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Technologyquarterly March 9Th 2013 The telepresence How to put a What the father of robots are coming submarine online the iPod did next TechnologyQuarterly March 9th 2013 When it’s not so good to share Growing pains in the “sharing economy” TQCOV-MARCH.2013.indd 1 26/02/2013 11:08 The Economist Technology Quarterly March 9th 2013 Monitor 1 Contents Picture imperfect On the cover A host of new services that make it easy for people to rent out their cars, spare rooms and other items to strangers online are becoming ever more popular. Owners get handy extra cash, and renters save money. But as this sharing economy expands, it is starting to hit regulatory obstacles, page 10 Monitor 1 Detecting image manipulation, potatoes on a plane, the case for asteroid mining, better hearing aids, a novel way to power pacemakers, drone gliders, a new model to predict technological change and preserving historical audio Digital imaging: Insurers, publishers, law-enforcement agencies and dating Dierence engine sites are using software that can detect the digital manipulation of photos 7 After 3D, here comes 4K HE photo splashed across front pages hiring an expert for days, says Hany Farid, Electronics rms are pushing an Tworldwide in July 2008 showed four professor of image forensics at Dartmouth even sharper form of HDTV Iranian test missiles blasting skywards. College in New Hampshire, who some- Released by the media arm of Iran’s Revo- times acts as an expert witness. Rockefel- Telepresence robots lutionary Guard, Sepah News, the picture ler University Press, publisher of the 8 The robot will see you now (top) was soon found to have been manip- Journal of Cell Biology and other journals, Wheeled devices that let you be ulated: one missile had been cloned and employs a full-time analyst to examine in two places at oncesort of appeared twice, evidently to conceal the submitted images, opening them in Adobe fact that another had failed to lift o (see Photoshop and looking for anomalies by original image, below). Governments adjusting a series of display settings. The sharing economy have long doctored photos for political Eorts to automate the detection of 10 Growing pains reasons. In Nazi Germany and Commu- doctored images are bearing fruit. Last Why peer-to-peer rental services nist Russia, senior gures who fell from year Fourandsix Technologies, a start-up are running into legal barriers favour were commonly airbrushed out of based in Silicon Valley, began selling an photographs. Now, thanks to digital tech- add-on for Photoshop, called FourMatch, Biomedical scaolding nology, image manipulation is available to that determines whether an image has 13 Under construction everyone, and nefarious uses are becom- come straight from a camera or has been New materials mix man-made ing far more widespread. manipulated. It compares the metadata and biological elements In around one in 75 insurance claims, associated with the image against a data- photos documenting property damage base of signatures that represent the char- Underwater networking have been fraudulently retouched, says acteristic ways in which dierent devices Eugene Nealon of Nealon Anity Part- capture and compress image data, to 15 Captain Nemo goes online ners, a company based in London that ensure that the image is what it claims to Building an aquatic internet for advises insurers. Liz Williams, editor of be. FourMatch is sold primarily to law- submarines, drones and sensors the Journal of Cell Biology, says her publi- enforcement agencies and costs $890. But cation rejects around 1% of peer-reviewed it cannot tell whether a manipulated Brain scan scientic papers after discovering that image has been slightly tweaked or exten- 17 The podfather, part III microscope images have been doctored to sively doctored. So a human analyst is still What Tony Fadell, the father of make results look good. needed in the loop, says Mr Farid, one of the iPod, did after leaving Apple Many fakes are obvious. But unmask- the rm’s co-founders. A trained eye can ing a sophisticated forgery can require spot inconsistencies in shadows, reec- 1 2 Monitor The Economist Technology Quarterly March 9th 2013 2 tions and incorrect perspective. analysis is complex and time-consuming, Another tool, recommended to insur- says Anderson Rocha of the University of ers by Mr Nealon’s rm, is Verifeyed, Campinas, near São Paulo, who provides made by a company of the same name photo-forensics advice to law-enforce- based in Prague. Like FourMatch, its soft- ment agencies in Brazil. His team is devel- ware examines image les to look for oping software to automate the mapping inconsistencies in colour, encoding and and matching of discolouration patterns. compression formats that indicate the use Software can generally sni out ama- of retouching software to modify the teur retouchers, says Dr Rocha, but profes- image. The software costs $899, and Veri- sional forgeries continue to slip through. feyed will also analyse large batches of This is partly because skilled forgers keep photos on behalf of clients, charging up with the academic literature on image around $0.07 per image. Its customers forensics, says Siwei Lyu, a researcher at include insurers, law-enforcement agen- the University at Albany. Forgers now cies, forensics labs, a dating website and a have the upper hand, he says. logistics company keen to expose bogus The ultimate solution may be to sep- claims that goods were damaged in transit. arate photographers from their photo- Verifeyed’s boss, Babak Mahdian, reckons graphs, so that they do not have the oppor- that the technology could also be useful to tunity to manipulate them, says James signals than people do. But on an aircraft, news organisations that wish to check that DeBello of Mitek Systems, based in San the people in even a partially lled cabin photographs are genuine. Diego. Bank of America, JPMorgan Chase, pose a barrier to wireless communication. Manipulation-detection software is Wells Fargo and other big American banks Human bodies act as dielectric materi- desperately needed in health insurance, let customers deposit cheques remotely als, absorbing some of the electromagnet- says Mr Nealon. In some countries 2-3% of by taking pictures of them with their ic radiation that passes through them. The claims submitted contain images re- smartphones. They do so using an app mixture of water and salts in a human touched to embellish the truth, he says, provided by Mitek that takes a snapshot of body is particularly good at attenuating making injuries look worse than they the cheque and sends it straight to the signals in the 2.4GHz and 5.0GHz bands really are in order to collect more money. bank, leaving nothing on the phone itself. used for Wi-Fi networking. (The same is Only about 10% of insurers are using Codasystem, a French start-up, oers a true for some mobile-phone signals, software to spot fakery, says Mr Nealon, so similar service. Its Shoot and Proof which are transmitted at frequencies of there is plenty of room for growth. system allows an image to be taken with a 700MHz-3.5GHz.) Wi-Fi is already in use In January a new law came into force mobile device, tagged with a timestamp aboard more than 1,600 planes that y in Israel making it illegal to use images in and location and then uploaded to an over the United States, so the problem is advertisements that have been retouched online repository. The image can then be no longer academic. Companies that to make models look thinner without viewed and downloaded, but the original install in-ight Wi-Fi and mobile kit for printing a disclosure on the picture. On- remains in the repository, untouched. Any customers, including Boeing, its European line images are exempt, however. We’re nefarious Photoshoppery can therefore be rival Airbus, an American provider of not going to correct the whole world, says easily exposed. Digital technology can, it in-ight Wi-Fi called Gogo and a satellite- Rachel Adato, an Israeli parliamentarian seems, be used to prove that an image is based mobile operator, OnAir, have had to who sponsored the bill. The Photoshop genuineeven as it makes it easier than deal with this problem for years. law, as it is known, has prompted eorts ever for cameras to lie. 7 Until recently, rms had to use a combi- to pass similar legislation in America. nation of computer modelling and hu- A feature introduced several years ago man testing in labs and cabins to simulate by Canon and Nikon, the two leading dierent conditions and determine how camera manufacturers, gives photo- to design and position antennae. It was graphers a way to prove, if challenged, Coach potatoes expensive, time-consuming and impre- that their images have not been manipu- cise. Herding hundreds of stand-in pas- lated. When a picture is taken, the cameras sengers into a test aircraft for days on end attach a coded signature that is destroyed was hardly practical. So in December if the image is modied and resaved. An Boeing announced an alternative to hu- intact signature, then, should prove that a In-ight electronics: Researchers man test subjects, in the form of sacks of photo is genuine. But researchers at El- have resorted to an unusual spuds. When placed on aeroplane seats, comSoft, a computer-security rm based approach to model the behaviour of potatoes turn out to aect Wi-Fi signals in in Moscow, have shown that the system is wireless technology on planes much the same way that people do. To easily fooled. Counterfeiters can copy an prove that this was not an early April-fool image’s security signature and reapply it UMAN beings are, to an engineer’s jape, Boeing even produced a video and a after retouching, says Vladimir Katalov, Happroximation, bags of brine.
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