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Oil Shale : Bagaimana Kabarmu??? OIL SHALE : BAGAIMANA KABARMU??? M. Heri Hermiyanto Zajuli, OUTLINE : LATAR BELAKANG SEBARAN SERPIH METODE EKSPLOITASI POTENSI OIL SHALE INDONESIA PELUANG LATAR BELAKANG Sebagian besar batubara yang ada di Indonesia Berasosiasi dengan serpih, sehingga banyak serpih yang ada terbuang percuma…Padahal setiap 1 kg serpih bisa menghasilkan sekian milliliter oil. PENGERTIAN OIL SHALE • Minyak serpih (Oil Shale), juga disebut Kerogen serpih (Bitumen padat), adalah batuan sedimen berbutir halus yang mengandung kerogen (campuran dari senyawa- senyawa kimia organik) yang merupakan sumber terbentuknya minyak serpih yang merupakan hidrokarbon cair. • Oil shale didefinisikan sebagai batuan sedimen ‘immature’, berbutir halus yang mengandung sejumlah besar material organik yang spesifik yaitu alginit dan/atau bituminit, yang apabila diekstraksi dengan dipanaskan (> 550oC) akan menghasilkan minyak yang mempunyai potensi ekonomis. KLASIFIKASI OIL SHALE Terrestrial Oil shale : Rawa ---------- anoksik Cannel shale (batubara kusam atau “batubara lilin”. Cannel Shale dulu sering digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk lampu jalan dan penerangan lainnya di abad ke-19. Lakustrin Oil Shale : lingkungan lakustrin… alga (fresh water), air asin atau air payau. Jenis oil shale…..Lamosite dan torbanite. ditemukan di Skotlandia, Australia, Kanada dan Afrika Selatan. • Marine Oil shale------endapan ganggang dan plankton. Jenis Oil Shale -----Kukersite, Tasmanite dan Marinite. Kukersite ditemukan di Estonia dan Rusia. Tasmanite diberi nama berdasarkan tempat dimana ia ditemukan, yaitu Tasmania, Australia. Marinite adalah jenis oil shale yang paling berlimpah dimana ia banyak ditemukan di laut dangkal dan cadangan marinate terbesar di dunia adalah di Amerika Serikat yang membentang dari Negara bagian Indiana dan Ohio melalui Kentucky dan Tennessee. Klasifikasi Oil Shale Oil shale diklasifikasikan dalam tiga jenis berdasarkan kandungan mineral mereka, yaitu : • Carbonate-rich shale memiliki kandungan mineral karbonat dalam jumlah yang tinggi. Mineral karbonat terbentuk dari ion karbonat (senyawa unik karbon dan oksigen). Jenis umum dari carbonate- rich shale ini adalah Kalsit. Kalsit adalah komponen utama dari banyak organism laut dimana kalsit ini membantu membentuk cangkang dan eksterior keras tiram, bintang laut. Selain itu, Plankton, ganggang merah, dan spons juga merupakan sumber penting dari kalsit. • Siliceous Shale tersusun dari mineral silica atau silicon dioxide yang terbentuk dari organism seperti alga, spons, dan mikroba yang disebut radiolarian. Alga memiliki dinding sel yang terbuat dari silika dan juga spons memiliki kerangka atau spikula yang terbuar dari silika. Siliceous shale ini juga lebih mudah ditambang jika dibandingkan carbonate-rich shale. • Cannel Shale terbentuk dilingkungan terestrial. Menyerupai batubara yang kusam. Cannel Shale dulu sering digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk lampu jalan dan penerangan lainnya di abad ke-19. Berdasarkan sumber material organik, endapan serpih minyak dibagi ke dalam tiga kelompok utama (Hutton, 2006), yaitu: • Endapan serpih minyak terestrial, berkomposisi liptinit yang berasal dari tumbuhan darat (spora, kutikula, dan resin). • Endapan serpih minyak lakustrin, merupakan endapan berkomposisi liptinit yang berasal dari organisme lakustrin yang hidup dalam lingkungan air tawar, air payau (brackish), atau air asin. • Endapan serpih minyak marin, merupakan endapan berkomposisi liptinit yang berasal dari alga laut, arcritarchs dan dinoflagellata. SEJARAH OIL SHALE Siapakah penemu shale oil itu? Dari sejarah diceritakan bahwa pada abad ke 10 (lebih dari 1000 tahun lalu!) seorang Arab bernama Masawih Al Mardini adalah penemu pertama cara mendapatkan minyak dari batu shale. Tentulah teknologinya sangat sederhana sehingga secara ekonomi tidak layak diproduksi secara massal. Industri shale oil baru betul-betul mati dan ditinggalkan pada awal abad ke 20, ketika ditemukannya sumber-sumber minyak dan gas bumi dalam jumlah yang sangat besar diawal abad ke 20. Biaya memproduksi shale oil sangat jauh lebih mahal dibandingkan dengan produksi minyak bumi bahkan dibandingkan dengan biaya produksi minyak dari off shore atau laut dalam sekalipun. Cerita berubah tatkala harga minyak terus naik bahkan sampai pada angka diatas US 100 per barrel pada tahun-tahun pertama awal abad ke 21 ini. Pada waktu itu setelah dihitung, biaya memproduksi shale oil berkisar antara 70 - 90 US$ per barrel. Dimulailah oleh beberapa negara membuat shale oil dengan teknologi yang terus diperbarui. Diantaranya negara-negara yang tak punya sumber minyak bumi atau kurang sumbernya, shale oil dipakai sebagai cadangan energy dalam negerinya. • Negara-negara tersebut diantaranya Canada, Amerika Serikat, New Zealand, Swedia, Afrika Selatan, Spanyol bahkan ada negara yang terus menerus memproduksi shale oil yaitu Estonia, Brazil dan China.Berdasarkan ahli teknologi, biaya produksi shale oil bahkan bisa dibawah US$ 20 per barrel • Saat ini minyak serpih diproduksi hingga 4,0 juta barel per hari atau 36 persen dari total produksi minyak AS. Ke depan, produksi minyak serpih bisa mencapai 4,8 juta barel per hari. Ilustrasi tipe-tipe migas dan lokasi keterdapatannya . Sumber: www.neftex.com Potensi Shale Hydrocarbon di Indonesia oleh Badan Geologi Cek. Sumatera Tengah Kumulatif Produksi : Minas (1971-2017): 11500 MMBbl Duri (1958 – 2017): 2600MMBbl (katadata.com, 2018) Potensi MNK: • Oil: 56400 MMBbl Perhitungan 2011 • Perhitungan Speculative Resources of Shale HC menggunakan asumsi Waples (1985) • Perhitungan Potential Resources menggunakan Ambrose et. al (2010) dan Marlan W. Downey (2011) PENYEBARAN SERPIH MINYAK (OIL SHALE) Serpih menempati hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia yang mempunyai karakteristik yang berbeda beda. Badan Geologi Urutan penghasil oil shale 9. Estonia 1. Green River Formation..1.490 billion barrel 10. Caracas 16.3 billion barrel 2. Other United State….619 billion barrel 15.2 billion barrel 4. Russia Green River Formation 57.1 billion barrel 3. China ……. 120 billion barrel 1.490 billion barrel 3. China 4. Rusia ……..57.1 billion barrel 120 billion barrel 5. Brasil ……..52 billion barrel 6. Marocco……. 37.8 billion barrel 2. Other United State 7. Jordan ….. 34 billion barrel 619 billion barrel 8. Australia 8. Australia …….. 32 billion barrel 6. Marocco 31 billion barrel 37.8 billion barrel 5. Brazil 7. Jordan 9. Estonia …….. 16.3 billion barrel 52 billion barrel 34 billion barrel 10. Caracas ……. 15.2 billion barrel PENYEBARAN SERPIH MINYAK (OIL SHALE) Bitumen padat adalah batuan sedimen yang mengandung material organik yang akan menghasilkan minyak melalui proses penyulingan atau retort (retorting proses). Bitumen Padat tersebar pada pulau-pulau utama di Indonesia. Analisa dari berbagai contoh bitumen padat memberikan hasil yang sangat bervariasi, mulai dari 1 lt/ton hingga mencapai 248 lt/ton METODE EKSPLOITASI Metode lokasi dalam proses produksi ekstraksi minyak serpih : 1. Proses ex situ (mining) ---------- Dalam metode ini, meliputi underground mining (metode penambangan bawah tanah) atau bisa juga meggunakan metode surface mining (penambangan di permukaan). Antara underground mining dan surface mining dipilih salah satu saja tidak perlu keduanya menambang Setelah pertambangan, -------- proses retorting yaitu pemanasan (>500 Celcius) untuk memisahkan shale oil dari fraksi mineral. Selanjutnya di tahap oil upgrading, minyak harus ditingkatkan lebih lanjut sebelum dikirim ke kilang. Hasil dari pembungan ekstraksi inilah yang berdampak pada lingkungan Proses ini melibatkan pemanasan shale oil menggunakan pemanas 2. In-Situ Retorting listrik dan dilakukan pengeboran secara vertikal melalui bagian shale oil. Volume minyak dipanaskan selama dua sampai tiga tahun, hingga mencapai 650º-700º F di mana minyak yang terlepas tersebut di kumpulkan kedalam satu sumur untuk mulai proses pemanasan. 3. Surface Retorting Surface retorting melibatkan penghancuran serpihan minyak kemudian dipanaskan sekitar 900º- 1.000º F. Sementra itu, teknologi yang dimiliki AS dinilai telah cukup untuk menambang shale oil. Teknologi untuk surface retorting belum berhasil diterapkan pada tingkat komersial di AS meskipun kelayakan teknis telah dibuktikan KARAKTERISTIK OIL SHALE Berdasarkan kuantitas minyak yang dikandungnya, formasi pembawa bitumen padat di Indonesia dapat dikelompokkan menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok utama yaitu : 1. Kelompok kandungan minyak sedang sampai tinggi ( ‘oil yield’ >10 l/ton sampai < 248 l/ton) 2. Kelompok kandungan minyak rendah (‘oil yield’ < 10 l/ton) 3. Kelompok berpotensi mengandung minyak Indikator parameter – parameter Rock-Eval Pyrolisis terkait kualitas batuan induk (After Merrill, 1991 ) Formasi Pembawa Bitumen Padat Kelompok Kandungan POTENSI OIL SHALE Minyak Rendah sampai Tinggi : LEMBAR PETA FORMASI CEKUNGAN - Sihapas, kelesa, keruh Sumatera Tengah INDONESIA - Sangkarewang Ombilin II – S U M A T E R A - Telisa Bagian Atas Sumatera Tengah - Air Benakat Sumatera Selatan - Muara Enim Sumatera Selatan - Bojongmanik Bojongmanik - Bayah Bayah Formasi Pembawa Bitumen Padat Kelompok Kandungan III – J A W A - Subang Jawa Selatan Minyak Rendah : - Kalipucang Jawa Utara LEMBAR PETA FORMASI CEKUNGAN - Ngrayong LP II – S U M A T E R A - Butar (a) Sumatera Utara - Kutai - Halang (a) Jawa Selatan - Pulaubalang Kutai LP III – J A W A - Rambatan (a) Jawa Utara IV – K A L I M A N T A N - Warukin Barito - Kaliglagah (b) Sub Cekungan Bentar - Tanjung Barito - Date (b) Toraja - Montalat Barito LP V – S U L A W E S I - Toraja (b) Toraja - Sampolakosa
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