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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI INDIRECTNESS IN AMERICAN IDOL JUDGES’ COMMENTS A THESIS Presented as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Magister Humaniora (M. Hum) in English Language Studies by Raynesta Mikaela Indri Malo 09 6332 008 THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011 i PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI iv PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI v PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Greatest thank to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, for guiding me through all of this. For my beloved parents, Bapa and Mama, and my brother, Andri, for Opu Piet and family, Pinky and family, and all the family in Sumba and other places, and also for Dena, thanks for all of you for the love and supports. I would like to express my gratitude to all the lecturers in the English Language Studies Graduate Program, Sanata Dharma, to Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. as my supervisor, to Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., Dr. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A. (Hons), Drs. F.X. Mukarto, M.S., Ph.D., Dr. Alb. Budi Susanto, S.J., and Dr. J. Bismoko. I thank you very much for all knowledge and skills you gave and shared to me. To Mbak Lely and Mas Mulyadi in the secretariat, the library crews, VDMS and for all people in Sanata Dharma University, thank you so much for all the helps. I also thank P. Robert Ramone, CSsR, Rm. Yeremias Balapito, MSF, P. Silvester Nusa, CSsR, P. Donny Kleden, CSsR, P. Giovanni Don Bosqo, CSsR, Benya, Friedz, Cipen, Maing, Dedy and those in Wisma Sang Penebus, Nandan, for our relationship and for the prayers and supports. My gratitude also goes to all my friends. For Dita, Nofi, Riny, Tiny, Siska, Disti, Lisis and those from Sastra Inggris 2004; for friends in KBI, Sizy, Yani, Mia, Mbak Deta, Yhonas, Mbak Ana, Ka Siska, Emak Susan, Mbak Sonya, Ka Uda, Vovo, Mas Ginting, Adis, Naely, Novi, Tyra, Wisni, Hadi, Titan, Bang Berto, Mbak Wedha, Sesco, and Ka Richard; for those in Alamanda 11 & 16, Orin, Ine, Emy; footballers of Savana, vi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI Venno, Teves, Dichu, Maccy, Ate, Macce; for Utha, Wiwid, Irma Rasi, Doddy, Ridho, Iyo, Erin, Ima, Neny, Ka Mia, Irma Boleng, Ety Penny, Tommy, Ryan, Ece, Ita-Ita, thank you guys for our friendship and relationship. I‟ll never walk alone. Hope God bless you all with the greatest love. Raynesta Mikaela Indri Malo vii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE.............................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGE.................................................................................... ii DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE................................................................. iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY............................................................ iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ................... v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................ vi TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................ viii LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................... x LIST OF APPENDICES............................................................................. xi ABSTRACT................................................................................................ xii ABSTRAK.................................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER I:INTRODUCTION............................................................... 1 A. Background........................................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation............................................................................ 5 C. Research Objectives ............................................................................. 5 D. Research Benefits ................................................................................. 6 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW................................................ 7 A. Literature Review .................................................................................. 7 1. Pragmatics ....................................................................................... 7 2. Speech Acts ..................................................................................... 16 3. Indirectness ...................................................................................... 21 B. Review on Related Studies..................................................................... 34 C. Theoretical Framework ......................................................................... 38 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................... 39 A. Types of Study ........................................................................................ 39 B. Research Data ......................................................................................... 39 C. Data Collection ....................................................................................... 40 D. Data Analysis .......................................................................................... 43 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION ...................................... 46 A. Speech Acts of Indirectness...................................................................... 46 1. Assertive ............................................................................................ 47 2. Declarative ......................................................................................... 58 3. Directive ............................................................................................. 66 4. Expressive ........................................................................................... 71 B. Functions of Indirectness ......................................................................... 75 1. Being Ironic ......................................................................................... 76 viii PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI 2. Being Polite ......................................................................................... 80 3. Giving Hints ........................................................................................ 86 C. Factors Affecting the Use of Indirectness ............................................... 96 1. Politeness ............................................................................................ 96 2. Gender ................................................................................................ 103 3. Power ................................................................................................ 105 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ................................................................... 109 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... 113 ix PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1 Sample of the Judges‟ Comments Taken from the Subtitle of the Recording ..............................................................................................41 Table 3.2 Sample of Judges‟ Comments after Editing ..........................................42 Table 4.1.1 Assertive Speech Act .........................................................................49 Table 4.1.2 Declarative Speech Act ......................................................................60 Table 4.1.3 Directive Speech Act .........................................................................66 Table 4.1.4 Expressive Speech Act .......................................................................71 Table 4.2.1 Comments with Ironic Function ........................................................76 Table 4.2.2 Comments with Polite Function..........................................................81 Table 4.2.3 Comments which Function at Giving Hint.........................................87 Table 4.3.1 Comments with Politeness as the main Factor..................................97 Table 4.3.2 Comments with Power as the main Factor........................................107 x PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: All Indirect Comments in the Context of Use.................................116 Appendix 2: Sentence Structure and Type of Speech Acts..................................142 Appendix 3: Functions of Indirect Comments.....................................................146 xi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT Mikaela Indri Malo, Raynesta. 2011. Indirectness in American Idol Judges’ Comments. Yogyakarta: English Language Studies, Graduate Program, Sanata Dharma University. Indirectness is one of the relatively efficient ways of communicating with each other. People use indirectness in communication for different purposes. The most discussed and discovered purpose across cultures is for politeness; people use language in indirect way to prevent hurting each other‟s feelings. In many cultures, indirectness is highly valued because face saving and harmony in social relationships are highly respected. The phenomenon of indirect use of language can be found not only in the normal everyday interaction; it can also be found in many instances of language use. One of them is in the interaction between