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Religion Journal-2-5 BUR Update ၁၃၊ ၄၊ ၂၀၁၅ ၊ 1 Melissa Crouch ၊ 16 “ ” 34 Susan Hayward 49 Matthew J. Walton, Melyn McKay ၊ ၊ 68 ၊ 83 Benedict Rogers 100 - ၊ 111 - 115 Owen Frazer - 122 Tina L. Mufford ၀ 126 © 2015 (IGE)။ CETRA ၊ www.cetra.com။ © iStock.com/ /Alberto Marotta။ Taylor & Francis http://www.tandfonline.com/toc/rfia20/13/4 ။ ။ IGE ။ Melissa Crouch ၂၀၁၁ ။ ။ ၊ “ ” ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ (Crouch 2015b)။ ၁၈၉၈ Burma ။ ။ ။ ။ ” ၊ ၊ ၊ ” ။ Burma Laws Act ၊ 1 ။i ။ ။ “ ” “ ” (Huxley 1989, 24)။ ၁၉၂၀ (Aye Kyaw 1994)။ ၁၉၃၉ (Registration of Kittama Adoptions Act)ii ။ (Huxley 2014) ။ ဥ ဥ ။ (Crouch 2015a) ၊ ဥ ဒ ။ ။ ။ ( ) Kazis Act 1880။ ။ ။ Wakf ၊ ၊ ။ Mussalman Wakf Act 1924 wakf ။ (Kozlowski 1985)။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ဥ ။ “ ” ။ ၂၀၁၃ ။ ။ ၊ 2 ၁၉၅၄ ။ ၁၉၂၀ ၁၉၃၈ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ၁၉၃၈ ၂၆ (Final Report 1939)။ “ ” ။ ဥ ဒ ။ ။ ၁၉၃၉ ၁၄/၁၉၃၉ ။ ။ ( ) ။ ။ (Chakravarti 1971, 11)။ ဥ ဒ ။ ။ ၁၉၄၀ ။ ။ ၁၉၅၃ iii ။ ) (Yegar 1972, 77)။ ။ Tinker 3 (Tinker 1986, 42)။ ဥ ဒ ။ ၁၉၃၉ ။ “ ” ။ (De 2009)။ ဥ ဒ ။ ၊ ၊ ( )၊ ၊ ဥ ဒ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ဥ ဒ ။ ၁၉၅၃ ၁၉၅၄ ။iv ၁၉၃၉ ။ (၁၉၅၄) ။ ။ ၂၀ ၁၄ ၂၀ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ဥ ။ ။ ဥ ဒ ။ 4 ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ။ ။ “ ” “ ” ။ ( ၂/၁၉၉၈)။ ၁၉၉၈ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ။ ။ ၁၉၅၄ ။ ( ၊ / ) ။ “ ဥ ဒ” ။ ၁၉၅၄ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ၂၀၁၃ ။ ၁၉၅၄ ။ ၁၉၅၄ ။ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၅ ။ ၁၉၅၄ ။ ။ ၊ ။v ၁၉၅၄ ။ ၊ ၁၉၅၄ ။ (HRRC 2015: 341-342)။ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ 5 ။vi ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ။ - ။ ။ ။ (Smith 1965, 230)။ ။ ၁၉၄၇ ။ ။ “ ” ။ ၁၉၄၇ (s 21(1))။ (s 13, 21(3))။ “ ၊ ၊ ” (s 20)။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ 6 ၊ ၁၉၆၁ ၁၉၄၇ ။ ။ ၁၉၅၆ (Maung Maung 1963, 117)။ ၁၉၆၀ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၁၉၆၁ ၂၆ ။vii “ ” ၅၀ ။ ။ ။ (Farrelly 2014)။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ (၁၉၆၁) ။ ။ ။ viii ။ ၊ ။ ၁၉၆၂ ။ ။ 7 ၁၉၆၂ ။ ။ ( ၁၉၆၁) ၁၉၆၂ (TMMT 1993)။ ၁၉၆၄ ။ ။ ၁၉၇၄ ။ ။ (s 156(a)-(c))။ (ss 22, 147) ။ ၁၉၈၈ ။ ၂၀၀၈ ၁၉၄၇ ။ ၂၀၀၈ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ (s 363)။ ။ (s 392(a))။ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ “ ” ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ “ ” ။ 8 ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ၁၉၄၈ ။ix ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ၁၉၄၈ ။ ၁၉၄၉ ။ (Smith 1965, 217-220)။ ) ၁၅ ၉၄ ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ၁၉၅၈ ၃၀၀၀ (U Nu 1958, 109)။ ။ ၁၉၄၈ ၊ (U Nu 1958)။ ၁၉၅၀ 9 ။ (၁၉၅၀) ၊ ၊ ။ ၁၉၅၀ ။ ၁၀ ။ ၅၇ ။ ၁၉၅၆ ၄၈ ။ ၁၉၅၀ ။ ၁၉၅၂ (Smith 1965: 227; U Nu 1958: 110)။ ၁၉၆၅ ။ “ ” ။ ၈၀၀၀ ၈၃ ။ ။ ၁၀ ၁၉၉၈ ၃၇ ၂၀၁၀ ။ ။ ၁၉၉၂ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၁၉၇၀ ။ ၁၉၈၀ ။ ၁၉၈၀ ။ ။ 10 ။ (၃/၁၉၈၀) ၁၉၈၀ ။ (၉/၁၉၈၃) ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ၁၉၈၈ ၂၀/၁၉၉၀ ။ ။ ။ (HRRC 2015: 337)။ ၉ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ) ( ) x ။ “ ” ။ ၂၀၁၀ (Crouch 2014b: 149-151)။ ( ၂၀/၁၉၉၀) ။ (ss 8-9) “ ” ) (s 12)။ ၂၉၅ ။ ( ၆/၁၉၈၈) ၆ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ 11 ။ ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ( ) ။ ။ ၂၀၁၃ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ 12 ။ ၂၀၁၅ ၂၀၁၅ ၊ ။ y Ky . 4. “R F y B r ,” I Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar: Culture, Social Life and Languages, edited by Uta Gaertner and Jens Lorenz , pp. 237-250. 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Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. i Burma Laws Act 1898၊s 13(1)။ ii Registration of Kittama Adoption Act 1939 (Burma Code, Vol XI)။ iii ၁၄/၁၉၅၃ B r C I) ]။ iv ၁၉၅၄ B r C I) ] v ၂၀၁၂ Nyi Nyi Kyaw 2015 ။ vi (၂၀၁၂) MLR ( ) ၄၈။ ] vii ( ) ၁၉၆၁။ viii ၊ S 65 ၊ 5၊ S r 82 Br 5 ။ ix Crouch 2014a ။ Perriere 2009 ။ x ) ( ) (၂၀၁၁) MLR ( ) ၁၂၆။ ] 15 ၊ ၊ ) ။ -- ၊ ၁၉၃၉ -- ၊ ၊ ၂၀၁၅i ။ ။ ၁၉၃၈ - “ ” ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ “ ” ) ။ ။ ။ ၁) “ ”) ၊ ၂) “ ” “ ” ၊ ၃) ၄) ။ ii “ ” ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ ၂၀၁၂ “ ” ။ ။ ) ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ 16 ။ ၁၉၈၀ - ။ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၂ ။ ။ ၁၀ ။iii ။ ၁၈၈၆ iv ။ ။ r Ky - , r . )။ ၁၉၃၀ ၄ ။ ။ G r 200 , )။ ။ ၁၉၃၉ ၁၉၅၄ 20 4, 2 - 28)။ ။v ၁၉၇၁ vi ။ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ( ၁၉၇၁ 17 )။ ။ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ၁-၁) - vii” ” ၊ ၁၉၃၇ ၊ ၁၇၁)။ “ ၊ ၊ ” “ ” ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ 18 ၁၉၄၇ ၁၉၃၀ ။ “ ) ” ၁၄၁-၁၇၄)။ ။ ။ ၊ ၁၄၆)။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၁) ၂) ၊ ၄) ၊ ၄) ။ ၊ ၁၅၄)။ ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ ၁၅၇-၉)။ ။ “ ” ၊ ၁၇၄)။ (Than 2013, 114- 6)။ ၈၀ ။ 19 ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ၁၉၆၀ ။ ။ ၁၉၆၀၊ ၇)။viii ) ၁၉၆၀၊ ၉)။ ။ ။ ။ ။ 20 ၊ “ ” ။ ၂၀၀၈ ။ ။ ၂၀၁၅ ( ) ။ ၊ “ ” 20 5)။ ၂၀၁၅ ။ ။ ) ။ ။ ) “ ” ။ “ ” ။ ၂၀ ix ၂၀၀၈ ။ ၊ ။ ) ) ။ G. E. H rv y 46, 25-26) J. F. C y 5 , 50) “ ” “ ၊ ၊ ၊ ” ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ “ ” ။ 21 ) ။ ၊ ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ “ ” ) ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ “ ” ။ ) ၊ ) ၂၀၁၅)။ “ ” ။ ။ y 2, 22) ။ “ ။” ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ၂၀၁၄ “ ” ။ ။ ။ ၊ “ ”၊ “ ” ။ “ ” ။ 22 “ ” ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ “ ” ၊ ။ ။ “ ” ။ “ ” ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၁) ၊ ၂) ၊ ။ ။ “ ” ။ ၂၀၁၅ ၃၁ ။ ။ ။ 23 ။ ၁၉၃၅ “ ” ။ ။ “ ” ။ ၁၉၃၀ - ။ “ ” ၊ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ၁၉၅၀ ။ ။ 20 4, 56)။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ C r , 66)။ ။x ၊ ၂၀ ။ ၁၉၁၉ ၊ ၊ (Carlson 1991, 52-5 )။ ၊ ။ ၁၉၂၀ 24 ။ ။xi ။ - C r , 62-6 )။ ၊ ၁၉၆၇၊ ၂၄-၂၈)။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ။ “ ”၊ “ ” ( ၁၉ ၁၉၅၈၊ ၃၊ 20 4, 4 , 50- 52)။ 20 4, )။ ၊ “ ” ။ “ ၊ ” ။ ။ “ ” ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ “ ” ။ ။ ။ ၊ 25 ။xii - ။ ။ ။ R r C r , 66) “ ” ။ - ၊ ၊ )။ “ ”၊ “ ၊ ) ” 20 4, 25) ၊ ။ - ။ “ ” ။ ။ “ ” ။ ၁၉၅၀ “ ” ။ 20 4, 5 )။ ၊ ။ ၁-၂) ‘ ’ ၊ ၁၆၁၊ ၁၉၃၄ ။ 26 “ ” ၊ ၊ ။ xiii ။ ၁ ၃ ။ ) ။ 20 4, 25)။ ၂၈ ၁၉၅၆၊ ၃) ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ) ၊ ၊ ။ ၁၉၅၇ ။ ၁) ၊ ၊ ၂) ၊ ၃) ၁၉၅၇၊ ၄)။ ။ ၊ ။ “ ၊ ) ” ။ ။ “ ” ။”xiv ၊ ။ ၊ ။ “ ” ။ “ ” “ ” ၊ ၊ ။ 27 ၊ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၂၀၀၇ ။ ။ ။ “ ” ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ ။ ။ ။ “ ” ) ။ ။ “ ” ။ ။ ) ။ “ ” ။xv ၊ ၂၀၁၂ ။ ၂၀၁၄ “ ” xvi ။ ။xvii “ ” C r , 46)။ 28 ။ ၉ ) ၊ ၁၅ ) ။ ။ ၊ ။xviii ၂၀၁၂ ။ ၊ “ ” ။ “ ”၊ “ ” ။ ။ ၁၉၅၆ ၂ “ ”။ ။ ၊ ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ၊ ) ၊ ။ “ ” ) ၊ ။ ။ 29 ။ ) ။ ။ ။ ။ ) ။ ၂၀၁၅ ။ ၊ ၊ Statement ၀၀၃၁ - ၂၀၁၅ ၁ ၊ ၂၀၁၅။ “S H v y?” ၊ ၂၁ ၁၉၅၇၊ ၄။ ၊ ၂ ၁၉၅၆၊ ၃။ ၊ “N ry” ၂၈ ၁၉၅၆၊ ၃။ ။ “ D r , C ry C R ” ၁၉ ၁၉၅၈၊ ၃။ ၊ “ v r r , r S ” ၂၀၁၅ ၃၁ ၂၀၁၅။ ၁၉၃၅ “F r ” ၁၂ ၈) ၅-၆။ Riot Inquiry Committee. 1939. Final Report of the Riot Inquiry Committee. Rangoon: Government Printing Office. 30 )၊ ၊ ၅ ၂၀၁၅။ )၊ ၊ ၂၁ ၂၀၁၅။ ) “S rr r ?” ဗမာ့အေရး ၊ ၁၄၁-၁၇၄ ။ ) ၁၉၆၇ ၊ ။ ၁၉၆၀ ဗုဒၶဘာသာႏိုင္ငံေတာ္ဘာသာျဖစ္ေျမာက္ေရး ။ C y, F. 5 . “R P r B r .” The Far Eastern Quarterly 12(2): 149-162. Carlson, Richard James. 1991. , G r, P B r ’ N Movement, 1900-1931. MA Thesis, Ohio University. G r, P r. 200 . “ R B r .” Legal Issues on Burma Journal. Number 8: 1-17. Harvey, G.E. 1946. British Rule in Burma, 1824-1942. London: Faber and Faber. y, G r. 2. “ B N : C B r .” Journal of Church and State 14(1): 19-41. y . 200 . “O C , r Pr , F , P r v : Role of Original Texts, Interpretation, Ideology and Policy in Pre-and Post-1962 B r C .” Columbia Journal of Asian Law, 14(1): 155-208. Than, Tharaphi. 2014. Women in Modern Burma. London: Routledge 31 i ၉၆၉ ။ ၉၆၉ ၉ ၊ ၆ ၊ ၉ ။ ii ) ။ ။ ။ iii ။ ။ “ ” ၊ ၂၀၁၅)။ iv ။ ၁၈၂၄ ။ ၁၈၅၂ ။ ၁၈၈၅ ။ v y 200 ။ vi ။ ။ (Zan 2000, 198)။ vii ) ။ viii ။ ၁) ၊ ၂) ၊ ၃) ၄) ၅) ။ ix ) ။ ၁၉၀၆ ။ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ x r. ၁၄၅၃-၁၄၆၀) ၁၄၂၃-၁၄၂၆) ။ ။ ။ ၁၉ ။ xi ၁၉၂၀ ။ xii ။ xiii ၊ ၊ ၂၀၁၅ ၁၉ ၊ ၂၆၊ ၂၆ ၃၁ ။ xv ၂၀၁၄ ။ ( ၊ ၃၁ ၂၀၁၅)။ ။ ။ ။ xvi ။ ။ 32 ။ xvii၂၀၁၅ ၉ ၇၅ ။ ။ xviii ။ 33 “ ” Susan Hayward “ ” 2008, 6)။ ။ ။ ၊ ) ။ ၊ ။ ။ ။ S b r 2005, ) “ ။” ၊ ။ ၊ ။ “ ” ၊ ၊ ၂၀၁၁ ။ ။ ) ။ 34 - ၊ ) ။ ။ ။ ။ “ ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ” 5, 4 )။ ။ “ ”၊ “ ” (Collins 2001, 46)၊ “ ” ။i ၊ ။ ၊ ။ii ၊ ၊ “ ”)၊ ။ 20 2, 82)။ r r C r C r 200 )။ ၊ “ ” ။ ) ။ ။ S r 8 , 46)။ ။ 35 ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ၂ ၊ ) ။ ၂၇၀ S r 8 , 5)။ ။ ။ ၊ ။ ။iii ။ ၊ ၊ ၊ ။ ။ ။ ။iv 36 ၊ ။ ) ။ ၁၇၅၂-၁၈၈၅) ) r r C r ၊ ။ ) ။ C r “ ” ၁၈၂၄ ၊ C r 200 , )။ C r ။ ၁၈၅၃-၁၈၇၈) ၁၈၇၈-၁၈၈၅) ။ ၊ C r 200 , 8)။ ။v “ ” ။ ။ C r 200 , 4)။ C r 200 , )။ C r ။ ၊ ။vi ) ။ 37 ။ — ၂၀ ၊ ၊ ။ ၁၉၉၃ … ။ ၊ ။ … ။ ၊ D , )။ ၊ ။ ။ “ ” ) “ ၊ ” ။ “ ” (Dalai Lama
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