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Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands

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Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands August 2007 ICTSD Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development www.ictsd.org ICTSD Project on Trade and Sustainable Land Management Trade and Sustainable ICTSD’s Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development aims to promote food Land Management security, equity and environmental sustainability in agricultural trade. Publications include: • A Comparison of the Barriers Faced by Latin American and ACP Countries’ Exports of in Drylands Tropical Products. Issue Paper No. 9 by Jean-Christophe Bureau, Anne-Celia Disdier and Priscila Ramos, 2007. • South-South Trade in Special Products. Issue Paper No.8 by Christopher Stevens, Jane Kennan and Mareike Meyn, 2007. • The ACP Experience of Preference Erosion in the Banana and Sugar Sectors: Possible Policy Responses to Assist in Adjusting to Trade Changes. Issue Paper No.7 by Paul Goodison, 2007. • Special Products and the Special Safeguard Mechanism: Strategic Options for Developing Countries. Issue Paper No. 6 by ICTSD, 2005. • Lessons from the Experience with Special Products and Safeguard Mechanisms in Bilateral Trade Agreements. Issue Paper No. 5 by Carlos Pomareda, forthcoming. • Methodology for the Identification of Special Products (SP) and Products for Eligibility Under Special Safeguard Mechanism (SSM) by Developing Countries. Issue Paper No. 4 by Luisa Bernal, 2005. • Special Products: Options for Negotiating Modalities. Issue Paper No. 3 by Anwarul Hoda, 2005. • Tariff Reduction, Special Products and Special Safeguards: An Analysis of the Agricultural Tariff Structures of G-33 Countries. Issue Paper No. 2 by Mario Jales, 2005. • The New SSM: A Price Floor Mechanism for Developing Countries. Issue Paper No. 1 by Alberto Valdés and William Foster, 2005. Photos : DigitalVision For further information, visit www.agtradepolicy.org. ABOUT ICTSD Founded in 1996, the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) is an independent non-profit and non-governmental organization based in Geneva. By empowering ICTSD Selected Issue Briefs stakeholders in trade policy through information, networking, dialogue, well-targeted research and capacity building, the centre aims to influence the international trade system International Centre for Trade such that it advances the goal of sustainable development. and Sustainable Development August 2007 ICTSD Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands ICTSD Selected Issue Briefs International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development ii Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands Published by International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) International Environment House 2 7 Chemin de Balexert, 1219 Geneva, Switzerland Tel: +41 22 917 8492 Fax: +41 22 917 8093 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: www.ictsd.org Chief Executive: Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Programmes Director: Christophe Bellmann Senior Programme Manager: Moustapha Kamal Gueye Programme Officer: Marie Chamay Acknowledgements This collection of papers was prepared as part of the project on Trade and Sustainable Land Management being implemented by the International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD). The project aims to explore opportunities for and constraints to using trade as an incentive to promote sustainable land management in drylands. This work was carried out with the aid of a grant from the Directorate-General for Development Co-operation (DGIS) of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This publication is the result of the collaboration between the ICTSD Environment and Agriculture Programmes and was edited by a team led by Moustapha Kamal Gueye and Marie Chamay under the initiative and guidance of Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz, and with the support of their colleagues at ICTSD, in particular Jonathan Hepburn and Caitlin Zaino. ICTSD would like to thank the many people who have provided critical input into this book’s production, not least the authors who have shared their perspectives and expertise on sustainable land management and trade. We would like to extend our gratitude to the reviewers who have provided us with their comments and reflections, in particular Francis Vorhies and Christophe Bellmann. For more information about ICTSD’s project on trade and sustainable land management, visit www.trade-environment.org ICTSD welcomes feedback and comments on this document. These can be forwarded to Marie Chamay, [email protected]. Citation: ICTSD (2007). Trade and Sustainable Land Management in the Context of Drylands. ICTSD Project on Trade and Sustainable Land Management, Selected Issue Briefs. International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, Geneva, Switzerland. Copyright © ICTSD, 2007. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, non-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of ICTSD or those of the funding institutions. ISBN 978-2-8399-0303-5 iii ICTSD Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES v LIST OF BOXES v ACRONYMS v CONTRIBUTORS ix FOREWORD xiii INTRODUCTION 1 1. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT 5 1.1 Trade, Rural Development, Livelihood and Food Security in Dryland Countries Marie Chamay, Christophe Bellmann and Moustapha Kamal Gueye, ICTSD 5 1.2 Drylands’ Squandered Wealth: Policy Constraints to Pastoral Economic Development and Sustainable Management of the Rangelands Jonathan Davies, IUCN 15 1.3 Environmental and Trade Effects of Agricultural Production in Drylands Jane Earley and Kevin Ogorzalek, WWF-US 22 2. TRADE POLICIES AND PROCESSES FOR SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT 27 2.1 Agricultural Trade Liberalisation, Poverty and Land Degradation in Rural Drylands Karel Mayrand and Marc Paquin, Unisféra 27 2.2 International Trade Rules and Agricultural Production and Trade Patterns: An Overview of Some Tools and Instruments for Promoting Sustainable Land Management Jonathan Hepburn, ICTSD 32 2.3 Opportunities and Constraints for Promoting Sustainable Land Management through Regional Trade Agreements in the Americas Claudia de Windt, OAS 38 iv Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands 3. INCENTIVES FOR ENHANCING SUSTAINABLE USE AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND AND NATURAL RESOURCES THROUGH TRADE 43 3.1 Policies and Institutions for Promoting Sustainable Land Management in Drylands through Trade Albert Mwangi, UNDP Dryland Development Centre 43 3.2 Mobilising Resources for UNCCD Implementation through Trade and Market Development Eleonora Canigiani, the Global Mechanism of the UNCCD 48 3.3. Trade in Dryland Products as an Incentive for the Sustainable Use of Biodiversity: The Work under the Convention on Biological Diversity Markus Lehmann, Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 53 3.4 BioTrade and its Implications for Sustainable Land Management Rik Kutsch-Lojenga, BioTrade Initiative, UNCTAD 58 3.5 New Markets and Emerging Opportunities: the Case of Environmentally Sustainable Natural Products from the Perspective of PhytoTrade Africa Rosie Abdy Collins and Lucy Welford, PhytoTrade Africa 64 4. COUNTRY PERSPECTIVES ON TRADE AND SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT 69 4.1 Combating Desertification in Lebanon: Promoting Trade and Innovative Market Approaches for Rural Dryland Development Hassan Machlab, UNDP/Ministry of Agriculture, Beirut, Lebanon 69 4.2. Engaging Local and National Stakeholders in Sustainable Trade of Natural Products: Case Study of Ecuador Lorena Jaramillo, National Sustainable Biotrade Programme – Ecuador (Ministry of Environment Ecuador-CORPEI-EcoCiencia) 74 4.3. Trade and Sustainable Land Management: The Case of Uganda Susan Bingi and Henry Kisu-Kisira, Uganda Export Promotion Board/National BioTrade Programme 78 ENDNOTES 83 v ICTSD Programme on Agricultural Trade and Sustainable Development LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1 Some dryland agricultural products and country exporters 11 Figure 1 Arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas in the world 6 Figure 2 Agricultural workers as percent of workforce in countries with large areas of drylands 8 Figure 3 Contribution of agriculture to GDP in some countries with large areas of drylands (2004) 9 Figure 4 Contribution of selected dryland products to food security in 2003 10 Figure 5 Value of dryland product exports by country 12 Figure 6 Contribution of pastoralism to national economies 17 LIST OF BOXES Box 1 BioTrade principles and criteria 59 Box 2 Examples of relevant criteria and indicators from the BioTrade verification framework 60 vi Trade and Sustainable Land Management in Drylands ACRONYMS AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act ASAIL Action for Sustainable Agro-Industry in Lebanon BTFP Biotrade Facilitation Programme CAN Andean Community of Nations CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBNRM Community-based Natural Resource Management CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa COP Conference of the Parties CORPEI Corporación de Promoción de Exportaciones e Inversiones (Export and Investment Promotion Corporation - Ecuador) CRIC Committee for the Review of the Implementation of the Convention DDA Doha Development Agenda DDC Drylands Development Centre DEA Diplôme D’Études Approfondies DR-CAFTA Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement ECLAC United Nations Economic Commission for Latin
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