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The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation PARKS The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation Developing capacity for a protected planet Issue 19.1: March 2013 2 IUCN PROTECTED AREA DEFINITION, MANAGEMENT CATEGORIES AND GOVERNANCE TYPES IUCN DEFINES A PROTECTED AREA AS: A clearly defined geographical space, recognised, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem services and cultural values. The definition is expanded by six management categories VI Protected areas with sustainable use of natural (one with a sub-division), summarized below. resources: Areas which conserve ecosystems, together Ia Strict nature reserve: Strictly protected for biodiversity with associated cultural values and traditional natural and also possibly geological/ geomorphological features, resource management systems. Generally large, mainly in where human visitation, use and impacts are controlled a natural condition, with a proportion under sustainable and limited to ensure protection of the conservation natural resource management and where low-level non- values. industrial natural resource use compatible with nature Ib Wilderness area: Usually large unmodified or slightly conservation is seen as one of the main aims. modified areas, retaining their natural character and influence, without permanent or significant human The category should be based around the primary habitation, protected and managed to preserve their management objective(s), which should apply to at least natural condition. three-quarters of the protected area – the 75 per cent rule. II National park: Large natural or near-natural areas protecting large-scale ecological processes with characteristic species and ecosystems, which also have The management categories are applied with a typology of environmentally and culturally compatible spiritual, governance types – a description of who holds authority and scientific, educational, recreational and visitor responsibility for the protected area. opportunities. III Natural monument or feature: Areas set aside to protect a specific natural monument, which can be a landform, IUCN defines four governance types. sea mount, marine cavern, geological feature such as a Governance by government: Federal or national ministry/ cave, or a living feature such as an ancient grove. agency in charge; sub-national ministry/agency in charge; IV Habitat/species management area: Areas to protect government-delegated management (e.g. to NGO) particular species or habitats, where management reflects Shared governance: Collaborative management (various this priority. Many will need regular, active interventions degrees of influence); joint management (pluralist to meet the needs of particular species or habitats, but management board; transboundary management (various this is not a requirement of the category. levels across international borders) V Protected landscape or seascape: Where the interaction Private governance: By individual owner; by non-profit of people and nature over time has produced a distinct organisations (NGOs, universities, cooperatives); by for- character with significant ecological, biological, cultural profit organsations (individuals or corporate) and scenic value: and where safeguarding the integrity of Governance by indigenous peoples and local communities: this interaction is vital to protecting and sustaining the Indigenous peoples’ conserved areas and territories; area and its associated nature conservation and other community conserved areas – declared and run by local values. communities For more information on the IUCN definition, categories and governance type see the 2008 Guidelines for applying protected area management categories which can be downloaded at: www.iucn.org/pa_categories IUCN WCPA’s BEST PRACTICE PROTECTED AREA GUIDELINES SERIES IUCN-WCPA’s Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines are the world’s authoritative resource for protected area managers. Involving collaboration among specialist practitioners dedicated to supporting better implementation in the field, they distil learning and advice drawn from across IUCN. Applied in the field, they are building institutional and individual capacity to manage protected area systems effectively, equitably and sustainably, and to cope with the myriad of challenges faced in practice. They also assist national governments, protected area agencies, nongovernmental organisations, communities and private sector partners to meet their commitments and goals, and especially the Convention on Biological Diversity’s Programme of Work on Protected Areas. A full set of guidelines is available at: www.iucn.org/pa_guidelines Complementary resources are available at: www.cbd.int/protected/tools/ Contribute to developing capacity for a Protected Planet at: www.protectedplanet.net/ 3 PARKS 2012 Vol 18.1 PARKS: THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PROTECTED AREAS AND CONSERVATION Edited by Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley1, Equilibrium Research and IUCN WCPA 1 Rock House, Derwenlas, Machynlleth, Powys, SY20 8TN, Wales [email protected], [email protected] Editorial: Wildlife crime poses unique challenges to protected areas 7 Nigel Dudley, Sue Stolton and Wendy Elliott Progress towards the CBD protected area management effectiveness targets 13 Lauren Coad, Fiona Leverington, Neil D. Burgess, Ivon C. Cuadros, Jonas Geldmann, Toby R. Marthews, Jessie Mee, Christoph Nolte, Susanne Stoll-Kleemann, Nanna Vansteelant, Camilo Zamora, Mark Zimsky and Marc Hockings Are governance and management effective within protected areas of the Kanchenjunga 25 landscape (Bhutan, India and Nepal)? Krishna Prasad Oli, Sunita Chaudhary and Uday Raj Sharma Protected area management and livelihood conflicts in Ghana: a case study of Digya National 37 Park Jesse S. Ayivor, Chris Gordon and Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu Tigers in the Transboundary Manas Conservation Complex: Conservation implications across 51 borders Jimmy Borah, Dorji Wangchuk, Anindya Swargowari, Tenzing Wangchuk, Tridip Sharma, Dhritiman Das, Nilmani Rabha, Ajit Basumatari, Niraj Kakati, M. Firoz Ahmed, Amit Sharma, Anupam Sarmah, Deba Kumar Dutta, Bibhuti Lahkar, Tshering Dorji, Probhod Kumar Brahma, Labanya Ramchiary, Tshering Tempa, Yeshey Wangdi, Tshering Nedup, Tandin Wangdi, Lhendup Tharchen, Pema Dhendup, Chitaranjan Bhobora, Bivash Pandav and Joseph Vattakaven Placemaking and transnationalism: recent migrants and a national park in Sydney, Australia 63 Denis Byrne and Heather Goodall Can the IUCN 2008 Protected Areas Management Categories support Pacific island 73 approaches to conservation? Hugh Govan and Stacy Jupiter Putting Nature on the Map: Applying the IUCN Protected Areas Management Categories in 81 the UK Roger Crofts and Adrian Phillips An Elephant Corridor in a fragmented conservation landscape: Preventing the isolation of 91 Mount Kenya National Park and National Reserve Maurice O. Nyaligu and Susie Weeks Collaborative governance and benefit sharing in Liuwa Plain National Park, western Zambia 103 Vincent R. Nyirenda and Bimo A. Nkhata Lessons from large-scale conservation networks in Australia 115 James Fitzsimons, Ian Pulsford and Geoff Wescott 4 5 PARKS 2012 Vol 18.1 The designation of geographical entities in this journal, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN. IUCN does not take any responsibility for errors or omissions occurring in the translations in this document whose original version is in English. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2013 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: IUCN WCPA (2013). PARKS. The International Journal of Protected Areas and Conservation, Volume 19.1, Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. ISSN: 0960-233X Cover photo: Deploying camera traps in MNP, India © WWF India Editing and layout by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Produced by: Sue Stolton and Nigel Dudley, www.equilibriumresearch.com Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Publications Services Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 [email protected] www.iucn.org/publications www.iucn.org/parks 6 PARKS is published electronically twice a year by IUCN’s World Commission on Protected Areas. For more information see: www.iucn.org/parks PARKS is published to strengthen international collaboration in protected area development and management by: exchanging information on practical management issues, especially learning from case studies of applied ideas; serving as a global forum for discussing new and emerging issues that relate to protected areas; promoting understanding of the values and benefits derived from protected areas to communities, visitors, business etc; ensuring that protected areas fulfill their primary role in nature conservation while addressing critical issues such
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