteria for Hybrid Selection ...................................... 26 Production Practices ....................................................... 27 Seed Quality ........................................................... 27 Soils ...................................................................... 27 Soil Fertility ............................................................ 27 Other Nutrients ....................................................... 35 Organic Sunflower Nutrient Management ................... 35 Water Requirements for Sunflower ................................... 36 Soil Water Management for Dryland Sunflower .......... 37 Irrigation Management ............................................. 37 Tillage, Seedbed Preparation and Planting ........................ 40 Tillage and Seedbed Preparation ............................... 40 Conventional-till Production Systems ......................... 40 Air Drill Use ........................................................... 41 No-till Production Systems ....................................... 42 No-till and One-pass Seeding ................................... 42 Planting Dates ........................................................ 43 Row Spacing and Plant Population ............................ 43 Postharvest Tillage .................................................. 46 Crop Rotation ................................................................ 46 Pollination ..................................................................... 47 Pollinator Safety ...................................................... 48 Contents 5 IV. Pest Management .......................................................... 49 Integrated Pest Management ........................................... 51 Insect Pest Management ................................................. 54 Diseases of Sunflower ..................................................... 99 Weeds ........................................................................ 123 Birds .......................................................................... 130 Other Pests and Damage ............................................... 135 V. Hail Injury .................................................................... 139 VI. Harvesting ................................................................... 147 VII. Drying and Storage ..................................................... 153 VIII. Feeding Value of Sunflower Products in Beef Cattle Diets ................................................... 161 IX. U.S. Grades and Standards for Sunflower .................... 167 X. Glossary........................................................................ 171 6 Contents I. Introduction (Ryan Buetow, NDSU) Introduction 7 8 Sunflower Production Guide | www.ndsu.edu/extension Introduction Hans Kandel Three primary types of sunflower are grown: (1) oilseed for vegetable oil production, (2) nonoilseed
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