College and Character: a Study of the Differences in Character Values
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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 College and Character: A Study of the Differences in Character Values and Character Education Practices Between American Four-Year Private Faith-Based and Private Nonsectarian Colleges and Universities Pu-Shih Daniel Chen Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF EDUCATION COLLEGE AND CHARACTER: A STUDY OF THE DIFFERENCES IN CHARACTER VALUES AND CHARACTER EDUCATION PRACTICES BETWEEN AMERICAN FOUR-YEAR PRIVATE FAITH-BASED AND PRIVATE NONSECTARIAN COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES BY PU-SHIH DANIEL CHEN A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Fall Semester, 2005 Copyright © 2005 Pu-Shih Daniel Chen All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the dissertation of Pu-Shih Daniel Chen defended on November 14, 2005. ____________________________ Jon C. Dalton Professor Directing Dissertation ____________________________ Akihito Kamata Outside Committee Member ____________________________ Robert Schwartz Committee Member ____________________________ Terrence Russell Committee Member ____________________________ Joy Gaston-Gayles Committee Member Approved: _________________________________ Joseph Backham, Chair, Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii for my Mother ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Completing a doctoral dissertation is no small challenge. Without the grace of the Lord and enormous help from people around me, I would not have been able to complete this project. I would like to express heartfelt thanks to the following people: To my Mom and Dad, who raised me to be a godly man. Without their love and discipline, I would not have become the person I am today. To Dr. Jon Dalton, who is a not only my major professor, but also my mentor and role model. I was privileged to learn from Dr. Dalton and to complete the dissertation under his direction. To Yang-Ching, how wonderful it is to meet you in Tallahassee and to have the privilege and pleasure to love you and spend my life with you. To Kristina Goodwin, you are my best friend and there is no way I would have been able to complete this degree without many study nights and all of your encouragement. To Allison Hawkins, Ashley Tull, and Margo McClinton, my cohorts in the doctoral program. To Jimmy Pasterno, for always knowing how to figure things out. To Ms. Betty Brown, who provided statistics assistance and helped me to figure out the numbers. To Mr. Jimmy Broke and Ms. Diana Leigh Kupersmith, who edited and proofread my manuscripts. In his book Educating for Character, Thomas Lickona wrote about how he received “amazing grace” – all the times in our lives when we feel helped in ways that do not seem attributable to natural causes. For me, I certainly know that God’s hands and blessings have been in everything I have done, especially in the completing of this dissertation. It was for God’s glory I started my doctoral study, and it is for God’s glory that I complete this dissertation. Last but not least, I would like to quote a statement by St. Thomas Aquinas: “All truth comes from the Holy Spirit.” For the errors in this dissertation, I take responsibility. For whatever truth it contains, I would like to thank the Source. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables...................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures.................................................................................................................... vi ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1 Background................................................................................................................... 1 Character Education in American Higher Education............................................ 2 Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................. 3 Purpose and Research Questions of the Study.............................................................. 7 Conceptual Framework................................................................................................. 8 Hypotheses.................................................................................................................... 9 Significance of the Study ............................................................................................ 10 Definitions of Character.............................................................................................. 11 Character as Virtue.............................................................................................. 11 Character as Moral Development ....................................................................... 13 Character as Good Conduct ................................................................................ 16 Definition of Character Used in this Study......................................................... 17 Character Education and Student Affairs.................................................................... 17 Limitations of the Study.............................................................................................. 19 Definition of Terms..................................................................................................... 20 Summary..................................................................................................................... 21 CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................................................................... 22 The History of Character Education in the United States........................................... 22 Character Education Before the Twentieth Century ........................................... 22 Character Education in the Early Twentieth Century ......................................... 26 Character Education in the Late Twentieth Century........................................... 28 Character Education Practices on College Campuses ................................................ 31 Types of American Higher Education Institutions...................................................... 33 Summary..................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter 3: METHOD........................................................................................................ 38 Research Design.......................................................................................................... 38 Variables.............................................................................................................. 40 Hypotheses.......................................................................................................... 41 Participants and Sampling Method ..................................................................... 41 Instrument ........................................................................................................... 43 Data Collection ........................................................................................................... 45 Method of Analysis..................................................................................................... 46 Preliminary study................................................................................................ 47 Stage One Data Analysis..................................................................................... 47 ii Stage Two Data Analysis .................................................................................... 51 Summary..................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 4: RESULTS........................................................................................................ 55 Preliminary Study ....................................................................................................... 55 Instrument ........................................................................................................... 55 Sample................................................................................................................. 56 Analysis............................................................................................................... 57 Formal Study............................................................................................................... 57 Sample................................................................................................................. 57 Descriptive Statistics........................................................................................... 63 Research Question 1: Subscale Structure............................................................ 70 Exploratory Factor Analysis. .......................................... 71 Confirmatory factor analysis........................................... 79 Research Question 2: Differences in Character Values between Private Faith- based and Nonsectarian