Ground Water Issue: Fundamentals of Soil Science As
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Vision 2030 Maharashtra
Overview of the State ………………………………………………………….. 01 Demographic Profile ……………………………………………………………….. 03 State Economy ………………………………………………………………………. 04 Key Challenges ……………………………………………………………………... 08 Way forward ……………………………………………………………………. 13 Core five pillars (themes) of Vision 2030 …………………………………………… 15 Vision Statement & Components …………………………………………... 17 Agriculture & Allied activities Current Scenario …………………………………………………………………… 21 Vision Elements and Targets ………………………………………………………. 26 Action Points ………………………………………………………………………. 30 Industry & Services Current Scenario ……………………………………………………………………. 47 Vision Elements and Targets ……………………………………………………….. 50 Action Points ……………………………………………………………………... 52 Infrastructure Current Scenario ………………………………………………………………….. 62 Vision Elements and Targets ……………………………………………………... 65 Action Points ………………………………………………………………………. 68 Social Sectors Current Scenario ..…………………………………………………………………. 74 Vision Elements and Targets ……………………………………………………… 84 Action Points ……………………………………………………………………… 92 Governance Current Scenario …………………………………………………………………… 113 Vision Elements and Targets ……………………………………………………… 117 Action Points ……………………………………………………………………… 123 Environment Current Scenario …………………………………………………………………… 128 Vision Elements and Targets ……………………………………………………… 129 Action Points ……………………………………………………………………… 130 Implementation Strategy……………………………………………………….. 131 OVERVIEW OF THE STATE Maharashtra occupies the western and central part of the country and has a long coastline stretching nearly 720 km along the Arabian Sea. The -
Evaluating Vapor Intrusion Pathways
Evaluating Vapor Intrusion Pathways Guidance for ATSDR’s Division of Community Health Investigations October 31, 2016 Contents Acronym List ........................................................................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2 What are the potential health risks from the vapor intrusion pathway? ............................................................................... 2 When should a vapor intrusion pathway be evaluated? ........................................................................................................ 3 Why is it so difficult to assess the public health hazard posed by the vapor intrusion pathway? .......................................... 3 What is the best approach for a public health evaluation of the vapor intrusion pathway? ................................................. 5 Public health evaluation.......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Vapor intrusion evaluation process outline ............................................................................................................................ 8 References… …...................................................................................................................................................................... -
Basic Soil Science W
Basic Soil Science W. Lee Daniels See http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/430/430-350/430-350_pdf.pdf for more information on basic soils! [email protected]; 540-231-7175 http://www.cses.vt.edu/revegetation/ Well weathered A Horizon -- Topsoil (red, clayey) soil from the Piedmont of Virginia. This soil has formed from B Horizon - Subsoil long term weathering of granite into soil like materials. C Horizon (deeper) Native Forest Soil Leaf litter and roots (> 5 T/Ac/year are “bio- processed” to form humus, which is the dark black material seen in this topsoil layer. In the process, nutrients and energy are released to plant uptake and the higher food chain. These are the “natural soil cycles” that we attempt to manage today. Soil Profiles Soil profiles are two-dimensional slices or exposures of soils like we can view from a road cut or a soil pit. Soil profiles reveal soil horizons, which are fundamental genetic layers, weathered into underlying parent materials, in response to leaching and organic matter decomposition. Fig. 1.12 -- Soils develop horizons due to the combined process of (1) organic matter deposition and decomposition and (2) illuviation of clays, oxides and other mobile compounds downward with the wetting front. In moist environments (e.g. Virginia) free salts (Cl and SO4 ) are leached completely out of the profile, but they accumulate in desert soils. Master Horizons O A • O horizon E • A horizon • E horizon B • B horizon • C horizon C • R horizon R Master Horizons • O horizon o predominantly organic matter (litter and humus) • A horizon o organic carbon accumulation, some removal of clay • E horizon o zone of maximum removal (loss of OC, Fe, Mn, Al, clay…) • B horizon o forms below O, A, and E horizons o zone of maximum accumulation (clay, Fe, Al, CaC03, salts…) o most developed part of subsoil (structure, texture, color) o < 50% rock structure or thin bedding from water deposition Master Horizons • C horizon o little or no pedogenic alteration o unconsolidated parent material or soft bedrock o < 50% soil structure • R horizon o hard, continuous bedrock A vs. -
Soil Contamination and Human Health: a Major Challenge For
Soil contamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel To cite this version: Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, et al.. Soil con- tamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security. Global Soil Security Sympo- sium, May 2015, College Station, United States. pp.275-295, 10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_25. ineris- 01864711 HAL Id: ineris-01864711 https://hal-ineris.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01864711 Submitted on 30 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Human Health as another major challenge of Global Soil Security Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel Abstract This chapter aimed to demonstrate, by several illustrated examples, that Human Health should be considered as another major challenge of global soil security by emphasizing the fact that (a) soil contamination is a worldwide issue, estimations can be done based on local contamination but the extent and content of diffuse contamination is largely unknown; (b) although soil is able to store, filter and reduce contamination, it can also transform and make accessible soil contaminants and their metabolites, contributing then to human health impacts. -
Soil Physics and Agricultural Production
Conference reports Soil physics and agricultural production by K. Reichardt* Agricultural production depends very much on the behaviour of field soils in relation to crop production, physical properties of the soil, and mainly on those and to develop effective management practices that related to the soil's water holding and transmission improve and conserve the quality and quantity of capacities. These properties affect the availability of agricultural lands. Emphasis is being given to field- water to crops and may, therefore, be responsible for measured soil-water properties that characterize the crop yields. The knowledge of the physical properties water economy of a field, as well as to those that bear of soil is essential in defining and/or improving soil on the quality of the soil solution within the profile water management practices to achieve optimal and that water which leaches below the reach of plant productivity for each soil/climatic condition. In many roots and eventually into ground and surface waters. The parts of the world, crop production is also severely fundamental principles and processes that govern limited by the high salt content of soils and water. the reactions of water and its solutes within soil profiles •Such soils, classified either as saline or sodic/saline are generally well understood. On the other hand, depending on their alkalinity, are capable of supporting the technology to monitor the behaviour of field soils very little vegetative growth. remains poorly defined primarily because of the heterogeneous nature of the landscape. Note was According to statistics released by the Food and taken of the concept of representative elementary soil Agriculture Organization (FAO), the world population volume in defining soil properties, in making soil physical is expected to double by the year 2000 at its current measurements, and in using physical theory in soil-water rate of growth. -
User''s Guide for Evaluating Subsurface Vapor Intrusion Into Buildings
USER'S GUIDE FOR EVALUATING SUBSURFACE VAPOR INTRUSION INTO BUILDINGS Prepared By Environmental Quality Management, Inc. Cedar Terrace Office Park, Suite 250 3325 Durham-Chapel Hill Boulevard Durham, North Carolina 27707-2646 Prepared For Industrial Economics Incorporated 2667 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140 EPA Contract Number: 68-W-02-33 Work Assignment No. 004 PN 030224.0002 For Submittal to Janine Dinan, Work Assignment Manager U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY OFFICE OF EMERGENCY AND REMEDIAL RESPONSE ARIEL RIOS BUILDING, 5202G 1200 PENNSYLVANIA AVENUE, NW WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 Revised February 22, 2004 DISCLAIMER This document presents technical and policy recommendations based on current understanding of the phenomenon of subsurface vapor intrusion. This guidance does not impose any requirements or obligations on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or on the owner/operators of sites that may be contaminated with volatile and toxic compounds. The sources of authority and requirements for addressing subsurface vapor intrusion are the applicable and relevants statutes and regulations.. This guidance addresses the assumptions and limitations that need to be considered in the evaluation of the vapor intrusion pathway. This guidance provides instructions on the use of the vapor transport model that originally was developed by P. Johnson and R. Ettinger in 1991 and subsequently modified by EPA in 1998, 2001, and again in November 2002. On November 29, 2002 EPA published Draft Guidance for Evaluating the Vapor Intrusion to Indoor Air Pathway from Groundwater and Soils (Federal Register: November 29, 2002 Volume 67, Number 230 Page 71169-71172). This document is intended to be a companion for that guidance. -
Advanced Crop and Soil Science. a Blacksburg. Agricultural
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 098 289 CB 002 33$ AUTHOR Miller, Larry E. TITLE What Is Soil? Advanced Crop and Soil Science. A Course of Study. INSTITUTION Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ., Blacksburg. Agricultural Education Program.; Virginia State Dept. of Education, Richmond. Agricultural Education Service. PUB DATE 74 NOTE 42p.; For related courses of study, see CE 002 333-337 and CE 003 222 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$1.85 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS *Agricultural Education; *Agronomy; Behavioral Objectives; Conservation (Environment); Course Content; Course Descriptions; *Curriculum Guides; Ecological Factors; Environmental Education; *Instructional Materials; Lesson Plans; Natural Resources; Post Sc-tondary Education; Secondary Education; *Soil Science IDENTIFIERS Virginia ABSTRACT The course of study represents the first of six modules in advanced crop and soil science and introduces the griculture student to the topic of soil management. Upon completing the two day lesson, the student vill be able to define "soil", list the soil forming agencies, define and use soil terminology, and discuss soil formation and what makes up the soil complex. Information and directions necessary to make soil profiles are included for the instructor's use. The course outline suggests teaching procedures, behavioral objectives, teaching aids and references, problems, a summary, and evaluation. Following the lesson plans, pages are coded for use as handouts and overhead transparencies. A materials source list for the complete soil module is included. (MW) Agdex 506 BEST COPY AVAILABLE LJ US DEPARTMENT OFmrAITM E nufAT ION t WE 1. F ARE MAT IONAI. ItiST ifuf I OF EDuCATiCiN :),t; tnArh, t 1.t PI-1, t+ h 4t t wt 44t F.,.."11 4. -
Soil Carbon Science for Policy and Practice Soil-Based Initiatives to Mitigate Climate Change and Restore Soil Fertility Both Rely on Rebuilding Soil Organic Carbon
comment Soil carbon science for policy and practice Soil-based initiatives to mitigate climate change and restore soil fertility both rely on rebuilding soil organic carbon. Controversy about the role soils might play in climate change mitigation is, consequently, undermining actions to restore soils for improved agricultural and environmental outcomes. Mark A. Bradford, Chelsea J. Carey, Lesley Atwood, Deborah Bossio, Eli P. Fenichel, Sasha Gennet, Joseph Fargione, Jonathan R. B. Fisher, Emma Fuller, Daniel A. Kane, Johannes Lehmann, Emily E. Oldfeld, Elsa M. Ordway, Joseph Rudek, Jonathan Sanderman and Stephen A. Wood e argue there is scientific forestry, soil carbon losses via erosion and carbon, vary markedly within a field. Even consensus on the need to decomposition have generally exceeded within seemingly homogenous fields, a Wrebuild soil organic carbon formation rates of soil carbon from plant high spatial density of soil observations is (hereafter, ‘soil carbon’) for sustainable land inputs. Losses associated with these land therefore required to detect the incremental stewardship. Soil carbon concentrations and uses are substantive globally, with a mean ‘signal’ of management effects on soil carbon stocks have been reduced in agricultural estimate to 2-m depth of 133 Pg carbon8, from the local ‘noise’11. Given the time soils following long-term use of practices equivalent to ~63 ppm atmospheric CO2. and expense of acquiring a high density of such as intensive tillage and overgrazing. Losses vary spatially by type and duration observations, most current soil sampling is Adoption of practices such as cover crops of land use, as well as biophysical conditions too limited to reliably quantify management and silvopasture can protect and rebuild such as soil texture, mineralogy, plant effects at field scales9,10. -
Sustainable Use of Soils and Water: the Role of Environmental Land Use Conflicts
sustainability Editorial Sustainable Use of Soils and Water: The Role of Environmental Land Use Conflicts Fernando A. L. Pacheco CQVR – Chemistry Research Centre, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados Ap. 1013, Vila Real 5001-801, Portugal; [email protected] Received: 3 February 2020; Accepted: 4 February 2020; Published: 6 February 2020 Abstract: Sustainability is a utopia of societies, that could be achieved by a harmonious balance between socio-economic development and environmental protection, including the sustainable exploitation of natural resources. The present Special Issue addresses a multiplicity of realities that confirm a deviation from this utopia in the real world, as well as the concerns of researchers. These scholars point to measures that could help lead the damaged environment to a better status. The studies were focused on sustainable use of soils and water, as well as on land use or occupation changes that can negatively affect the quality of those resources. Some other studies attempt to assess (un)sustainability in specific regions through holistic approaches, like the land carrying capacity, the green gross domestic product or the eco-security models. Overall, the special issue provides a panoramic view of competing interests for land and the consequences for the environment derived therefrom. Keywords: water resources; soil; land use change; conflicts; environmental degradation; sustainability Competition for land is a worldwide problem affecting developed as well as developing countries, because the economic growth of activity sectors often requires the expansion of occupied land, sometimes to places that overlap different sectors. Besides the social tension and conflicts eventually caused by the competing interests for land, the environmental problems they can trigger and sustain cannot be overlooked. -
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making Sense of Protocols for Carbon Sequestration and Net Greenhouse Gas Removals
Agricultural Soil Carbon Credits: Making sense of protocols for carbon sequestration and net greenhouse gas removals NATURAL CLIMATE SOLUTIONS About this report This synthesis is for federal and state We contacted each carbon registry and policymakers looking to shape public marketplace to ensure that details investments in climate mitigation presented in this report and through agricultural soil carbon credits, accompanying appendix are accurate. protocol developers, project developers This report does not address carbon and aggregators, buyers of credits and accounting outside of published others interested in learning about the protocols meant to generate verified landscape of soil carbon and net carbon credits. greenhouse gas measurement, reporting While not a focus of the report, we and verification protocols. We use the remain concerned that any end-use of term MRV broadly to encompass the carbon credits as an offset, without range of quantification activities, robust local pollution regulations, will structural considerations and perpetuate the historic and ongoing requirements intended to ensure the negative impacts of carbon trading on integrity of quantified credits. disadvantaged communities and Black, This report is based on careful review Indigenous and other communities of and synthesis of publicly available soil color. Carbon markets have enormous organic carbon MRV protocols published potential to incentivize and reward by nonprofit carbon registries and by climate progress, but markets must be private carbon crediting marketplaces. paired with a strong regulatory backing. Acknowledgements This report was supported through a gift Conservation Cropping Protocol; Miguel to Environmental Defense Fund from the Taboada who provided feedback on the High Meadows Foundation for post- FAO GSOC protocol; Radhika Moolgavkar doctoral fellowships and through the at Nori; Robin Rather, Jim Blackburn, Bezos Earth Fund. -
Greenhouse Gas Fluxes from Soils of Different Land-Use Types in a Hilly
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 124 (2008) 125–135 www.elsevier.com/locate/agee Greenhouse gas fluxes from soils of different land-use types in a hilly area of South China Hui Liu a,b, Ping Zhao a,*, Ping Lu c, Yue-Si Wang d, Yong-Biao Lin a, Xing-Quan Rao a a South China Botanic Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, PR China b School of Tourism and Environment, Guangdong University of Business Studies, Guangzhou 510320, PR China c EWL Sciences, P.O. Box 39443, Winnellie, Northern Territory 0821, Australia d Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China Received 15 October 2006; received in revised form 3 September 2007; accepted 11 September 2007 Available online 24 October 2007 Abstract The magnitude, temporal, and spatial patterns of greenhouse gas (hereafter referred to as GHG) fluxes from soils of plantation in the subtropical area of China are still highly uncertain. To contribute towards an improvement of actual estimates, soil CO2,CH4, and N2O fluxes were measured in two different land-use types in a hilly area of South China. This study showed 2 years continuous measurements (twice a week) of GHG fluxes from soils of a pine plantation and a longan orchard system. Impacts of environmental drivers (soil temperature and soil moisture), litter exclusion and land-use (vegetation versus orchard) were presented. Our results suggested that the plantation and orchard soils were weak sinks of atmospheric CH4 and significant sources of atmospheric CO2 and N2O. Annual mean GHG fluxes from soils of plantation À1 À1 À1 À1 and orchard were: CO2 fluxes of 4.70 and 14.72 Mg CO2–C ha year ,CH4 fluxes of À2.57 and À2.61 kg CH4–C ha year ,N2O fluxes À1 À1 of 3.03 and 8.64 kg N2O–N ha year , respectively. -
Using Respiration Quotients to Track Changing Sources of Soil Respiration Seasonally and with Experimental Warming
Biogeosciences, 17, 3045–3055, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-3045-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Using respiration quotients to track changing sources of soil respiration seasonally and with experimental warming Caitlin Hicks Pries1,2, Alon Angert3, Cristina Castanha2, Boaz Hilman3,a, and Margaret S. Torn2 1Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA 2Climate and Ecosystem Science Division, Earth and Environmental Science Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA 3Institute of Earth Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 91904, Israel acurrently at: Department of Biogeochemical Processes, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena 07745, Germany Correspondence: Caitlin Hicks Pries ([email protected]) Received: 7 June 2019 – Discussion started: 28 June 2019 Revised: 9 March 2020 – Accepted: 28 April 2020 – Published: 17 June 2020 Abstract. Developing a more mechanistic understanding of activity that may have utilized oxidized carbon substrates, soil respiration is hampered by the difficulty in determin- while growing-season values were lower in heated plots. Ex- ing the contribution of different organic substrates to respi- perimental warming and phenology change the sources of ration and in disentangling autotrophic-versus-heterotrophic soil respiration throughout the soil profile. The sensitivity of and aerobic-versus-anaerobic processes. Here, we use a rel- ARQ to these changes demonstrates its potential as a tool atively novel tool for better understanding soil respiration: for disentangling the biological sources contributing to soil the apparent respiration quotient (ARQ). The ARQ is the respiration. amount of CO2 produced in the soil divided by the amount of O2 consumed, and it changes according to which or- ganic substrates are being consumed and whether oxygen is being used as an electron acceptor.