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Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles Notes Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles Notes Date _______________Topic___________________________________ -----------------------------------------Notes-------------------------------------- -- Soil Pedon: ---------------------------------------------- Soil Profile: ------------ Formulas Points, Key Ideas, Main ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Summary of Main Ideas------------------------------------------------------- ------- Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Why advocate? Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles Notes -----------------------------------------Notes-------------------------------------- Soil Horizons: ---------- -------------------------------------- Horizons: ------------ Main Ideas, Key Points, Formulas Points, Key Ideas, Main ------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------Summary of Main Ideas------------------------------------------------------- ------- Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.1 How does an earthworm affect soil? Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.1 How do raindrops affect soil? Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.1 What about bacteria? Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.1 Think about a slope of a hill. How would that influence soil? Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.2 Mini Soil Profile Students will use a cardstock template to create a miniature soil profile using actual soil from the A, B, and C horizons. Using a soil core and yardstick (or a soil profile either in nature or dug), students will find soil from an A, B, and C soil horizon. Bring along labeled zipper top bags to keep soil in. It is important to measure the depth of the A, B, and C soil while collecting it at the soil profile. Use the templates found in BSS2.3 printed on cardstock, to make cards. Students will attach a short strip of carpet tape (1” double- sided) to the card. Pull back the tape at the top to expose some of the sticky tape and place soil from the surface horizon to represent the depth of the soil. Pull back the tape for each additional layer one at a time following the same procedure. Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.3 Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.4 Recipe for Missouri Soil Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.4 The climate has preheated the soil to be warm 1. What does this mean for rocks and minerals? 2. What is the first thing climate starts to act on? A moderate sprinkling of rain has provided adequate moisture. 3. What does this influence? Too much rain was added, which lead to leaching. 4. What does this mean for Missouri soils? Next add the organisms to the soil. 5. First type of organisms: Macroorganisms are large plants and animals, both living and dead. What is the value of adding macroorganisms to the recipe? 6. Second type of organisms: Microorganism, or microbes have an extremely important role in soil formation. What is their primary job? 7. What are microorganisms made up of? 8. What is humus? Add a sandstone parent material to the soil. 9. What type of texture of the soil does sandstone parent material produce? Mix in the topography of a south-facing slope. 10. What affect does a south facing slope have on soil? And now the time! This is a very young soil. 11. How can you predict its properties Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.4 KEY Recipe for Missouri Soil Ingredients: (5 soil forming factors, write if they are passive or active) 1. Climate, active 2. Organisms, active a. Living and dead macroorganisms b. Living microorganisms c. Finely divided nonliving material 3. Parent material, passive 4. Topography, passive 5. Time, passive Directions: The climate has preheated the soil to be warm 1. What does this mean for rocks and minerals? They weather rather quickly 2. What is the first thing climate starts to act on? Fresh parent material. Physical wreathing first decreases the size of the parent material and increases the surface area per unit volume. A moderate sprinkling of rain has provided adequate moisture. 3. What does this influence? The kinds of plants that grow and how rapidly plant residues are decomposed and incorporated into the soil. Too much rain was added, which lead to leaching. 4. What does this mean for Missouri soils? Changes soil minerals. Free lime is completely leached from most Missouri soils, making the soils acidic. Free lime is still present in some alluvial soils of the Missouri River flood plain and uploads soils. Next add the organisms to the soil. 5. First type of organisms: Macroorganisms are large plants and animals, both living and dead. What is the value of adding macroorganisms to the recipe? Plants die and decay building up organic matter in the soil. Plants like grasses, woody vegetation, and trees provide a lot of organic matter to the soil. It Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.4 KEY enhances soil to influence healthy plant growth but is not considered an absolute necessity. Small animals are important because they help mix the soil by carrying plant debris that lies on the soil surface down into the topsoil. It makes it easier for microbes to do their job of changing plant material into humus. Earthworms ingest and excrete tons of soil per acre each year. This increases the strength of soil aggregates and leaves channels that increase permeability and aeration. 6. Second type of organisms: Microorganism, or microbes have an extremely important role in soil formation. What is their primary job? They are primary decomposers. 7. What are microorganisms made up of? Microscopic plants and animals: bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, and algae are the major ones. 8. What is humus? Complex, dark brown or black substance that microbes make by decomposing raw plant material. Add a sandstone parent material to the soil. 9. What type of texture of the soil does sandstone parent material produce? Sandy soil texture Mix in the topography of a south-facing slope. 10. What affect does a south facing slope have on soil? Soil is drier and also subject to more freezing and thawing than north-facing slopes. And now the time! This is a very young soil. 11. How can you predict its properties? Young soils inherit the properties of their parent materials. They tend to have the color, texture, and chemical composition of their parent materials. Basic Soil Science BSS2 Soil Profiles Basic Soil Science: Soil Profiles BSS2.5 Soil Formation Recipe Card Read the information about factors involved with soil formation and processes of soil formation. At the conclusion of the document, complete the recipe card for making a Missouri soil. Factors of Soil Formation Many factors account for the differences in soils through out the state of Missouri. For example, the climate varies considerably within the state, with the average seasonal rainfall and temperature gradually increasing from northwest to southeast. Also, the parent material from which soil forms varies from northern to southern Missouri. These factors contribute to the scarcity of gravelly soils in the north, and the abundance of gravelly soils in the south. Soils form through processes that act on accumulated or deposited geologic (relating to the earth’s natural crust) material. The characteristics of the soil are determined by the type of parent material, the organisms (plant and animal life on and in the soil), the climate under which the soil forming factors were (and are presently) active, the topography, and the length of time that the forces of soil formation have been active. Soil is a living, naturally occurring dynamic system at the interface of air and rock. Soil forms in response to forces of climate and organisms that act on parent material in a specific landscape (topography) over a period of time. The key words in the definition of soil (dynamic, living, system, interface) tell something about how soil forms. Of the five soil-forming factors, two of them, climate and organisms, are called active factors. They are catalysts that cause soil to form. The other three, parent material, topography, and time, are called passive factors. They respond to the forces exerted by climate and organisms. Climate Climate affects soil most directly through temperature and rainfall. In warm, moist climates, rocks and minerals weather rather quickly. Temperature affects the rate or speed of chemical activity, the kind of vegetation, and biological (pertaining to living organisms) activity. The temperature and seasonal distribution of rainfall, therefore, have a great influence on the kinds of plants that grow and how rapidly plant residues are decomposed and incorporated into the soil. Average annual rainfall and temperature may or may not be good indicators of soil formation. High intensities of rainfall and high temperature during short periods may be the dominating factors. Rainfall causes leaching, or the removal of soil materials by water flowing through the soil. Free lime is completely leached from most Missouri soils, making these soils acidic. Free lime (calcium carbonate) is still present in some alluvial soils of the Missouri River flood plain and upland soils of northwest
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