DOCSLIB.ORG

European Country Profile Ebook

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
European Country Profile Ebook European Country Profile eBook rapyd.net Table of Contents Introduction 3 Ecommerce Trends 4 Payment Trends 5 France - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 6 Germany - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 9 Italy - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 12 Netherlands - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 15 Poland - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 18 Russia - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 21 Spain - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 24 Sweden - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 27 United Kingdom - Economic Overview, eCommerce Trends, Payment Trends 30 European Country Profile eBook | 2 European Country Profile eBook Economic Overview “Europe” is the third largest region in the world by population, Growth has been slow across Europe in the aftermath of behind Asia and Africa, and is usually taken to include recent economic crises. Russia, the largest country in the world, although much [1] All statistics from Currently, 28 European countries are members of the of Russia is geographically in Asia. Worldometer: Link European Union (EU), though this is set to fall to 27 when [2] IMF World Economic In 2019, Europe’s population numbered 747,182,751, the United Kingdom leaves. Five countries (Albania, the Outlook, 2019: Link representing 9.7% of total global population, down from Republic of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and [3] European Commission: Link 22.7% in 1995. Europe is ageing overall at a gradual pace, Turkey) are currently in the process of joining the EU, though with median age rising to 41.7 from 29.5 in 1955, though the this process can take a very long time and success is not [4] EEA, European Free Trade Association: Link rate of increase is much higher in some countries. About guaranteed.3 Four countries (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland three-quarters of Europeans live in cities and towns.1 and Liechtenstein) have opted not to join the EU, but three [5] European Free Trade Association: Link of these are members of the European Economic Area (EEA) Europe is a rich region by global standards. In 2019, Europe’s which gives them membership of the EU’s single market,4 [6] Commonwealth of nominal GDP was $21.79 trillion, just behind East Asia ($22.05 Independent States: Link while the fourth (Switzerland) has a free trade agreement trillion) and North America ($24.43 trillion).2 Per capita GDP with the EU.5 was $29,410, only exceeded by North America ($49,240). However, there is wide variation in incomes between the The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) consists of countries of Europe: per capita GDP in the advanced nations former members of the Soviet Union, about half of which of Western Europe is $49,240, the same as in North America, are European countries. Russia is by far the largest and but in Eastern Europe it is much lower, at only $11,320. most dominant country in this association, and many of the other members are economically dependent on it.6 European Country Profile eBook | 3 Ecommerce Trends Western Europe is a large and prosperous eCommerce Eastern Europe is currently a much smaller market, reflecting [7] eMarketer: Link market. Retail eCommerce sales in the five biggest Western the less developed financial infrastructure and poorer [8] eCommerce News: Link European countries (Germany, France, Italy, Spain and the populations of these countries. However, it is growing at an [9] Statista: Link United Kingdom) are expected to pass $315 billion in 2019 average rate of 19%. In 2019, 3.6% of retail sales were made [10] Eastern Europe & CIS, 7 and reach $400 billion by 2022. These five countries make online, and the average consumer spend is $705. Russians PPRO: Link up about half of total European eCommerce.8 Currently, the particularly like to shop online: 62% of Russians shopped United Kingdom is the largest market, generating nearly online in 2019, against the 47% average for the region as $79 billion in eCommerce revenue in 2019. But eCommerce a whole. Popular shopping destinations are China, Russia growth in the United Kingdom is slowing down as the and Germany.10 As payments infrastructures and internet market matures, and other countries such as Germany penetration improve, and financial inclusion deepens, may surpass it in the next few years.9 Western Europe’s ecommerce in Eastern Europe may start to catch up with ecommerce market also faces growing uncertainty as the the more mature Western market, though U.S. and European United Kingdom prepares to leave the EU and global trade sanctions may make it difficult for Russia’s ecommerce tensions rise. market to develop. European Country Profile eBook | 4 European payments infrastructure Europe is notable for its diversity of payment methods. plus Switzerland, San Marino and Monaco. It enables people [11] Westen & Central Europe, Cards, bank transfers, digital wallets and cash are all popular, to make online payments in Euros to people and businesses PPRO: Link though cultural differences mean that preferred methods in other SEPA European countries as easily as they can within [12] Eastern Europe & CIS, of payment can vary widely across the region. In Western those countries.14 In November 2018, the EU introduced its PPRO, ibid. Europe, credit and debit cards are the most frequently used Target Instant Payment Settlement (TIPS) system, enabling [13] Eastern Europe & CIS, payment method for online purchases, followed by digital Euro payments to be settled in real time anywhere in the PPRO, ibid.- where in the text? 11 wallets and bank transfers. In Eastern Europe, credit cards Euro area. Non-euro countries also have real-time settlement [14] SEPA, European are the most popular method, followed by cash, digital for domestic payments: for example Faster Payments was Commission: Link 12 15 wallets and bank transfers. Smartphone apps that make introduced in the U.K. in 2008 and Bankgirot in Sweden in [15] Faster payments: Link 16 it easy for customers to make online purchases directly 2012. However, real-time cross-border payments involving [16] Bankgirot: Link from their bank accounts or credit cards are growing in more than one European currency are still a work in progress. popularity throughout the region. Contactless payments At the present time, the CIS countries do not have a using cards or smartphones are becoming ubiquitous in common currency and cross-border payments systems are Western European countries, but in some Eastern European undeveloped. Cash remains the dominant form of payment countries, cash is still widely used.13 for online purchases. However, ubiquity of mobile phones The European Union’s single payments area (SEPA) covers not in the region may mean that mobile payments platforms only the 28 EU members but also the three EEA members, will provide an alternative in the future. European Country Profile eBook | 5 France With nominal GDP of $2.78 trillion,1 France is the third largest countries, though it also has strong economic ties with its economy in Europe and the sixth largest economy in the former colonies in Africa and South America. Challenges world. It is a founder member of the European Union and include an unemployment rate of around 9%;2 public debt/ [1] World Bank: Link uses the Euro as its currency. France has a mixed economy GDP in excess of 90%;3 and an external deficit of about [2] World Bank: Link and its principal industries are energy, manufacturing, 0.7% of GDP.[4] technology and transport. It trades mainly with other EU [3] Eurostat: Link [4] World Bank: Link Key Statistics At A Glance [5] World Bank: Link [6] World Bank: Link [7] International Population: 82.4% 94% Telecommunications Union: Link of France’s population of the population have [8] Spotlight, World Bank: Link 66.987 7 million (2018)5 use the internet (2019) bank accounts (men 91%, women 97%) 9 [9] World Bank: Link GDP per capita 87% 41% [10] World Bank: Link of adults have a mobile of the population use $ 41,463 8 10 (2018)6 phone credit cards European Country Profile eBook | 6 France Ecommerce Trends 44.9 million $42,674m (69% of population) $949.80 (2019) [11] Statista: Link Ecommerce Ecommerce Average Ecommerce [12] Statista, ibid. revenue11 users12 revenue per user13 [13] Statista, ibid. [14] Statista, ibid. [15] Global Connected Commerce Report 2016, Nielsen: Link (2018-23) 3% 59% 18.11% (2015-16) 8% [15] World Bank: Link Cross-border Percentage of Projected ecommerce online purchases population making Ecommerce growth revenue compound [16] Statista, ibid. 16 (percentage of online purchases15 rate annual growth rate total)14 (CAGR)17 [17] Statista, ibid. [18] Missing Fashion Major ecommerce 33% Toys, hobby & DIY categories (percentage 20% Electronics & media 19% of total revenue):18 Furniture & appliances 17% Food & personal care 11% European Country Profile eBook | 7 France Popular Payment Methods Sources: Consumer Credit card 61% Technographics Global Online Cash 54% Benchmark Survey (Part 1), PayPal 45% 2019 Debit or ATM card 43% Check/cheque 36% © 2019 Forrester Research, Inc. Direct debit from checking/chequing account 18% All of Forrester’s Technographics Merchant gift card 16% data is confidential and for Bank transfer 9% internal use only. Any external MasterPass by MasterCard 7% distribution is strictly prohibited. Cash on delivery (COD) 6% Pre-paid debit card 5% Visa Checkout 5% Amazon Pay 4% Apple Pay 3% Google Pay 3% None of these 2% Paylib 2% Bitcoin 1% PaySafeCard 1% European Country Profile eBook | 8 Germany Germany’s nominal GDP of nearly $4 trillion makes it the in engineering, electronics and transport. Unemployment largest economy in Europe and the fourth largest in the is very low, but persistently low wage growth and a strong world. It is a member of the G7 group of advanced countries.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Freedom in the Americas Today
    www.freedomhouse.org Freedom in the Americas Today This series of charts and graphs tracks freedoms trajectory in the Americas over the past thirty years. The source for the material in subsequent pages is two global surveys published annually by Freedom House: Freedom in the World and Freedom of the Press. Freedom in the World has assessed the condition of world freedom since 1972, providing separate numerical scores for each countrys degree of political rights and civil liberties as well as designating countries as free, partly free, and not free. Freedom of the Press assesses the level of media freedom in each country in the world and designates countries as free, partly free, and not free. The graphs and charts in this package tell a story that is both encouraging and a source of concern. When Freedom House launched its global index of political rights and civil liberties, freedom was on the defensive throughout much of the Americas. Juntas, military councils, and strongmen held the reins of power throughout much of south and Central America. At various times dictatorships prevailed in such key countries as Brazil, Argentina, Peru, and Chile, as well as in every country of Central America except Costa Rica. Latin America was not alone in the grim picture it presented as democracy was by and large restricted to the countries of Western Europe and North America. Conditions in the Americas were strongly influenced by the Cold War. Marxist insurgencies, often employing kidnappings, assassinations, and terrorism, had emerged in a number of countries; military governments responded with extreme brutality, including the use of paramilitary death squads.
    [Show full text]
  • IOM Regional Strategy 2020-2024 South America
    SOUTH AMERICA REGIONAL STRATEGY 2020–2024 IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. Publisher: International Organization for Migration Av. Santa Fe 1460, 5th floor C1060ABN Buenos Aires Argentina Tel.: +54 11 4813 3330 Email: [email protected] Website: https://robuenosaires.iom.int/ Cover photo: A Syrian family – beneficiaries of the “Syria Programme” – is welcomed by IOM staff at the Ezeiza International Airport in Buenos Aires. © IOM 2018 _____________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-886-0 (PDF) © 2020 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. PUB2020/054/EL SOUTH AMERICA REGIONAL STRATEGY 2020–2024 FOREWORD In November 2019, the IOM Strategic Vision was presented to Member States. It reflects the Organization’s view of how it will need to develop over a five-year period, in order to effectively address complex challenges and seize the many opportunities migration offers to both migrants and society. It responds to new and emerging responsibilities – including membership in the United Nations and coordination of the United Nations Network on Migration – as we enter the Decade of Action to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
    [Show full text]
  • A Look at the Texas Hill Country Following the Path We Are on Today Through 2030
    A Look at the Texas Hill Country Following the path we are on today through 2030 This unique and special region will grow, but what will the Hill Country look like in 2030? Growth of the Hill Country The Hill Country Alliance (HCA) is a nonprofit organization whose purpose is to raise public awareness and build community support around the need to preserve the natural resources and heritage of the Central Texas Hill Country. HCA was formed in response to the escalating challenges brought to the Texas Hill Country by rapid development occurring in a sensitive eco-system. Concerned citizens began meeting in September of 2004 to share ideas about strengthening community activism and educating the public about regional planning, conservation development and a more responsible approach growth in the Hill Country. This report was prepared for the Texas Hill Country Alliance by Pegasus Planning 2 Growth of the Hill Country 3 Growth of the Hill Country Table of Contents Executive Summary Introduction The Hill Country Today The Hill Country in 2030 Strategic Considerations Reference Land Development and Provision of Utilities in Texas (a primer) Organizational Resources Materials Reviewed During Project End Notes Methodology The HCA wishes to thank members of its board and review team for assistance with this project, and the authors and contributors to the many documents and studies that were reviewed. September 2008 4 Growth of the Hill Country The Setting The population of the 17-County Hill Country region grew from approximately 800,000 in 1950 (after the last drought on record) to 2.6 million in 2000.
    [Show full text]
  • Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information
    Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical Information Updated August 5, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov R46225 SUMMARY R46225 Indigenous Peoples in Latin America: Statistical August 5, 2021 Information Carla Y. Davis-Castro This report provides statistical information on Indigenous peoples in Latin America. Data and Research Librarian findings vary, sometimes greatly, on all topics covered in this report, including populations and languages, socioeconomic data, land and natural resources, human rights and international legal conventions. For example the figure below shows four estimates for the Indigenous population of Latin America ranging from 41.8 million to 53.4 million. The statistics vary depending on the source methodology, changes in national censuses, the number of countries covered, and the years examined. Indigenous Population and Percentage of General Population of Latin America Sources: Graphic created by CRS using the World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab with webpage last updated in July 2021; ECLAC and FILAC’s 2020 Los pueblos indígenas de América Latina - Abya Yala y la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible: tensiones y desafíos desde una perspectiva territorial; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and World Bank’s (WB) 2015 Indigenous Latin America in the twenty-first century: the first decade; and ECLAC’s 2014 Guaranteeing Indigenous people’s rights in Latin America: Progress in the past decade and remaining challenges. Notes: The World Bank’s LAC Equity Lab
    [Show full text]
  • Country Travel Risk Summaries
    COUNTRY RISK SUMMARIES Powered by FocusPoint International, Inc. Report for Week Ending September 19, 2021 Latest Updates: Afghanistan, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, India, Israel, Mali, Mexico, Myanmar, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, Ukraine and Yemen. ▪ Afghanistan: On September 14, thousands held a protest in Kandahar during afternoon hours local time to denounce a Taliban decision to evict residents in Firqa area. No further details were immediately available. ▪ Burkina Faso: On September 13, at least four people were killed and several others ijured after suspected Islamist militants ambushed a gendarme patrol escorting mining workers between Sakoani and Matiacoali in Est Region. Several gendarmes were missing following the attack. ▪ Cameroon: On September 14, at least seven soldiers were killed in clashes with separatist fighters in kikaikelaki, Northwest region. Another two soldiers were killed in an ambush in Chounghi on September 11. ▪ India: On September 16, at least six people were killed, including one each in Kendrapara and Subarnapur districts, and around 20,522 others evacuated, while 7,500 houses were damaged across Odisha state over the last three days, due to floods triggered by heavy rainfall. Disaster teams were sent to Balasore, Bhadrak and Kendrapara districts. Further floods were expected along the Mahanadi River and its tributaries. ▪ Israel: On September 13, at least two people were injured after being stabbed near Jerusalem Central Bus Station during afternoon hours local time. No further details were immediately available, but the assailant was shot dead by security forces. ▪ Mali: On September 13, at least five government soldiers and three Islamist militants were killed in clashes near Manidje in Kolongo commune, Macina cercle, Segou region, during morning hours local time.
    [Show full text]
  • For Official Use STD/NAES/TASS/ITS(2003)8
    For Official Use STD/NAES/TASS/ITS(2003)8 Organisation de Coopération et de Développement Economiques Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 07-Apr-2003 ___________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________ English - Or. English STATISTICS DIRECTORATE For Official Use STD/NAES/TASS/ITS(2003)8 Cancels & replaces the same document of 03 April 2003 National Accounts and Economic Statistics - International Trade Statistics TOWARDS A CONSISTENT GEO-NOMENCLATURE FOR TRADE -ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION- Paper prepared by Andreas Lindner - OECD 4TH INTERNATINAL TRADE STATISTICS EXPERT MEETING Château de la Muette, Paris 7 April 2003 - 9 April 2003 (morning) Beginning at 10.00 a.m. on the first day Contact: [email protected] English - Or. English JT00142270 Document complet disponible sur OLIS dans son format d'origine Complete document available on OLIS in its original format STD/NAES/TASS/ITS(2003)8 TOWARDS A CONSISTENT GEO-NOMENCLATURE FOR TRADE -ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION- A. Introduction Users of statistics are sometimes confused by differences in data published for country aggregates by different institutions. These differences may be due to many factors, including a different understanding of geographical groupings. For detailed trade flow data this aspect reveals of a particular importance since merchandise trade is measured by individual country, important trader or not. The Merchandise Trade Task Force has already addressed this issue as well as the Task Force on Statistics of International Trade in Services. To shed more light on different practices, OECD has conducted some investigations and has also had preliminary consultations within the Organisation across Directorates. The results of this preliminary research are summarized in this paper and issues identified requiring further investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH AMERICA July/August 2007 GGETTINGETTING SSTARTEDTARTED: Guide
    SOUTH AMERICA July/August 2007 GGETTINGETTING SSTARTEDTARTED: Guide Is It Time for a ® South American Strategy? Localization Outsourcing ® and Export in Brazil Doing Business ® in Argentina The Tricky Business ® of Spanish Translation Training Translators ® in South America 0011 GGuideuide SSoAmerica.inddoAmerica.indd 1 66/27/07/27/07 44:13:40:13:40 PPMM SOUTH AMERICA Guide: GGETTINGETTING SSTARTEDTARTED Getting Started: Have you seen the maps where the Southern Hemisphere is at South America the top? “South-up” maps quite often are — incorrectly — referred to as “upside-down,” and it’s easy to be captivated by them. They Editor-in-Chief, Publisher Donna Parrish remind us in the Northern Hemisphere how region-centric we are. Managing Editor Laurel Wagers In this Guide to South America, we focus on doing business and work in Translation Department Editor Jim Healey South America. Greg Churilov and Florencia Paolillo address common trans- Copy Editor Cecilia Spence News Kendra Gray lation misconceptions in dealing with Spanish in South America. Jorgelina Illustrator Doug Jones Vacchino, Nicolás Bravo and Eugenia Conti describe how South American Production Sandy Compton translators are trained. Charles Campbell looks at companies that have Editorial Board entered the South American market with different degrees of success. Jeff Allen, Julieta Coirini, Teddy Bengtsson recounts setting up a company in Argentina. And Bill Hall, Aki Ito, Nancy A. Locke, Fabiano Cid explores Brazil, both as an outsourcing option and an Ultan Ó Broin, Angelika
    [Show full text]
  • IDA Facts About Ireland
    November 2018 Facts about Ireland Economy Talent & Competitiveness Connected Tax Education Research 01 02 05 07 08 Regulation Infrastructure Commercial Transportation Track Record Property 10 11 12 13 14 Economy 01 Ireland is a stable, competitive, secure and pro-business GDP Growth (%) country. Country 2017 2018 (f) 2019 (f) Ireland 7.2 4.7 4.0 The Irish economy is the fastest growing in the Eurozone. China 6.9 6.6 6.2 Luxembourg 2.3 4.0 3.5 New Zealand 3.0 3.1 3.0 The Irish Government is committed to sustainable Hong Kong SAR 3.8 3.8 2.9 management of public finances and Ireland receives Australia 2.2 3.2 2.8 an ‘A’ grade from all major credit rating agencies. Korea 3.1 2.8 2.6 Netherlands 2.9 2.8 2.6 Singapore 3.6 2.9 2.5 Ireland is a committed member of the EU Single Market United States 2.2 2.9 2.5 and the Eurozone. Greece 1.4 2.0 2.4 Austria 3.0 2.8 2.2 There is strong public support for Ireland’s EU Spain 3.0 2.7 2.2 membership. Sweden 2.1 2.4 2.2 Norway 1.9 2.1 2.1 - 92% think Ireland has benefited from EU membership Canada 3.0 2.1 2.0 Denmark 2.3 2.0 1.9 Germany 2.5 1.9 1.9 - 85% think that Ireland’s membership of the EU is a Finland 2.8 2.6 1.8 good thing Portugal 2.7 2.3 1.8 Switzerland 1.7 3.0 1.8 - 88% support the Euro France 2.3 1.6 1.6 Belgium 1.7 1.5 1.5 United Kingdom 1.7 1.4 1.5 Italy 1.5 1.2 1.0 Japan 1.7 1.1 0.9 Source: Eurobarometer, October 2018 Source: IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2018 Talent & Education 02 % Population Under 25 Years Ireland’s young workforce is capable, highly adaptable, Country Total educated and committed to achievement.
    [Show full text]
  • Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States
    The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and Relations with the United States Updated April 16, 2021 Congressional Research Service https://crsreports.congress.gov RL33105 SUMMARY RL33105 The United Kingdom: Background, Brexit, and April 16, 2021 Relations with the United States Derek E. Mix Many U.S. officials and Members of Congress view the United Kingdom (UK) as the United Specialist in European States’ closest and most reliable ally. This perception stems from a combination of factors, Affairs including a sense of shared history, values, and culture; a large and mutually beneficial economic relationship; and extensive cooperation on foreign policy and security issues. The UK’s January 2020 withdrawal from the European Union (EU), often referred to as Brexit, is likely to change its international role and outlook in ways that affect U.S.-UK relations. Conservative Party Leads UK Government The government of the UK is led by Prime Minister Boris Johnson of the Conservative Party. Brexit has dominated UK domestic politics since the 2016 referendum on whether to leave the EU. In an early election held in December 2019—called in order to break a political deadlock over how and when the UK would exit the EU—the Conservative Party secured a sizeable parliamentary majority, winning 365 seats in the 650-seat House of Commons. The election results paved the way for Parliament’s approval of a withdrawal agreement negotiated between Johnson’s government and the EU. UK Is Out of the EU, Concludes Trade and Cooperation Agreement On January 31, 2020, the UK’s 47-year EU membership came to an end.
    [Show full text]
  • State of Health in the EU Denmark DK Country Health Profile 2019 the Country Health Profile Series Contents
    State of Health in the EU Denmark DK Country Health Profile 2019 The Country Health Profile series Contents The State of Health in the EU’s Country Health Profiles 1. HIGHLIGHTS 3 provide a concise and policy-relevant overview of 2. HEALTH IN DENMARK 4 health and health systems in the EU/European Economic 3. RISK FACTORS 7 Area. They emphasise the particular characteristics and challenges in each country against a backdrop of cross- 4. THE HEALTH SYSTEM 9 country comparisons. The aim is to support policymakers 5. PERFORMANCE OF THE HEALTH SYSTEM 12 and influencers with a means for mutual learning and 5.1. Effectiveness 12 voluntary exchange. 5.2. Accessibility 16 The profiles are the joint work of the OECD and the 5.3. Resilience 18 European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 6. KEY FINDINGS 22 in cooperation with the European Commission. The team is grateful for the valuable comments and suggestions provided by the Health Systems and Policy Monitor network, the OECD Health Committee and the EU Expert Group on Health Information. Data and information sources The calculated EU averages are weighted averages of the 28 Member States unless otherwise noted. These EU The data and information in the Country Health Profiles averages do not include Iceland and Norway. are based mainly on national official statistics provided to Eurostat and the OECD, which were validated to This profile was completed in August 2019, based on ensure the highest standards of data comparability. data available in July 2019. The sources and methods underlying these data are To download the Excel spreadsheet matching all the available in the Eurostat Database and the OECD health tables and graphs in this profile, just type the following database.
    [Show full text]
  • The Laws on the Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions in China: Legal Norms and Practices Haiting Zhang
    Loyola University Chicago International Law Review Volume 9 Article 3 Issue 2 Spring/Summer 2012 2012 The Laws on the Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions in China: Legal Norms and Practices Haiting Zhang Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/lucilr Part of the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Haiting Zhang The Laws on the Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions in China: Legal Norms and Practices, 9 Loy. U. Chi. Int'l L. Rev. 249 (2012). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/lucilr/vol9/iss2/3 This Feature Article is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola University Chicago International Law Review by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE LAWS ON THE ETHNIC MINORITY AUTONOMous REGIONS IN CHINA: LEGAL NoRMS AND PRACTICES Haiting Zhang t I. Introduction... ............................ 249 II. Regulated Autonomous Powers of the Ethnic Minority Autonomous Regions.................................. 251 A. Autonomous Legislation Powers ....................... 252 B. Special Personnel Arrangements ....................... 252 C. Other Autonomous Powers .......................... 253 III. Problems in the Operation of the Regional Ethnic Autonomous System: The Gap Between Law and Practice ................. 254 A. Local Governmental Nature of the Autonomous Agencies ... 254 B. The Tale of Regional Autonomy Regulations: Insufficient Exercise of the Autonomous Legislation Power ............ 255 C. Behind the Personnel Arrangement: Party Politics and the Ethnic Minority Regional Autonomy ................... 257 D. The Vulnerable Autonomy............................ 259 E. The Economic Gap and the Natural Resource Exploitation Issue .......................................... 260 IV. Seeking Legal Guarantees: Improving the Exercise of the Autonomous Powers..........................................
    [Show full text]
  • Health in South America
    Health in South America 2012 Edition Health Situation, Policies and Systems Overview Health in South America 2012 Edition Health Situation, Policies and Systems Overview PAHO/WHO technical team that prepared the document: Principal authors and coordination: César Gattini and Patricia Ruiz. Contributors: Celia Riera, Elisabeth Duarte, Mariela Licha Salomón, Alejandro Gherardi, Fernando Llanos, Humberto Montiel, Rolando Ramírez, Félix Rígoli and Javier Uribe. Translation to English version: Catalina Palma (CONYCIT) Editorial review to English version: Daniela Gattini Health Information and Analysis Project (HSD/HA) Country Focus Support Office (CFS) Pan American Health Organization World Health Organization Washington DC, 2012 HEALTH IN SOUTH AMERICA, 2012 It is also published in Spanish: Salud en Sudamérica, edición de 2012: panorama de la situación de salud y de las políticas y sistemas de salud PAHO/WHO Headquarters Library - Cataloguing Pan American Health Organization Health in South America, 2012 Edition: Health Situation, Policies and Systems Overview Washington DC: 2012 ISBN: 978-92-75-31714-3 1. Health indicators 2. Health profile 3. Health inequities 4. Environmental health 5. Public policies 6. Health Systems and Services 7. South America The Pan American Health Organization will give consideration to requests for permission to reproduce or translate, in part or in full, any of its publications. Applications and inquiries should be addressed to Knowledge Management and Communication Area, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Washington, DC, United States of America ([email protected]). The Knowledge and Information Centre, Office of the PAHO / WHO Representation in Chile, Santiago, Chile, will provide information on any changes made to the text, plans for new editions, and reprints and translations already available.
    [Show full text]