Screening for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) Without Reference Standards on High Resolution Mass Spectrometers (HR-MS)
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How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in the UK and Europe
Article How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe Santos, Raquel, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/31793/ Santos, Raquel ORCID: 0000-0003-3129-6732, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin ORCID: 0000-0002-8180-7943 (2020) How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 86 (3). pp. 452-481. ISSN 0306-5251 It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14224 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in The UK and Europe Raquel Santos1, Amira Guirguis2 & Colin Davidson1* 1School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK. 2Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK. *Corresponding author Colin Davidson School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE +44 (0)1772 89 3920 [email protected] Key words: novel psychoactive substance, legal high, legislation, toxicity, abuse Running Head: review of NPS pharmacology The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Page | 1 Abstract Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are new drugs of abuse. -
3. 4 Ketamina E Analoghi
NEW DRUGS Nuove Sostanze Psicoattive 3. 4 Ketamina e analoghi 765 766 NEW DRUGS Nuove Sostanze Psicoattive Ketamina Nome Ketamina; (Ketamine) Struttura molecolare O NH CH3 Cl Formula di struttura C13H16ClNO Numero CAS 6740-88-1 (base libera) / 1867-66-9 (sale cloridrato) Nome IUPAC 2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(methylamino)cyclohexan-1-one Altri nomi (±)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-methylamino)cyclohexanone; (±)-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methylamino)cyclo hexanone; 2-(methylami- no)-2-(2-chlorophenyl)cyclohexanone; 2-(methylamino)-2-(o-chlorophenyl) cyclohexanone; (±)-Ketamine; CI-581; CL-369; CN- 52,372-2. Nomi commerciali (per uso umano o veterinario): Esketamie; Ketalar base; Ketamine Base; Ketavet; Ketolar; Vetalar Ketalar, Ketamine Panpharma, Ketanest-S; Ketalar, Ketaminol; Vetalar Vet., Ketaminol Vet.; Clorketam, Imalgene, Anesketin, Ketamine Ceva, Narketan, Ketaset, Anesketin. Nomi gergali: K, special K, kit kat, tac et tic, cat valium, vitamin K, ket, super K, Kaddy, Kate, Ket, Kéta K, Jet, Super acid, 1980 acid, Special LA coke, Super C, Purple, Mauve, Green. Peso molecolare 237.725 g/mol Aspetto Polvere/cristalli bianchi. Punto di fusione della ketamina base libera: 92-93 °C; del cloridrato: 262-263°C. Informazioni generali La ketamina è una arilcicloalchilamina strutturalmente correlata alle ciclidine quali ad esempio l’etilciclidina, la fenciclidina, la roliciclidina e la tenociclidina. La ketamina è una molecola di origine sintetica, sintetizzata nel 1962, brevettata in Belgio nel 1963. E’ stata progettata nell’ambito della ricerca di analoghi strutturali delle cicloesilamine a cui appartiene anche la fenciclidina (PCP). La ketamina ha proprietà anestetiche ed analgesiche. E’ ampiamente utilizzata in ambito veterinario, molto meno come anestetico nell’uomo. -
Backing Material Packaging Liner
US009314527B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9,314,527 B2 Cottrell et al. (45) Date of Patent: *Apr. 19, 2016 (54) TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY PATCH 9/7061 (2013.01); A61K 9/7084 (2013.01); (71) Applicant: Phosphagenics Limited, Clayton, A61 K3I/355 (2013.01); A61K47/24 Victoria (AU) SE7 8E.O. (72) Inventors: Jeremy Cottrell, Caulfield South (AU); ( .01): ( .01): (2013.01) Giacinto Gaetano, South Melbourne (AU); Mahmoud El-Tamimy, Meadow (58) Field of Classification Search Heights (AU); Nicholas Kennedy, None Boronia (AU); Paul David Gavin, See application file for complete search history. Chadstone (AU) (56) References Cited (73) Assignee: Phosphagenics Limited, Victoria (AU) (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS patent is extended or adjusted under 35 2,407,823. A 9, 1946 Fieser U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 2.457,932 A 1/1949 Solmssen et al. This patent is Subject to a terminal dis- (Continued) claimer. (21) Appl. No.: 14/550,514 FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS ppl. No.: 9 (22) Filed: Nov. 21, 2014 A 3.3 5.83 (65) Prior Publication Data (Continued) Related U.S. Application Data Gianello et al. Subchronic Oral Toxicity Study of Mixed Tocopheryl (63) Continuation of application No. 14/086,738, filed on Phosphates in Rates, International Journal of Toxicology, 26:475 Nov. 21, 2013, now abandoned, which is a 490; 2007.* continuation of application No. 13/501,500, filed as (Continued) application No. PCT/AU2011/000358 on Mar. 30, 2011, now Pat. No. 8,652,511. Primary Examiner — Robert A Wax (60) Provisional application No. -
Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and Its Analogues in Biological Specimens
Recommended methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and its Analogues in Biological Specimens MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES Laboratory and Scientific Section UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME Vienna Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Fentanyl and its Analogues in Biological Specimens MANUAL FOR USE BY NATIONAL DRUG ANALYSIS LABORATORIES UNITED NATIONS Vienna, 2017 Note Operating and experimental conditions are reproduced from the original reference materials, including unpublished methods, validated and used in selected national laboratories as per the list of references. A number of alternative conditions and substitution of named commercial products may provide comparable results in many cases. However, any modification has to be validated before it is integrated into laboratory routines. ST/NAR/53 Original language: English © United Nations, November 2017. All rights reserved. The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Mention of names of firms and commercial products does not imply the endorse- ment of the United Nations. This publication has not been formally edited. Publishing production: English, Publishing and Library Section, United Nations Office at Vienna. Acknowledgements The Laboratory and Scientific Section of the UNODC (LSS, headed by Dr. Justice Tettey) wishes to express its appreciation and thanks to Dr. Barry Logan, Center for Forensic Science Research and Education, at the Fredric Rieders Family Founda- tion and NMS Labs, United States; Amanda L.A. -
Moves to Amend HF No. 2711 As Follows
05/05/20 REVISOR KLL/JK A20-0767 1.1 .................... moves to amend H.F. No. 2711 as follows: 1.2 Delete everything after the enacting clause and insert: 1.3 "ARTICLE 1 1.4 APPROPRIATIONS 1.5 Section 1. APPROPRIATIONS. 1.6 The sums shown in the column under "APPROPRIATIONS" are added to or reduce the 1.7 appropriations in Laws 2019, First Special Session chapter 5, to the agencies and for the 1.8 purposes specified in this article. The appropriations are from the general fund, or another 1.9 named fund, and are available for the fiscal year indicated for each purpose. 1.10 APPROPRIATIONS 1.11 Available for the Year 1.12 Ending June 30 1.13 2020 2021 1.14 Sec. 2. CORRECTIONS 1.15 Subdivision 1. Total Appropriation $ 205,000 $ 5,545,000 1.16 The amounts that may be spent for each 1.17 purpose are specified in the following 1.18 subdivisions. 1.19 Subd. 2. Correctional Institutions -0- (2,545,000) 1.20 To account for overall bed impact savings of 1.21 reductions in the penalties for controlled 1.22 substances offenses involving the possession 1.23 of marijuana, investments in community 1.24 supervision, and increased penalties for sex 1.25 trafficking offenses, the fiscal year 2021 Article 1 Sec. 2. 1 05/05/20 REVISOR KLL/JK A20-0767 2.1 appropriation from Laws 2019, First Special 2.2 Session chapter 5, article 1, section 15, 2.3 subdivision 2, is reduced by $2,545,000. 2.4 Subd. -
Understanding and Challenging the Drugs: Chemistry and Toxicology
UNDERSTANDING AND CHALLENGING THE DRUGS: CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY Presenter: • Dr. Jasmine Drake, Graduate Program Director and Assistant Professor, Administration of Justice Department, Barbara Jordan-Mickey Leland School of Public Affairs, Texas Southern University NACDL Training Defending Drug Overdose Homicides in Pennsylvania Penn State Harrisburg, Middletown, PA November 6th, 2019 11:30- 12:45 p.m. Understanding & Challenging the Drugs: Chemistry & Toxicology Dr. Jasmine Drake, Forensic Science Learning Laboratory, Texas Southern University I. Opioid Drug Classifications A. Types of Opioids B. Classic vs. Synthetic C. Toxicology of Opioids 1) How opioids interact with the body 2) Addiction (psychological vs. physiological II. New Classes of Drugs A. Emerging Threats B. Potency III. National Trends in Opioid Overdose Deaths in the U.S. A. Based on State B. Ethnicity C. Drug-Type (prescription vs. fentanyl vs. heroin) IV. Trends of Opioid Overdose Deaths in Philadelphia A. Based on Ethnicity B. Drug Type (prescription vs. fentanyl vs. heroin) V. Legal Considerations to the Opioid Epidemic A. Punitive Measures vs. Rehabilitative Treatment B. Progressive Jurisdictions Nationwide C. New Legal Measures in Philadelphia VI. Toxicology Reports A. What’s in the report? B. Key Aspects of the Tox Report C. Terminology D. Evaluating and Interpreting the data? E. Questions and considerations. VII. Conclusion and Discussion A. Case Specific Examples B. Sample Toxicology Reports The Opioid Epidemic: What labs have to do with it? Ewa King, Ph.D. Associate Director of Health RIDOH State Health Laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. www.aphl.org Overview • Overdose trends • Opioids and their effects • Analytical testing approaches • Toxicology laboratories Analysis. Answers. Action. -
CAS Number Index
2334 CAS Number Index CAS # Page Name CAS # Page Name CAS # Page Name 50-00-0 905 Formaldehyde 56-81-5 967 Glycerol 61-90-5 1135 Leucine 50-02-2 596 Dexamethasone 56-85-9 963 Glutamine 62-44-2 1640 Phenacetin 50-06-6 1654 Phenobarbital 57-00-1 514 Creatine 62-46-4 1166 α-Lipoic acid 50-11-3 1288 Metharbital 57-22-7 2229 Vincristine 62-53-3 131 Aniline 50-12-4 1245 Mephenytoin 57-24-9 1950 Strychnine 62-73-7 626 Dichlorvos 50-23-7 1017 Hydrocortisone 57-27-2 1428 Morphine 63-05-8 127 Androstenedione 50-24-8 1739 Prednisolone 57-41-0 1672 Phenytoin 63-25-2 335 Carbaryl 50-29-3 569 DDT 57-42-1 1239 Meperidine 63-75-2 142 Arecoline 50-33-9 1666 Phenylbutazone 57-43-2 108 Amobarbital 64-04-0 1648 Phenethylamine 50-34-0 1770 Propantheline bromide 57-44-3 191 Barbital 64-13-1 1308 p-Methoxyamphetamine 50-35-1 2054 Thalidomide 57-47-6 1683 Physostigmine 64-17-5 784 Ethanol 50-36-2 497 Cocaine 57-53-4 1249 Meprobamate 64-18-6 909 Formic acid 50-37-3 1197 Lysergic acid diethylamide 57-55-6 1782 Propylene glycol 64-77-7 2104 Tolbutamide 50-44-2 1253 6-Mercaptopurine 57-66-9 1751 Probenecid 64-86-8 506 Colchicine 50-47-5 589 Desipramine 57-74-9 398 Chlordane 65-23-6 1802 Pyridoxine 50-48-6 103 Amitriptyline 57-92-1 1947 Streptomycin 65-29-2 931 Gallamine 50-49-7 1053 Imipramine 57-94-3 2179 Tubocurarine chloride 65-45-2 1888 Salicylamide 50-52-2 2071 Thioridazine 57-96-5 1966 Sulfinpyrazone 65-49-6 98 p-Aminosalicylic acid 50-53-3 426 Chlorpromazine 58-00-4 138 Apomorphine 66-76-2 632 Dicumarol 50-55-5 1841 Reserpine 58-05-9 1136 Leucovorin 66-79-5 -
Measures and CDS for Safer Opioid Prescribing: a Literature Review
Measures and CDS for Safer Opioid Prescribing: A Literature Review Measures and CDS for Safer Opioid Prescribing: A Literature Review Executive Summary The U.S. opioid epidemic continues to pose significant challenges for patients, families, clinicians, and public health policy. Opioids are responsible for an estimated 315,000 deaths (from 1999 to 2016) and have caused 115 deaths per day.1 In 2017, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services declared the opioid epidemic a public health crisis.2 The total economic burden of opioid abuse in the United States has been estimated to be $78.5 billion per year.3 Although providing care for chronic opioid users is important, equally vital are efforts to prevent so-called opioid-naïve patients (patients with no history of opioid use) from developing regular opioid use, misuse, or abuse. However, much remains unclear regarding what role clinician prescribing habits play and what duration or dose of opioids may safely be prescribed without promoting long-term use.4,5 In 2013, ECRI Institute convened the Partnership for Health IT Patient Safety, and its component, single-topic-focused workgroups followed. For this subject, the Electronic Health Record Association (EHRA): Measures and Clinical Decision Support (CDS) for Safer Opioid Prescribing workgroup included members from the Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) EHRA and the Partnership team. The project was oriented towards exploring methods to enable a synergistic cycle of performance measurement and identifying electronic health record (EHR)/health information technology (IT)–enabled approaches to support healthcare organizations’ ability to assess and measure opioid prescribing. -
Nové Psychoaktivní Substance Nové Psychoaktivní Substance (NPS) Jsou Skupinou Látek Se Širokým Spektrem Účinků
1 Národní monitorovací únor 2020 NOVÉ PsyCHOAKTIVNÍ SUBstanCE Nové psychoaktivní substance (NPS) jsou skupinou látek se širokým spektrem účinků. „Nové“ jsou především z hlediska svého výskytu na ilegálním trhu, jejich struktura může být známa již poměrně dlouhou dobu. Jedná se o látky, které napodobují účinky klasických drog, jejich odlišná chemická strukturu jim však často zajišťuje dočasný únik před legislativní kontrolou. V následujícím textu bude čtenářům představena většina hlavních skupin NPS, avšak výčet není vyčerpávající. U každé ze zmíněných skupin je popsán mechanismus působení, akutní účinky na organismus včetně rizik a toxicity a stručný popis vybraných zástupců. Úvod Obsah Nové psychoaktivní substance (NPS, dříve nazývané nové syntetické drogy), známé také pod názvy „designer drugs“ Úvod či „legal highs“, se v poslední době stále častěji objevují na Syntetické opioidy drogové scéně. Skupina těchto látek se vyznačuje širokým spektrem účinků, které mohou být tlumivé, stimulační, Fenylethylaminy entaktogenní, ale také halucinogenní (Corazza et al. 2013; Halogenované deriváty amfetaminu a metamfetaminu Johnson, Johnson, a Portier 2013). Hlavními důvody, proč Analogy/náhražky MDMA se NPS na trhu vyskytují je, že: 1) se snaží napodobit účinky Fenylethylaminové halucinogeny tradičních drog (např. extáze, heroinu, marihuany či pervitinu) FLY varianty halucinogenních a entaktogenních a zároveň díky své nové struktuře, nejsou zahrnuty na sezna- fenylethylaminů mu kontrolovaných omamných a psychotropních látek (OPL) Tryptaminy a 2) že prekursory pro jejich výrobu nejsou monitorovány Syntetické piperaziny a jsou snadno dostupné. To ve svém důsledku vede k tomu, Syntetické kanabinoidy že výrobci i distributoři se tak mohou snadno vyhnout legisla- tivním postihům. Typickým znakem NPS tudíž je, že neustále Aminoindanty dochází k modifikacím jejich struktury, na trhu se tak tedy Katinony objevují stále další nové substance (van Amsterdam, Nutt, Disociativní anestetika (disociativa) a van den Brink 2013). -
Texas Controlled Substances Act
HEALTH AND SAFETY CODE TITLE 6. FOOD, DRUGS, ALCOHOL, AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES SUBTITLE C. SUBSTANCE ABUSE REGULATION AND CRIMES CHAPTER 481. TEXAS CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES ACT SUBCHAPTER A. GENERAL PROVISIONS Sec.A481.001.AASHORT TITLE. This chapter may be cited as the Texas Controlled Substances Act. Acts 1989, 71st Leg., ch. 678, Sec. 1, eff. Sept. 1, 1989. Sec.A481.002.AADEFINITIONS. In this chapter: (1)AA"Administer" means to directly apply a controlled substance by injection, inhalation, ingestion, or other means to the body of a patient or research subject by: (A)AAa practitioner or an agent of the practitioner in the presence of the practitioner; or (B)AAthe patient or research subject at the direction and in the presence of a practitioner. (2)AA"Agent" means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the direction of a manufacturer, distributor, or dispenser. The term does not include a common or contract carrier, public warehouseman, or employee of a carrier or warehouseman acting in the usual and lawful course of employment. (3)AA"Commissioner" means the commissioner of state health services or the commissioner 's designee. (4)AA"Controlled premises" means: (A)AAa place where original or other records or documents required under this chapter are kept or are required to be kept; or (B)AAa place, including a factory, warehouse, other establishment, or conveyance, where a person registered under this chapter may lawfully hold, manufacture, distribute, dispense, administer, possess, or otherwise dispose of a controlled substance or other item governed by the federal Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. -
EU EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ADVISORY Fake Oxycodone Tablets
EU EARLY WARNING SYSTEM ADVISORY Fake oxycodone tablets containing brorphine — Slovenia, 2021 RCS ID: EU-EWS-RCS-AD-2021-0001 Issued by: EMCDDA Date issued: 22/01/2021 Transmitted by: Action on New Drugs Sector, EMCDDA Recipients: Early Warning System Network Read with: EU-EWS-RCS-FN-2020-0013 1. Summary and purpose Brorphine is a synthetic opioid monitored by the EMCDDA as a new psychoactive substance. It has been available in Europe since at least March 2020. Its identification has been reported by 4 countries: Belgium, Germany, Slovenia, and Sweden. Similar to other new opioids, brorphine is sold as a replacement to controlled opioids on the surface web, darknet markets, and at street-level. The available information suggests that, similar to fentanyl, brorphine is a potent opioid. Overdose may cause life-threatening poisoning from respiratory depression and arrest. Deaths involving brorphine have been reported in the United States (20 deaths). The purpose of this advisory is to: Highlight a recent identification of two fake oxycodone tablets containing brorphine in Slovenia that were sold on the internet as oxycodone. Highlight that brorphine appears to be a potent opioid that may pose a high risk of life-threatening poisoning. Deaths have been reported in the United States. Request that you report any information you have on brorphine to the EMCDDA as soon as possible so that we can improve our understanding of the potential risks. Information should be reported by email to [email protected] 2. Advisory Background EU-EWS-RCS-AD-2021-0001 Page 1 of 6 Brorphine is a synthetic opioid monitored by the EMCDDA as a new psychoactive substance [1]. -
Group II/III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Exert Endogenous Activity-Dependent Modulation of TRPV1 Receptors on Peripheral Nociceptors
The Journal of Neuroscience, September 7, 2011 • 31(36):12727–12737 • 12727 Behavioral/Systems/Cognitive Group II/III Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Exert Endogenous Activity-Dependent Modulation of TRPV1 Receptors on Peripheral Nociceptors Susan M. Carlton, Shengtai Zhou, Rosann Govea, and Junhui Du Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-1069 There is pharmacological evidence that group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) function as activity-dependent autoreceptors, inhibiting transmission in supraspinal sites. These receptors are expressed by peripheral nociceptors. We investigated whether mGluRs function as activity-dependent autoreceptors inhibiting pain transmission to the rat CNS, particularly transient recep- tor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1)-induced activity. Blocking peripheral mGluR activity by intraplantar injection of antagonists LY341495 [(2S)-2-amino-2-[(1S,2S)-2-carboxycycloprop-1-yl]-3-(xanth-9-yl) propanoic acid] (LY) (20, 100 M, group II/III), APICA [(RS)-1- amino-5-phosphonoindan-1-carboxylic acid] (100 M, group II), or UBP1112 (␣-methyl-3-methyl-4-phosphonophenylglycine) (30 M, groupIII)increasedcapsaicin(CAP)-inducednociceptivebehaviorsandnociceptoractivity.Incontrast,groupIIagonistAPDC[(2R,4R)- 4-aminopyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate] (0.1 M) or group III agonist L-(ϩ)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP-4) (10 M) blocked the LY-induced increase. Ca 2ϩ imaging in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells confirmed LY enhanced CAP-induced Ca 2ϩ mobilization, which was blocked by APDC and L-AP-4. We hypothesized that excess glutamate (GLU) released by high intensity and/or prolonged stimulation endogenously activated group II/III, dampening nociceptor activation. In support of this, intraplantar GLU ϩ LY produced heat hyperalgesia, and exogenous GLU ϩ LY applied to nociceptors produced enhanced nociceptor activity and thermal sensitization.