DOCSLIB.ORG

Evaluation of the US Army Asymmetric Warfare Adaptive Leader Program

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Evaluation of the US Army Asymmetric Warfare Adaptive Leader Program Innovative Leader Development Evaluation of the U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Adaptive Leader Program Susan G. Straus, Michael G. Shanley, Carra S. Sims, Bryan W. Hallmark, Anna Rosefsky Saavedra, Stoney Trent, Sean Duggan C O R P O R A T I O N ELECTRONIC COPIES OF RAND RESEARCH ARE PROVIDED FOR PERSONAL USE; POSTING TO A NONRAND WEBSITE IS PROHIBITED. THIS PUBLICATION IS AVAILABLE FOR LINKING OR FREE DOWNLOAD AT www.rand.org ARROYO CENTER Innovative Leader Development Evaluation of the U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Adaptive Leader Program Susan G. Straus, Michael G. Shanley, Carra S. Sims, Bryan W. Hallmark, Anna Rosefsky Saavedra, Stoney Trent, Sean Duggan Prepared for the United States Army Approved for public release; distribution unlimited For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr504 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available for this publication. ISBN 978-0-8330-8749-2 Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2014 RAND Corporation R® is a registered trademark. Cover photo by Lt. Col. Sonise Lumbaca. Limited Print and Electronic Distribution Rights This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html. The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND Make a tax-deductible charitable contribution at www.rand.org/giving/contribute www.rand.org Preface In this project, “Evaluation of U.S. Army Asymmetric Warfare Adap- tive Leader Program (AWALP),” the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) asked RAND Arroyo Center to systemati- cally evaluate the effectiveness of AWALP and to design a set of instru- ments, tools, and protocols to foster ongoing assessment and improve- ment of AWALP and other courses or events that include adaptability training. This report describes the study design and results based on the collection of data from three AWALP classes. Using a pretest– posttest study design, the evaluation addresses multiple outcomes, including improvement in attitudes toward adaptability, cognitive learning, and adaptability behaviors; reactions to the course; and appli- cation of adaptability principles once graduates return to their units. The report will be of interest to those seeking to measure adaptability and other intangible skills in institutional and unit training environments. This research was sponsored by TRADOC and was conducted within the RAND Arroyo Center’s Manpower and Training Program. RAND Arroyo Center, part of the RAND Corporation, is a feder- ally funded research and development center sponsored by the United States Army. The Project Unique Identification Code (PUIC) for the project that produced this document is RAN126497. Correspondence regarding this report should be addressed to Susan Straus ([email protected]) or Michael Shanley (mikes@rand. org). For more information on the RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director of Operations, Marcy Agmon (telephone 310-393-0411, iii iv Innovative Leader Development extension 6419; FAX 310-451-6952; e-mail Marcy_Agmon@rand. org); or visit Arroyo’s website at http://www.rand.org/ard/. Contents Preface ............................................................................. iii Figures ............................................................................. ix Tables .............................................................................. xi Summary .........................................................................xiii Acknowledgments ............................................................xxvii Abbreviations ...................................................................xxix CHaptER ONE Introduction ....................................................................... 1 Background ......................................................................... 1 The Need for Adaptability ...................................................... 1 Definition and Dimensions of Adaptability .................................. 2 AWALP Structure and Content ................................................ 4 Objectives ........................................................................... 8 Organization of This Report ...................................................... 9 CHaptER TWO General Approach and Study Design ........................................11 General Approach .................................................................11 Underlying Model of Training Evaluation and Effectiveness..............11 Research Literature Relevant to Measuring of AWALP Effectiveness ....12 Other Methodological Considerations .........................................18 Challenges to Measuring Adaptability .......................................18 Addressing Challenges to Measuring Adaptability ........................ 20 Study Design ......................................................................21 Participants ......................................................................21 v vi Innovative Leader Development Methods, Measures, and Procedures ........................................ 24 CHaptER THREE Reactions Toward AWALP and Attitudes Toward Adaptability ........25 Reactions to AWALP .............................................................25 Method ...........................................................................25 Results ............................................................................25 Summary of Reactions to Training ...........................................33 Attitudes Toward Adaptive Performance .......................................33 Method ...........................................................................33 Results ............................................................................35 Conclusions ....................................................................... 46 CHaptER FOUR Results: Learning ................................................................49 Knowledge of Course Concepts .................................................49 Method ...........................................................................49 Results ........................................................................... 50 Peer Evaluations ...................................................................51 Method ...........................................................................51 Results ............................................................................52 Student and Guide Ratings of Teams ......................................... 54 Method ...........................................................................55 Results for Requirements ......................................................57 Results for Performance ....................................................... 60 Conclusions ....................................................................... 64 CHaptER FIVE Results: Application of AWALP Principles on the Job and Longer-Term Attitudes Toward AWALP ...............................67 Purpose of Interviews .............................................................67 Application of AWALP Principles and Attitudes Three Months Post- AWALP ....................................................................... 68 Method and Response Rates ................................................. 68 Results: Report of Changes in Work Activities .............................69 Contents vii Results: Use of Outcomes-Based Strategies for Training, Delegating, and Mentoring ...............................................74 Results: Who Is Most Affected by Graduates’ Changes ....................75 Results: Changes in Attitudes .................................................76 Application of AWALP Principles and Attitudes Six Months Post- AWALP ........................................................................78 Method ...........................................................................78 Results ............................................................................78 Interviews of Supervisors .........................................................79 Method ...........................................................................79 Results ........................................................................... 80 Conclusions ....................................................................... 80 CHaptER SIX Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations ...........................83 Summary of Key Findings and Conclusions from AWALP Evaluation ....83 Reactions .........................................................................83 Changes in Learners ............................................................85 Application of AWALP Principles on the Job .............................. 86 Improving AWALP .............................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Communicating with Your Soldiers: About the Rest of Their Lives
    I will not forget, nor will I allow my comrades to forget, that we are professionals, noncommissioned officers, leaders. pg 22 pg16 pg8 News 2 Use News and information aimed at benefiting today’s NCOs/Soldiers. 5 Sec Army announces Year of the NCO Army tests Warrior Adventure Quest Editorial On Point From the SMA: Reversing indiscipline 2 Army unveils new Cover story 8 Stability Operations Manual John Harlow Our Thoughts: 2008 Tell everyone it’s your year 4 David Crozier Best Warriors The Army’s Soldier and NCO of the Year Competition NCO Journal Fall 2008 - Vol: 17, Issue 4 I will not forget, nor will I allow my comrades to forget, that we are professionals, noncommissioned officers, leaders. Issue III, Volume LII Sep-Dec 2008 ThThank you for your service!!! Army Echoes Still Proud! Still Serving! Still Saluting! The Bulletin for Retired Soldiers & Families What's inside Chief's Corner Pg. 2 -- Electronic Echoes goes color Greetings Retired Soldiers and Families, For this issue, I want to update you on a few recent Army developments. On Pg. 3 June 11th we showcased the first manned ground vehicle prototype for Future • Retiree Sound Off Combat Systems (FCS) on Capitol Hill in Washington, D.C, the result of a • Spouses' Corner decade of hard work, planning and effort. To meet the needs of our Soldiers and commanders in the field, we are accelerating delivery of cutting-edge FCS technology to our Infantry Brigade Combat Teams first. We listened to our Pg. 5 Soldiers and commanders in the field, and we’re giving them the capabilities they • Longest serving RSO need – as fast as we can so they can win in the current fight.
    [Show full text]
  • Driving the Future of Army Intelligence.” at the Two-Day Conference
    Subscriptions: Free unit subscriptions are available by emailing the Editor at [email protected]. Include the complete mailing address (unit name, street address, and building number). Don’t forget to email the Editor when your unit moves, deploys, or redeploys to ensure continual receipt of the Bulletin. Reprints: Material in this Bulletin is not copyrighted (except where indicated). Content may be reprinted if the MI Professional Bulletin and the authors are credited. Our mailing address: MIPB (ATZS-DST-B), Dir. of Doctrine and Intel Sys Trng, USAICoE, 550 Cibeque St., Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7017 Commanding General MG Robert P. Walters, Jr. Purpose: The U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence publishes the Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin Chief of Staff (MIPB) quarterly under the provisions of AR 25-30. COL Douglas R. Woodall MIPB presents information designed to keep intelligence Chief Warrant Officer, MI Corps professionals informed of current and emerging devel- CW5 David J. Bassili opments within the field and provides an open forum Command Sergeant Major, MI Corps in which ideas; concepts; tactics, techniques, and proce- dures; historical perspectives; problems and solutions, etc., CSM Warren K. Robinson can be exchanged and discussed for purposes of profes- STAFF: sional development Editor Tracey A. Remus By order of the Secretary of the Army: [email protected] MARK A. MILLEY Associate Editor General, United States Army Maria T. Eichmann Chief of Staff Design and Layout Official: Emma R. Morris Cover Design GERALD B. O’KEEFE Emma R. Morris Administrative Assistant Military Staff to the Secretary of the Army CPT Emily R.
    [Show full text]
  • Leader Development
    Subscriptions: Free unit subscriptions are available by emailing the Editor at [email protected]. Include the complete mailing address (unit name, street address, and building number). Don’t forget to email the Editor when your unit moves, deploys, or redeploys to ensure continual receipt of the Bulletin. Reprints: Material in this Bulletin is not copyrighted (except where indicated). Content may be reprinted if the MI Professional Bulletin and the authors are credited. Our mailing address: MIPB, USAICoE, Box 2001, Bldg. 51005, Fort Huachuca, AZ 85613-7002 Commanding General Purpose: The U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence MG Robert P. Walters, Jr. publishes the Military Intelligence Professional Bulletin Chief of Staff (MIPB) quarterly under the provisions of AR 25-30. COL Douglas R. Woodall MIPB presents information designed to keep intelligence professionals informed of current and emerging devel- Chief Warrant Officer, MI Corps opments within the field and provides an open forum CW5 Matthew R. Martin in which ideas; concepts; tactics, techniques, and proce- Command Sergeant Major, MI Corps dures; historical perspectives; problems and solutions, etc., CSM Thomas J. Latter can be exchanged and discussed for purposes of profes- sional development STAFF: Editor Tracey A. Remus By order of the Secretary of the Army: [email protected] MARK A. MILLEY Associate Editor General, United States Army Maria T. Eichmann Chief of Staff Official: Design and Layout Emma R. Morris GERALD B. O’KEEFE Cover Design Administrative Assistant to the Emma R. Morris to the Secretary of the Army Military Staff 1803310 CPT John P.
    [Show full text]
  • (FM 3-90.15) Site Exploitation Operations
    ATTP 3-90.15 (FM 3-90.15) Site Exploitation Operations JULY 2010 DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Headquarters, Department of the Army This publication is available at Army Knowledge Online (www.us.army.mil) and General Dennis J. Reimer Training and Doctrine Digital Library at (www.train.army.mil). *ATTP 3-90.15 (FM 3-90.15) Army Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures Headquarters No. 3-90.15 Department of the Army Washington, DC, 8 July 2010 Site Exploitation Operations Contents Page PREFACE.............................................................................................................. iii Chapter 1 CONDUCTING SITE EXPLOITATION OPERATIONS ..................................... 1-1 Site Exploitation Defined .................................................................................... 1-1 The Operational Environment in Relation to Site Exploitation ........................... 1-2 The Brigade Combat Team and Site Exploitation .............................................. 1-4 The Purposes and Potential Results of Site Exploitation ................................... 1-4 Site Exploitation in Full Spectrum Operations .................................................... 1-6 Using the Operations Process for Site Exploitation ........................................... 1-6 Chapter 2 SPECIALIZED SUPPORT ASSETS FOR SITE EXPLOITATION .................... 2-1 Brigade Combat Team Assets to Support Site Exploitation ............................... 2-1 Additional Brigade-Level Assets
    [Show full text]
  • Today's Training and Education (Development) Revolution
    No. 76 APRIL 2010 Today’s Training and Education (Development) Revolution: The Future is Now! Donald E. Vandergriff A National Security Affairs aperP published on occasion by THE INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY Arlington, Virginia Today’s Training and Education (Development) Revolution: The Future is Now! by Donald E. Vandergriff The Institute of Land Warfare ASSOCIATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMY AN INSTITUTE OF LAND WARFARE PAPER The purpose of the Institute of Land Warfare is to extend the educational work of AUSA by sponsoring scholarly publications, to include books, monographs and essays on key defense issues, as well as workshops and symposia. A work selected for publication as a Land Warfare Paper represents research by the author which, in the opinion of ILW’s editorial board, will contribute to a better understanding of a particular defense or national security issue. Publication as an Institute of Land Warfare Paper does not indicate that the Association of the United States Army agrees with everything in the paper, but does suggest that the Association believes the paper will stimulate the thinking of AUSA members and others concerned about important defense issues. LAND WARFARE PAPER NO. 76, April 2010 Today’s Training and Education (Development) Revolution: The Future is Now! by Donald E. Vandergriff Donald E. Vandergriff served 24 years of active duty as an enlisted Marine and Army officer. He has authored 50 articles and four books. Spirit, Blood and Treasure: The American Cost of Battle in the 21st Century (Presidio Press, May 2001) is a collection of essays that address across- the-board reform of the Department of Defense for the 21st century.
    [Show full text]
  • Photonics Research Center United States Military Academy West Point, NY 10996
    UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY 25 Years of Enlightening Research 2012 Program Review Photonics Research Center United States Military Academy West Point, NY 10996 THE PHOTONICS RESEARCH CENTER Biennial Program Review 2009 – 2012 Director’s Message In May 2012, the Photonics Research Center (PRC) reached its 25th anniversary of providing service to the United States Army, doing so from newly renovated office and laboratory spaces in the Military Academy’s Science Center, which were occupied in January 2012. Established in 1987 by a memorandum of understanding between the Superintendent of the Military Academy and the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army, the PRC has three mission essential tasks: educate future Army leaders, conduct basic and applied research, and support the Army and the Department of Defense in the areas of laser and photonics technologies. This report summarizes the research and education efforts of the PRC nominally from the last report in November 2009 to October 2012, though academic years 2011 and 2012 are its focus. This report is produced in partial fulfillment of a biennial program review conducted by the Army Research Office, the Center’s principal funding agency. The personnel situation within the PRC, like that within the Army at large, has been affected by our nation’s overseas operations in Afghanistan and Iraq. Several of our research faculty, both those assigned within the PRC and those assigned within Departments, have served combat deployments. West Point’s first and only Professor of Photonics, LTC John Hartke, is currently serving as the senior military advisor and team chief at the National Military Academy of Afghanistan.
    [Show full text]
  • Disec Background Paper Topic A
    DISEC Disarmament and International Security Committee: United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC) Topic A: The use of asymmetric warfare by terrorist groups in Northern Africa Written by: Salma González, Omar Tamez and Dayannara González I. Committee Background The United Nations Disarmament and International Security Committee (DISEC), which is also known as the First Committee, was created in 1945. It is one of six central committees related to the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN). It primarily focuses on seven main topics: “nuclear weapons, other weapons of mass destruction, outer space, conventional weapons, regional disarmament and security, other disarmament measures and international security, and the disarmament machinery” (Permanent Mission of Switzerland to the United Nations, 2017). The committee is based at the UN Headquarters in New York City. It meets every September to November, although special meetings can be organized at any time. The sessions are divided into three parts: general debate, thematic discussions, and action plan drafts. DISEC reports its agreements and findings to the Disarmament Commission (UNDC) and the Conference on Disarmament (CD) (First Committee, UN, 2019). Currently, the committee is focused on addressing the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the use of chemical weapons in Syria, the arms race in outer space, and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (NTI, 2018). II. Topic Information A) History of the Topic Asymmetric warfare (also known as asymmetric engagement) is a type of war where the military capabilities of belligerent (an individual, country, or group that acts in a hostile manner) powers are unequal. It often involves the weaker force using unconventional tactics to create a significant psychological impact on the larger combatant (Sudhir, CLAWS Journal, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • Public-Private Innovation Partnerships Strengthened to the Benefit of National Security Problem Solving 2
    UNCLASSIFIED DARPA Bio-Technology Office (BTO) Dense Urban Studies Course of Instruction 26- 30 November 2018 Throughout the week of 26-30 November 2018, NCUO representatives hosted the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) BioLogicaL TechnoLogy Office (BTO) in New York City to conduct a Dense Urban Studies Course of Instruction. The intent of the event was to provide program managers exposure and immersion to the dense urban environment so as to better inform their generation of solutions to urban chalLenges. Participants conducted engagements with architecturaL firms, professional sports team human performance cadre, and with multiple national security and emergency service agencies. BTO met with the NYPD Center for Terrorism and Disaster Prevention (CTDP) regarding historicaL chemicaL, radioLogicaL, and bioLogicaL threats in the city; visited the WorLd Trade Center towers and museum for an appreciation of the city’s evolved resiLiency since the attacks; conducted an urban terrain waLk through CanaL Street and Chinatown; and toured FDNY’s RandalL IsLand training faciLity, engaging with the unit’s Hazardous Material 1 (HAZMAT 1) response team and CiviL Support Team Weapons of Mass Destruction (CST WMD) 24. Upon conclusion, BTO expressed interest in continued invoLvement in the generation of dense urban solutions with a specific interest in population management during urban crisis events. Significant Takeaways incLuded: 1. BTO participates aLongside the FBI and other agencies annuaLLy in the InternationaLLy GeneticaLLy Engineered Machine Competition (IGEM) https://igem.org/Main_Page, a student research seminar in NYC with potential engagement opportunities for NCUO/MD5. 2. BTO Director, Justin Sanchez, resoLved to stay connected with COL(R) Pat Mahaney regarding future BTO invoLvement in mass- evacuation planning exercises.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Private Military Companies
    UNCLASSIFIED RUSSIAN PRIVATE MILITARY COMPANIES APRIL 2020 Their use and how to consider them in operations, competition, and conflict UNCLASSIFIED DISCLAIMER: The information contained herein is not current U.S. doctrine or policy and is not meant to supersede doctrine, commander’s guidance or established unit standard operating procedures. Examine and use the information in light of your mission, the operational environment, the Law of Armed Conflict and other situational factors. This document does not constitute the provision of additional information or the approval of additional information upon request. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. UNCLASSIFIED RUSSIAN PMCs Contents FOREWORD ................................................................................................ VII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................IX Key Findings ........................................................................................... ix Operational Challenges and Considerations Presented by Russian PMCs .................................................................................... x INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 Definitional Note ..................................................................................... 3 Data Limitations, Gaps, and Scoping .................................................. 4 RUSSIAN PMCS: THEIR ORIGINS AND USE .........................................
    [Show full text]
  • ARMOR July-August 2009
    The Professional Bulletin of the Armor Branch, Headquarters, Department of the Army, PB 17-09-4 Editor in Chief Features CHRISTY BOURGEOIS 5 The Anatomy of an Ambush: Commandant Small Kill Teams in the Contemporary Operating Environment COL DAVID A. TEEPLES by Captain William C. Baker 10 Enhancing the Recce Troop’s Lethality by Sergeant First Class James Gentile ARMOR (ISSN 0004-2420) is published bi month ly by the U.S. Army Armor Center, ATTN: ATZK-DAS-A, 14 Army Reconnaissance Course: Building 1109A, 201 6th Avenue, Ste 373, Fort Knox, Defining the Aim Point for Reconnaissance Leader Training KY 40121-5721. by Major Robert C. Perry and Lieutenant Colonel (Retired) Kevin McEnery Disclaimer: The information contained in ARMOR rep- resents the professional opinions of the authors and 21 IED Defeat Gated Training Strategy: does not necessarily reflect the official Army or TRA- A Holistic Approach to Preparing Units and Soldiers for Combat DOC position, nor does it change or supersede any in- by Colonel Kenneth J. Crawford formation presented in other official Army publications. 26 Highlighting the Most Significant Work of Iraq’s Social, Political, and Authors who write articles on their own time using their own resources retain ownership of their works, Military History: Volume III of the Multivolume Collection of Dr. Ali al-Wardi even though those works appear in a government by Commander Youssef Aboul-Enein, U.S. Navy publication. An author’s permission for it to appear in the government publication does not relinquish said 34 Maintaining the ACR and its Capabilities for the Force author’s ownership rights unless the author signs by Major Christopher Mahaffey something to that effect.
    [Show full text]
  • Operationalizing Strategic Landpower
    2013 Operationalizing Strategic Landpower General Robert W. Cone Commanding General United States Army Training and Doctrine Command 27 June 2013 Landpower is the ability – by threat, force, or occupation – to gain, sustain, and exploit control over land, resources, and people. Commanders Planning Group Headquarters, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command, 950 Jefferson Avenue, Fort Eustis, VA 23604 7/3/2013 Operationalizing Strategic Landpower Introduction The Commanding General of the U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command was invited by the British Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Peter Wall, to participate in the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) Land Warfare Conference as a keynote speaker. On 27 June 2013, General Robert W. Cone delivered a presentation entitled "Operationalizing Strategic Landpower", discussing the ideas behind Strategic Landpower and how the U.S. Army is translating them into action. 2 Operationalizing Strategic Landpower Opening Remarks CGS [Chief of the General Staff, General Sir Peter Wall], fellow general officers, distinguished guests, I am really honored to be here today. I am going to talk about strategic landpower from the U.S. Army’s perspective. Jacko1 has granted me more time so I will take two to three hours or whatever it takes to share our ideas. [laughter] I would like to start with some context of where we are. As some of you may know the Army has just entered into a partnership with the U.S. Special Operations Command and the U.S. Marine Corps, creating the Office of Strategic Landpower. Some of you may be wondering why our Army is exploring this idea at this point in time.
    [Show full text]
  • Modern Urban Operations
    Modern Urban Operations Lessons Learned from Urban Operations from 1980 to the Present Asymmetric Warfare Group November 2016 DISCLAIMER: The information contained herein is not current U.S. doctrine or policy and is not meant to supersede doctrine, commander’s guidance, or established unit standard operating procedures. Examine and use the information in light of your mission, the operational environment, the Law of Armed Conflict, and other situational factors. This document does not constitute the provision of additional information or the approval of additional information upon request. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This document may contain copyrighted information. EXCUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction Urban warfare is not a new phenomenon. The U.S. Army saw urban combat in the Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, the Civil War, and elsewhere. Starting with World War II, overall armed conflict began to occur around centers with a high population density. This new backdrop for conflict has caused a whole new set of challenges, especially in an era of public scrutiny. The “Army’s capacity to engage, fight, and win major urban combat operations will determine the success of future operational and strategic endeavors.”1 Purpose To illuminate best practices to execute urban operations in Iraq, AWG identified lessons learned from modern urban warfare from 1980 to the present. AWG’s lens was similar to JFCOM’s 2004-06 joint experiment Urban Resolve: “How can [the U.S. Army] fight
    [Show full text]