DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethylene Mediates the Branching of the Jasmonate‐Induced Flavonoid

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ethylene Mediates the Branching of the Jasmonate‐Induced Flavonoid http://www.diva-portal.org This is the published version of a paper published in Plant Biotechnology Journal. Citation for the original published paper (version of record): Ni, J., Zhao, Y., Tao, R., Yin, L., Gao, L. et al. (2020) Ethylene mediates the branching of the jasmonate-induced flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by suppressing anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese pear fruits Plant Biotechnology Journal, 18: 1223-1240 https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13287 Access to the published version may require subscription. N.B. When citing this work, cite the original published paper. Permanent link to this version: http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-77711 Plant Biotechnology Journal (2020) 18, pp. 1223–1240 doi: 10.1111/pbi.13287 Ethylene mediates the branching of the jasmonate- induced flavonoid biosynthesis pathway by suppressing anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese pear fruits Junbei Ni1,2,3, Yuan Zhao1,2,3, Ruiyan Tao1,2,3, Lei Yin1,2,3, Ling Gao4, Ake Strid5 , Minjie Qian5, Juncai Li6, Yuanjun Li7, Jiaqi Shen1,2,3, Yuanwen Teng1,2,3,* and Songling Bai1,2,3,* 1Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 2Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Horticultural Plants, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 3The Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, the Ministry of Agriculture of China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 4ACON Biotech (Hangzhou) Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China 5School of Science and Technology, Orebro€ University, Orebro,€ Sweden 6Liaoning Province Institute of Pomology, Xiongyue, Liaoning, China 7Yantai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yantai, Shandong, China Received 10 June 2019; Summary accepted 27 October 2019. Flavonoid accumulation in most fruits is enhanced by ethylene and jasmonate. However, little is *Correspondence (Tel./fax +86-571- known about the hormone functions related to red pear fruit coloration or their combined 88982803; emails [email protected] effects and potential underlying mechanisms. Various treatments were used to investigate the (Y. T.); [email protected] (S. B.) flavonoid metabolite profile and pear transcriptome to verify the effects of ethylene and jasmonate on flavonoid biosynthesis in red pear fruits as well as the mechanism behind this. Ethylene inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese pear fruits, whereas jasmonate increases anthocyanin and flavone/isoflavone biosyntheses. The branching of the jasmonate- induced flavonoid biosynthesis pathway is determined by ethylene. Co-expression network and Mfuzz analyses revealed 4,368 candidate transcripts. Additionally, ethylene suppresses PpMYB10 and PpMYB114 expression via TF repressors, ultimately decreasing anthocyanin biosynthesis. Jasmonate induces anthocyanin accumulation through transcriptional or post- translational regulation of TFs-like MYB and bHLH in the absence of ethylene. However, jasmonate induces ethylene biosynthesis and the associated signalling pathway in pear, thereby decreasing anthocyanin production, increasing the availability of the precursors for flavone/ Keywords: anthocyanin, ethylene, isoflavone biosynthesis and enhancing deep yellow fruit coloration. We herein present new flavone, isoflavone, jasmonate, pear, phenotypes and fruit coloration regulatory patterns controlled by jasmonate and ethylene, and transcriptome. confirm that the regulation of fruit coloration is complex. Introduction precursors. Additionally, FNS (flavone synthase) is the key flavone biosynthetic gene, and IFS (isoflavone synthase) as well as IFD Flavonoids, which are vital secondary metabolites in plants, are (isoflavone dehydratase) is the key isoflavone biosynthetic genes. determinants of fruit quality and commercial value because they Moreover, FLS (flavonol synthase) and UFGT are the LBGs influence fruit colour, nutritive value, aroma and antioxidant involved in flavonol biosynthesis (Martens and Mithofer,€ 2005; properties. The various classes of flavonoids, such as antho- Shirley, 2001). In diverse higher plant species, the flavonoid cyanins, flavones, isoflavones, proanthocyanins (PAs) and flavo- biosynthesis pathway is transcriptionally regulated by a conserved nols, are synthesized via the phenylpropanoid pathway (Shirley, MYB-bHLH-WD40 (MBW) complex comprising a MYB transcrip- 2001). Early flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes (EBGs), such as tion factor (TF), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and a WD-repeat PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), CHS (chalcone synthase), CHI protein (Shirley, 2001; Xu et al., 2015; Zoratti et al., 2014). (chalcone isomerase) and F30H (flavanone 30-hydroxylase), are Several R2R3-MYB family members separately control flavonoid involved in the production of common precursors. The down- biosynthesis through various flavonoid pathway branches (Dubos stream genes, namely the late biosynthetic genes (LBGs), are et al., 2010; Jaakola, 2013). specifically expressed for various flavonoid derivatives. For exam- Flavonoid biosynthesis is also controlled by diverse internal and ple, DFR (dihydroflavonol 4-reductase), ANS (anthocyanin syn- external factors, of which plant hormones function as crucial thase) and UFGT (UDP-glucose:flavonoid 3-glucosyltransferase) regulators. Ethylene plays a key role during the ripening of many are the LBGs for anthocyanin biosynthesis, whereas DFR, ANS, fruit species (Giovannoni, 2004). Additionally, previous studies LAR (leucoanthocyanidin reductase) and ANR (anthocyanin revealed that ethylene can induce the biosynthesis of flavonoids, reductase) are the LBGs for PA biosynthesis. Flavones and including anthocyanins, in the fruits of rosaceous plant species, isoflavones are synthesized at a branch point of the antho- such as apple (An et al., 2018; Faragher and Brohier, 1984; Whale cyanin/PA pathway, with flavanones serving as the direct and Singh, 2007), strawberry (Given et al., 1988) and plum ª 2019 The Authors. Plant Biotechnology Journal published by Society for Experimental Biology and The Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 1223 This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 1224 Junbei Ni et al. (Cheng et al., 2016). However, ethylene also negatively affects the potential regulatory patterns of the structural gene transcripts anthocyanin biosynthesis in some species. For example, an involved in flavonoid biosynthesis. Our results identified ethylene- ethylene treatment after the lag phase in Sorghum vulgare and jasmonate-responsive transcripts, which are correlated with inhibits anthocyanin accumulation (Craker et al., 1971). Trans- anthocyanin biosynthesis or the deep yellow coloration of fruits. genic tobacco plants carrying the mutated melon ethylene These findings would be useful for clarifying the mechanism receptor gene CmETR1/H69A are less sensitive to ethylene and underlying ethylene- and jasmonate-regulated flavonoid biosyn- have a higher anthocyanin level than wildtype plants (Takada thesis. Our data also provide new insights into the regulatory et al., 2005). In Arabidopsis thaliana, ethylene suppresses antho- effects of jasmonate and ethylene on the coloration of fruit tree cyanin accumulation by suppressing the expression of TF genes crops. encoding positive regulators (e.g. GL3, TT8 and PAP1), while inducing the expression of TF genes encoding negative regulators Results (e.g. the R3-MYB gene MYBL2). Thus, the ethylene-mediated Effects of ethylene and jasmonate on the red coloration inhibition of anthocyanin accumulation appears to involve the of pears and apples ethylene signalling pathway. This is supported by the reported observation that anthocyanin levels are lower than normal in the The red coloration of the ‘Hongzaosu’ control fruits was first ethylene insensitive mutantsetr1-1, ein2-1 and the ein3 eil1 observed at 5 days after initiating the light treatment. Thereafter, double mutant (Jeong et al., 2010). However, little is known the red coloration continued to intensify (Figure 1a). Pear fruits regarding the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition of treated with ethephon (ETH) exhibited no obvious changes, anthocyanin biosynthesis by ethylene. whereas the 1-MCP treatment obviously induced the red Jasmonate induces flavonoid accumulation in many fruits, such coloration at 3 days after initiating the light treatment (Figure 1a). as apple (Rudell et al., 2002), red raspberry (Flores and Ruiz del The red coloration was accompanied by increased anthocyanin Castillo, 2014) and blackberry (Wang et al., 2008). In apple, accumulation (Figure 1b). An analysis of ethylene production jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) proteins, which are the substrates of revealed that 1-MCP prevented the release of ethylene. In the SCFCOI1 complex, interact with MdbHLH3 in the MBW contrast, the ETH treatment induced ethylene production (Fig- complex to inhibit its function, thereby preventing the formation ure 1c). These results indicated that ethylene inhibited light- and transcriptional activity of the MBW complex. Jasmonate induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in the red pear fruits. induces the degradation of JAZ proteins to release MdbHLH3, The MeJA treatment induced a deep yellow coloration of which promotes anthocyanin accumulation (An et al., 2015). A ‘Hongzaosu’ pear fruits (Figure 1a, Figure S2). A similar pheno- very similar phenomenon occurs in A. thaliana (Qi et al., 2011). type was observed in response to the MeJA + ETH
Load more

Recommended publications
  • L.) Leaves Tao Jiang1,3, Kunyuan Guo2,3, Lingdi Liu1, Wei Tian1, Xiaoliang Xie1, Saiqun Wen1 & Chunxiu Wen1*
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data reveal the favonoid biosynthesis metabolic pathway in Perilla frutescens (L.) leaves Tao Jiang1,3, Kunyuan Guo2,3, Lingdi Liu1, Wei Tian1, Xiaoliang Xie1, Saiqun Wen1 & Chunxiu Wen1* Perilla frutescens (L.) is an important medicinal and edible plant in China with nutritional and medical uses. The extract from leaves of Perilla frutescens contains favonoids and volatile oils, which are mainly used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomic and metabolomic data of the leaves of two Perilla frutescens varieties: JIZI 1 and JIZI 2. A total of 9277 diferentially expressed genes and 223 favonoid metabolites were identifed in these varieties. Chrysoeriol, apigenin, malvidin, cyanidin, kaempferol, and their derivatives were abundant in the leaves of Perilla frutescens, which were more than 70% of total favonoid contents. A total of 77 unigenes encoding 15 enzymes were identifed as candidate genes involved in favonoid biosynthesis in the leaves of Perilla frutescens. High expression of the CHS gene enhances the accumulation of favonoids in the leaves of Perilla frutescens. Our results provide valuable information on the favonoid metabolites and candidate genes involved in the favonoid biosynthesis pathways in the leaves of Perilla frutescens. Perilla frutescens (L.), which is a self-compatible annual herb, belongs to the family Lamiaceae. Tis species has been widely cultivated in China, Japan, and Korea for centuries. Perilla frutescens is an important medicinal and edible plant in China with medical and nutritional uses 1. Its leaves can be utilized as a transitional medicinal herb, as a vegetable, and as a spice, and its seeds can be processed into foods and nutritional edible oils 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Global Transcriptome Analysis and Identification of Genes Involved In
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Global transcriptome analysis and identification of genes involved in nutrients accumulation during Received: 19 December 2016 Accepted: 31 August 2017 seed development of rice tartary Published: xx xx xxxx buckwheat (Fagopyrum Tararicum) Juan Huang1, Jiao Deng1, Taoxiong Shi1, Qijiao Chen1, Chenggang Liang1, Ziye Meng1, Liwei Zhu1, Yan Wang1, Fengli Zhao2, Shizhou Yu3 & Qingfu Chen1 Tartary buckwheat seeds are rich in various nutrients, such as storage proteins, starch, and flavonoids. To get a good knowledge of the transcriptome dynamics and gene regulatory mechanism during the process of seed development and nutrients accumulation, we performed a comprehensive global transcriptome analysis using rice tartary buckwheat seeds at different development stages, namely pre-filling stage, filling stage, and mature stage. 24 819 expressed genes, including 108 specifically expressed genes, and 11 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. qRT-PCR analysis was performed on 34 DEGs to validate the transcriptome data, and a good consistence was obtained. Based on their expression patterns, the identified DEGs were classified to eight clusters, and the enriched GO items in each cluster were analyzed. In addition, 633 DEGs related to plant hormones were identified. Furthermore, genes in the biosynthesis pathway of nutrients accumulation were analyzed, including 10, 20, and 23 DEGs corresponding to the biosynthesis of seed storage proteins, flavonoids, and starch, respectively. This is the first transcriptome analysis during seed development of tartary buckwheat. It would provide us a comprehensive understanding of the complex transcriptome dynamics during seed development and gene regulatory mechanism of nutrients accumulation. Seed is the primary storage organ in plants for storing nutrients such as starch, lipids, and proteins1.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparison of Metabolome and Transcriptome of Flavonoid
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Comparison of Metabolome and Transcriptome of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Pathway in a Purple-Leaf Tea Germplasm Jinmingzao and a Green-Leaf Tea Germplasm Huangdan reveals Their Relationship with Genetic Mechanisms of Color Formation Xuejin Chen, Pengjie Wang, Yucheng Zheng, Mengya Gu, Xinying Lin, Shuyan Wang, Shan Jin * and Naixing Ye * College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University/Key Laboratory of Tea Science in University of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] (X.C.); [email protected] (P.W.); [email protected] (Y.Z.); [email protected] (M.G.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (S.W.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.J.); [email protected] (N.Y.) Received: 4 May 2020; Accepted: 7 June 2020; Published: 11 June 2020 Abstract: Purple-leaf tea is a phenotype with unique color because of its high anthocyanin content. The special flavor of purple-leaf tea is highly different from that of green-leaf tea, and its main ingredient is also of economic value. To probe the genetic mechanism of the phenotypic characteristics of tea leaf color, we conducted widely targeted metabolic and transcriptomic profiling. The metabolites in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway of purple- and green-leaf tea were compared, and results showed that phenolic compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and tannins, accumulated in purple-leaf tea. The high expression of genes related to flavonoid biosynthesis (e.g., PAL and LAR) exhibits the specific expression of biosynthesis and the accumulation of these metabolites. Our result also shows that two CsUFGTs were positively related to the accumulation of anthocyanin.
    [Show full text]
  • Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model
    plants Review Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids Biosynthesis in the Model Legume Lotus japonicus; Connections to Nitrogen Metabolism and Photorespiration Margarita García-Calderón 1, Carmen M. Pérez-Delgado 1, Peter Palove-Balang 2, Marco Betti 1 and Antonio J. Márquez 1,* 1 Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Sevilla, Calle Profesor García González, 1, 41012-Sevilla, Spain; [email protected] (M.G.-C.); [email protected] (C.M.P.-D.); [email protected] (M.B.) 2 Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, P.J. Šafárik University in Košice, Mánesova 23, SK-04001 Košice, Slovakia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-954557145 Received: 28 April 2020; Accepted: 18 June 2020; Published: 20 June 2020 Abstract: Phenylpropanoid metabolism represents an important metabolic pathway from which originates a wide number of secondary metabolites derived from phenylalanine or tyrosine, such as flavonoids and isoflavonoids, crucial molecules in plants implicated in a large number of biological processes. Therefore, various types of interconnection exist between different aspects of nitrogen metabolism and the biosynthesis of these compounds. For legumes, flavonoids and isoflavonoids are postulated to play pivotal roles in adaptation to their biological environments, both as defensive compounds (phytoalexins) and as chemical signals in symbiotic nitrogen fixation with rhizobia. In this paper, we summarize the recent progress made in the characterization of flavonoid and isoflavonoid biosynthetic pathways in the model legume Lotus japonicus (Regel) Larsen under different abiotic stress situations, such as drought, the impairment of photorespiration and UV-B irradiation. Emphasis is placed on results obtained using photorespiratory mutants deficient in glutamine synthetase.
    [Show full text]
  • Noncatalytic Chalcone Isomerase-Fold Proteins in Humulus Lupulus Are Auxiliary Components in Prenylated Flavonoid Biosynthesis
    Noncatalytic chalcone isomerase-fold proteins in Humulus lupulus are auxiliary components in prenylated flavonoid biosynthesis Zhaonan Bana,b, Hao Qina, Andrew J. Mitchellc, Baoxiu Liua, Fengxia Zhanga, Jing-Ke Wengc,d, Richard A. Dixone,f,1, and Guodong Wanga,1 aState Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China; bUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049 Beijing, China; cWhitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142; dDepartment of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; eBioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203; and fDepartment of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203 Contributed by Richard A. Dixon, April 25, 2018 (sent for review February 6, 2018; reviewed by Joerg Bohlmann and Mattheos A. G. Koffas) Xanthohumol (XN) and demethylxanthohumol (DMX) are special- braries have been deposited in the TrichOME database [www. ized prenylated chalconoids with multiple pharmaceutical appli- planttrichome.org (18)], and numerous large RNAseq datasets from cations that accumulate to high levels in the glandular trichomes different hop tissues or cultivars have also been made publically of hops (Humulus lupulus L.). Although all structural enzymes in available. By mining the hops transcriptome data, we and others have the XN pathway have been functionally identified, biochemical functionally identified several key terpenophenolic biosynthetic en- mechanisms underlying highly efficient production of XN have zymes from hop glandular trichomes (1, 18–23); these include car- not been fully resolved. In this study, we characterized two non- boxyl CoA ligase (CCL) genes and two aromatic prenyltransferase catalytic chalcone isomerase (CHI)-like proteins (designated as (PT) genes (HlPT1L and HlPT2) (22, 23).
    [Show full text]
  • Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin, Structure, Functions And
    iochemis t B try n & la P P h f y o s l i Journal of o a l n o r g Pervaiz et al., J Plant Biochem Physiol 2017, 5:2 u y o J DOI: 10.4172/2329-9029.1000187 ISSN: 2329-9029 Plant Biochemistry & Physiology Review Article Open Access Naturally Occurring Anthocyanin, Structure, Functions and Biosynthetic Pathway in Fruit Plants Tariq Pervaiz1,2, Jiu Songtao1, Faezeh Faghihi3, Muhammad Salman Haider1 and Jinggui Fang1* 1Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China 2Department of Agriculture and Food Technology, Karakoram International University Gilgit, Pakistan 3Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran *Corresponding author: Jinggui Fang, Key Laboratory of Genetics and Fruit Development, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China, E-mail: [email protected] Received Date: April 25, 2017; Accepted Date: April 29, 2017; Published Date: May 06, 2017 Copyright: © 2017 Pervaiz T, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Abstract Anthocyanins are naturally occurring compounds, member of the flavonoid groups of photochemical, involved in defense against the damaging effects of UV irradiation in plants and protect from many oxidants. The anthocyanins, group of pigments are relatively small and diverse flavonoid family in nature, and responsible for the attractive colors, red and purple to blue in many plants. Presence of pigments in flowers and fruits seems to provide attraction for pollination and aiding seed distribution, it also provides antiviral and antimicrobial activities, however their occurrence in the vacuoles remains ambiguous.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Fibers and Phenolics: a Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties
    fibers Review Plant Fibers and Phenolics: A Review on Their Synthesis, Analysis and Combined Use for Biomaterials with New Properties Roberto Berni 1,2 , Giampiero Cai 1 , Jean-Francois Hausman 3 and Gea Guerriero 3,* 1 Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Via P.A. Mattioli 4, I-53100 Siena, Italy 2 Trees and Timber Institute-National Research Council of Italy (CNR-IVALSA), Via Aurelia 49, I-58022 Follonica (GR), Italy 3 Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +352-275-888-5023 Received: 13 June 2019; Accepted: 26 August 2019; Published: 31 August 2019 Abstract: Devising environmental-friendly processes in biotechnology is a priority in the current economic scenario. Weare witnessing a constant and steady push towards finding sustainable solutions to societal challenges by promoting innovation-driven activities minimizing the environmental impact and valorizing natural resources. In bioeconomy, plants are among the most important renewable sources of both fibers (woody and cellulosic) and phytochemicals, which find applications in many industrial sectors, spanning from the textile, to the biocomposite, medical, nutraceutical, and pharma sectors. Given the key role of plants as natural sources of (macro)molecules, we here provide a compendium on the use of plant fibers functionalized/impregnated with phytochemicals (in particular phenolic extracts). The goal is to review the various applications of natural fibers functionalized with plant phenolics and to valorize those plants that are source of both fibers and phytochemicals. Keywords: plant fibers; cellulose; secondary metabolism; phenolics 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Expression and Functional Analysis of the Nobiletin Biosynthesis-Related
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Expression and functional analysis of the nobiletin biosynthesis‑related gene CitOMT in citrus fruit Mao Seoka1,4, Gang Ma1,2,4, Lancui Zhang2, Masaki Yahata1,2, Kazuki Yamawaki1,2, Toshiyuki Kan3 & Masaya Kato1,2* Nobiletin, a polymethoxy favone (PMF), is specifc to citrus and has been reported to exhibit important health-supporting properties. Nobiletin has six methoxy groups at the 3′,4′,5,6,7,8-positions, which are catalyzed by O-methyltransferases (OMTs). To date, researches on OMTs in citrus fruit are still limited. In the present study, a novel OMT gene (CitOMT) was isolated from two citrus varieties Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco), and its function was characterized in vitro. The results showed that the expression of CitOMT in the favedo of Ponkan mandarin was much higher than that of Satsuma mandarin during maturation, which was consistent with the higher accumulation of nobiletin in Ponkan mandarin. In addition, functional analysis showed that the recombinant protein of CitOMT had methylation activity to transfer a methyl group to 3′-hydroxy group of favones in vitro. Because methylation at the 3′-position of favones is vital for the nobiletin biosynthesis, CitOMT may be a key gene responsible for nobiletin biosynthesis in citrus fruit. The results presented in this study will provide new strategies to enhance nobiletin accumulation and improve the nutritional qualities of citrus fruit. Flavonoids are a group of secondary metabolites that include more than 10,000 kinds of derivatives1. According to their structure, favonoids are divided into several subgroups, including favanones, favones, favonols, favanols, isofavones, and anthocyanidins2.
    [Show full text]
  • Characterization of a Flavonoid 3'/5'/7-O-Methyltransferase
    molecules Article Characterization of a Flavonoid 3’/5’/7-O-Methyltransferase from Citrus reticulata and Evaluation of the In Vitro Cytotoxicity of Its Methylated Products 1,2,3, 1,2,3, 1,2,3 1,2,3 1,2,3 Xiaojuan Liu y, Yue Wang y , Yezhi Chen , Shuting Xu , Qin Gong , Chenning Zhao 1,2,3, Jinping Cao 1,2,3 and Chongde Sun 1,2,3,* 1 College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China; [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (Y.W.); [email protected] (Y.C.); [email protected] (S.X.); [email protected] (Q.G.); [email protected] (C.Z.); [email protected] (J.C.) 2 Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China 3 The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-0571-8898-2229 These authors contributed equally to this work. y Received: 18 January 2020; Accepted: 12 February 2020; Published: 15 February 2020 Abstract: O-methylation of flavonoids is an important modification reaction that occurs in plants. O-methylation contributes to the structural diversity of flavonoids, which have several biological and pharmacological functions. In this study, an O-methyltransferase gene (CrOMT2) was isolated from the fruit peel of Citrus reticulata, which encoding a multifunctional O-methyltransferase and could effectively catalyze the methylation of 3’-, 5’-, and 7-OH of flavonoids with vicinal hydroxyl substitutions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Effect of Light Intensity on the Expression of Leucoanthocyanidin
    G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article The Effect of Light Intensity on the Expression of Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase in Grapevine Calluses and Analysis of Its Promoter Activity Jing Cheng 1,2, Keji Yu 1,2,3, Mingyue Zhang 4, Ying Shi 1,2 , Changqing Duan 1,2 and Jun Wang 1,2,* 1 Center for Viticulture and Enology, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China; [email protected] (J.C.); [email protected] (K.Y.); [email protected] (Y.S.); [email protected] (C.D.) 2 Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China 3 Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China 4 China Meat Research Center, Beijing Academy of Food Sciences, Beijing 100068, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-62738537 Received: 21 August 2020; Accepted: 29 September 2020; Published: 30 September 2020 Abstract: To investigate the effect of light intensity on flavonoid biosynthesis, grapevine calluses 2 1 2 1 were subjected to high light (HL, 250 µmol m− s− ) and dark (0 µmol m− s− ) in comparison 2 1 to 125 µmol m− s− under controlled conditions (NL). The alteration of flavonoid profiles was determined and was integrated with RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)-based transcriptional changes of the flavonoid pathway genes. Results revealed that dark conditions inhibited flavonoid biosynthesis. Increasing light intensity affected flavonoids differently—the concentrations of flavonols and anthocyanins as well as the expressions of corresponding genes were less affected, whereas flavan-3-ol concentrations were predominantly increased, which caused enhanced trans-flavan-3-ol concentrations.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Mechanisms of Tannin Accumulation in Rhus Galls And
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Molecular mechanisms of tannin accumulation in Rhus galls and genes involved in plant-insect Received: 20 November 2017 Accepted: 11 June 2018 interactions Published: xx xx xxxx Hang Chen 1,2, Juan Liu1, Kai Cui1, Qin Lu1, Chao Wang1,3, Haixia Wu1, Zixiang Yang1, Weifeng Ding 1, Shuxia Shao1, Haiying Wang1, Xiaofei Ling1, Kirst King-Jones4 & Xiaoming Chen1,2 For galling aphids and their hosts, tannins are crucial for plant-insect interactions and for protecting the host plant from herbivory. Due to their peculiar chemical characteristics, tannins from plant galls have been used for medical and chemical purposes for more than 2000 years. In this study, hydrolyzable tannin concentrations in galls increased from gall initiation (38.34% on June 21) to maturation (74.79% on August 8), then decreased gradually thereafter (58.83% on October 12). We identifed a total of 81 genes (named as GTS1-81) with putative roles in gallotannin biosynthesis and 22 genes (TS1-22) in condensed tannin biosynthesis. We determined the expression profles of these genes by real-time PCR over the course of gall development. Multiple genes encoding 1-beta-D-glucosyl transferases were identifed, which may play a vital role in gallotannin accumulation in plant galls. This study is the frst attempt to examine the molecular basis for the regulation of tannin accumulation in insect gallnuts. The diferentially expressed genes we identifed may play important roles in both tannin biosynthesis and plant-insect interactions. Plants and insects have co-existed for more than 350 million years1, and in their interactions both have evolved strategies to overcome each other’s defense systems2,3.
    [Show full text]
  • Nutrient Depletion As a Key Factor for Manipulating Gene Expression and Product Formation in Different Branches of the flavonoid Pathway
    Plant, Cell and Environment (2008) 31, 587–601 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01748.x Nutrient depletion as a key factor for manipulating gene expression and product formation in different branches of the flavonoid pathway CATHRINE LILLO, UNNI S LEA & PETER RUOFF Department of Mathematics and Natural Science, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway ABSTRACT (UV) light and pathogens, and their concentrations gener- ally increase in response to such factors.Although the func- The content of flavonoids increases in response to nitrogen tions of increased flavonoid concentration in response to and phosphorus depletion in plants. Manipulation of these nutrient limitation is obscure, these effects are striking, and macronutrients may therefore be used to control the levels especially the responses to nitrogen and phosphorus are of desirable compounds and improve plant quality. Key profoundly documented during the past years (Stewart et al. enzymes in the shikimate pathway, which feeds pre- 2001;Scheible et al. 2004;Wang et al. 2004;Misson et al. 2005; cursors into the flavonoid pathway, are regulated post- Lea et al. 2007; Morcuende et al. 2007; Müller et al. 2007). translationally by feedback from aromatic amino acids, and The shikimate pathway is present in both plants and possibly by redox control through photosynthesis. Use of microorganisms, but never in animals. In plants, the shiki- microarrays for global transcript analysis in Arabidopsis has mate pathway provides phenylalanine not only for protein revealed that transcript levels are less influenced by mineral synthesis, but also for secondary metabolites such as lignin nutrients in the shikimate pathway compared with the fla- and flavonoids.
    [Show full text]