OCR AS and a Level Classical Greek Set Text Guide: Odyssey 10

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AS and A LEVEL Set Text Guide CLASSICAL GREEK H044, H444 For first teaching in 2016

Set Text Guide Odyssey 10 Version 1

www.ocr.org.uk/classicalgreek Introduction Publisher For information For students Further andResources Reading 15 teachers Student 15 andStudentActivities Tasks task Talking Glossary sheets Points Stylistic 12 of 10 Themes Features 9 Odyssey Key and Books 9-12ofthe 10, T Terms Motifs Talking 9 lines Rome Points Folklore 144–399 8 and 7 The and Context Carthage Homeric Talking 6 Fairytale The Question 6 Points Epic 3 5 Homer General Introduction 3 CONTENTS GCSE (9–1)Latin he Text Odyssey 8 3 Odyssey 8 16 3 6 8 11 15 6 2 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Introduction GENERAL INTRODUCTION There isageneralagreement thatthe ofasinglehand.individually isthework author ofbothepics, andeven whethereachepic disagreementis serious over whetherhewasthe the the authorare undisputed; whilstboththe reliable information abouthislife. Few about facts already famous, buteven thesedonotcontainany BC,whenhewas were century inthesixth written most problematic. biographiesThe earliest ofHomer authors inthewestern tradition,butalsooneofthe Homer isoneofthemostfamousandinfluential Homer GCSE (9–1)Latin deals with great heroic deeds, from taken larger narrativesof Greek heroic mythology. Achilles, andinthe chain ofevents throughout –inthe caseofthe the wholework aclearfocus keep onaconnected writing) (notablyhistorical ofantiquity long works length. The hexameter,ancient Greek indactylic epiciswritten andRoman andisnotablefor its The mostobvious definingfeature ofepicasanancient genre isitpoeticform: all Epic Homer –for Ptolemy example, by Philopator. theEgyptian Hellenisticking on campaign, there andby theHellenisticperiod were even temples dedicated to by AlexandertheGreat thoughtworthy system. to Homer’s betaken wasonlypoetry fixed andthefoundation traditionandeducational texts written oftheGreek literary later,tradition, possiblycenturies poemsofthe thetwo echoesofthebronzehistorical age of four to five hundred years earlier. Outofthis some themes andcharacters, basedinamythical past,andpossiblypreserving character.was awell-known The bard’s taleswere drawn from astock ofcommon composed inaneraoforallyrecited where poetry, inasociety thetravelling bard than the Odyssey Iliad are publishedunderhisname, there Iliad in eighth or seventh century BC, and that the poet was Ionian. It was BC,andthatthepoetwasIonian.It ineighthorseventh century andthe Odyssey Odyssey , Odysseus’ desire to theme, return home. epic poetry In consistoftwenty-four bookseach, and,other unlike Odyssey Iliad was composed somewhat later wascomposedsomewhat and Iliad andthe Iliad, Homer Odyssey the wrathof became 3 great dealwhichcomesfrom sailors’ fablesandfolk-tale elements. from are theancientworld to alarge degree inimitationoftheseHomeric written The Both the Odyssey tocounterpoint thoseofthe the back-story, butthethemesandsettingsof defeat. The final well astheirbattleswiththe Trojans, describe althoughitdoesnotactually Troy’s dissension andstrife amongsttheGreeks inthetenth year ofthe Trojan War ,as The The himself,Odysseus from isdrawn. whichoursettext – includingthefour booksinthe ofways presented withwhichthey becauseofthevariety thestories remarkable originals. We from Aristotle, doknow however, were works thatthetwo seenas Iliad Odyssey Odyssey deals with peace-time; the dealswithpeace-time; andthe Iliad isinsomesenseasequelto the andthe Iliad Odyssey setsthestagefor the Odyssey are epicswe have; theonlyearly allotherepicswe possess Iliad. assume a familiarity with the characters andplot-lines. withthecharacters assumeafamiliarity Odyssey Whereas the Whereas Iliad Trojan War isallheroic saga,whereas the whichare told by atale-within-a-tale, Odyssey Iliad. Iliad tells work The ofthe earlier , notonlybecauseitsevents form Odyssey is set in a society atwar, issetinasociety the form acontrastand Odyssey ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide hasa Introduction the fantastic, talesoftheOdyssey. weird andwonderful of This section from ofhis journey he recounts thestory Troy to upthebulkof Ogygia, whichmakes Alcinous’ atKing where heisentertained on theislandofScheria, court. While there, allow Odysseus’ return. Heisreleased by Calypso, butPoseidon shipwrecks Odysseus At thesametime, Athena, Odysseus’ divinechampion,successfullypersuadesZeus to wealth. one ofthem–meanwhile have over they taken Odysseus’ houseandare livingoffhis wife, issurrounded by arrogant suitors whowantherto andmarry forsake Odysseus ofhisfather.news Penelope, isunhappy: Odysseus’The situationonIthaca faithful wassettingoff. justasOdysseus who wasborn Now abouttwenty, hegoesoffto find nymph Calypso . The firstfour booksare mostlyaboutOdysseus’ son, Telemachus, disasters, lostallhiscompanions, andislanguishingontheislandOgygia withthe prologue tells longsfor usthatalthoughOdysseus home, hehassuffered numerous prowess the after homewards inbattle, to andhisjourney Ithaca Trojan War. The the Greek heroes from the Trojan War, famedfor hiscunningeven more thanhis The GCSE (9–1)Latin wife -atlast. revealsleague withhim,Odysseus himself, thesuitors and isreunited kills withhis the plightoffaithfulPenelope. Telemachus hasreturned from histravels, andin hediscovers thesituationofarrogant suitors inIthaca, and beggar onhisarrival of theepicseeshero’sThe lastpart disguisinghimselfasa return home. Initially . underworld where Circe’s ofgiants, fitsamongststories Cyclopes, story Sirens andadescentto the Odyssey Odyssey begins ten years thefallof after Troy andfocuses ,oneof onOdysseus Odyssey 10,is 4 Odysseus andCalypso Odysseus Head ofOdysseus ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Introduction Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin modern world,modern to whatgenre would itbelong? were composed theOdyssey asafilminthe being If Talking Point way thebibleisviewed western inmodern culture? How ordifferentmean? similar to mighttheybe the Bible oftheGreeks’. doyou What think thismight are referred theHomericepics to as‘the Sometimes the eraofsword-and-sandal andEnglish–e.g. epics, inbothItalian Students mightbetempted to talkaboutthegenre of ‘epic’ films(either setintheClassical world, especiallyin inarecognisablework genre, whichcanbefulfilledorsubverted. theaudiencehasasetofexpectations –thatassoonyou placea expectations ofthediscussionalsoliesinunderstandinggeneric The importance to to the connect or whatever othergenres students try ofepicmaponto anddifferexpectations films, from action spy films, modern adventure films, comic-bookworlds ofhero is, Odysseus andhow ofthisdiscussionisto the aboutwhatkind getstudentstofunction thinkseriously questionfor ofanswers possible. classdiscussion,withanyThis isagoodopen-ended variety The primary Explanation and Teacher Notes Alexander were flops;but critical notorious etc.). them What makes ‘epic’, themsuccessful?Both andwhatmakes Wolfgang Petersen’s Troy Stone’s andMartin guide. epics;asuggested book(Lamberton, the Homeric studentsmightbeinterested bright Particularly inthelater philosophical, neo-Platonic, reception and Christian of • • Differences include: • • • hasbeendiscussedbyThe anumberofauthors;thecommonelementsdiscussedare: comparison This shouldbeableto provoke someinteresting andhow we discussionaboutauthoritativetexts them. view For reading, seethe further referredWinkler to later inthisguide. time. Why are filmadaptationsofany there successfulmodern ofthemajorepicsancientworld? nocritically The use of the text forThe useofthetext religious worship doesn’t ofHomer. ofthehistory seemto have beenpart was viewed assuch). The ideathatHomerwasaguideto livingormoralswasmore problematic (thoughinsomeinterpretations it Source ofmany recognised proverbs andsayings. Homer have theirpublicdetractors). They canbeunderstood asdivinerevelations –butthisisdisputed andproblematic (boththebibleand culture). ofeducationandliterate culture (thoughthisischanging isafundamentalpart for theBibleinwesternIt 5 Ben Hur Homer theTheologican , Gladiator Odyssey. , and

Lawrence ofArabia Ben Hur ) for further reading) for isinthebackofthis further –orother ‘epics’: e.g. seemto stand thetest of Braveheart ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide

Context CONTEXT rather hadto handastore around andscenarios couldframe ofstories whichthey memorised, but didnothave singers;they awholeperformance Serbo-Croation hehadwitnessedfrom illiterate ofpoetry compared theepicsto theperformances inconsistencies anddiscrepancies: asresults oftheprocess oforalcomposition.Parry gave anotherpossibleway ofexplainingthe into living traditionsoforalpoetry Parry scholarMilman century, twentieth thestudiesofAmerican theearly In and/ororal)by(written amore orlesstalented redactor oreditor. argued thatthepoemswere sources theproduct ofstitching earlier together various a singleauthorwasdisputed dueto inconsistencies. internal The so-called ‘analysts’ nineteenth century, even thenotion thattheeachpoemonitsown of wasthework poems, andcontent thetwo the between but thequestionisstillundecided.style In Iliad poemsoccurred –the the Homeric ‘separatists’, Xeno andHellanicus, claimedthatthe thatthefirstrecorded wasintheHellenisticperiod debates aboutauthorshipof It The Homeric Question GCSE (9–1)Latin beautiful temptress whoseducesmen,andthen undoesthemwithmagic. transforms humansinto beasts, andisovercome by thefolklore hero; butalsothe ofCirceThe character archetypesas forerunners: hastwo witch, who thewicked shamanisticmagic. of northern fantasticaltalesofsailors, andeven possiblytherituals ancient traditionsoffairytale, sorcery. These seemto stories have different culturalsources thanotherepic:the fierce battlesandbrave we warriors, are intherealm ofgiants, witches, magic and ofthe Much Folklore andFairytale andintroductionstodepartures, speechesallshow thesecharacteristics. Homer,In repeated half-lines, epithets, ofdawns, and stock descriptions arrivals, formed linesorhalf-linesandcouldbefitted together ascircumstance demanded. their compositions. ofstock phrasesandelementswhich They alsohadatreasury andthe Odyssey Odyssey is in a markedly different isinamarkedly to world thatofthe were by different there poets. are Certainly differences inboth Iliad : instead of 6 possibly from a branch of the story where are they humans,possibly from metamorphosed abranchofthestory go to Circe’s housefor thefirsttime, are they metby tamebearsandlions;theseare The magical andfolklore elements, however, are underplayed: often whenthesailors match. Odysseus’ own traitofπολυμηχανία distinctive (resourcefulness), suggesting sheishis Circe, however, inthe ofallthecharacters be theirhusband;andboth eventually assist himonhishomeward journey. isonly It nostos; bothare exceedingly himastheirlover, beautiful andtake wishing himto both are from bothrepresent outsidethehumanworld; athreat oradelay to his foreshadows for theaudienceevents to come. Shealsoforms apairwithCalypso; device, heradvice (to compares whomOdysseus herat12.267-8), andasaliterary return, dangers. directs him how to Like avoid further Tiresias, asaseer shefunctions adviceonhow toOdysseus consult Tiresias intheland ofthedead, andonthehero’s Her role withinthe Penelope, and marries andCirce endsupmarrying Telemachus. children andCirce: ofOdysseus inthisversion, Telegonus hisfather kills unknowingly the Telegony,another story-cycle, recounts theadventures of Telegonus, oneofthe (see of Medea is thedaughter Perse, ofHeliosandtheOceanid andthesister ofAietes, thefather BC,several children are listed7th century astheoffspring ofCirce andOdysseus. She composition ofthe oftheepictradition before part the ofCirce wasclearly andOdysseus The story The Circe Narrative drawn sword. the resourceful heroic epichero, leapwitha isavery andtheclimaxoftheirconflict hero whobeatsthesorceress isnotthefairytale withstrongerOdysseus magic, but isinstead transferredaction from therealm ofmagic to theheroic register ofepic: the sparselinesinwhichCirce themeninto pigs, turns andthenbackagain. The but the Odyssey Odyssey refrains from magic labellingthemassuch.Real isonlypresent in Odyssey Odyssey 10:135-9,Hesiod extends beyond herappearanceinBook4; shegives extends ; inHesiod’s Theogony Theogony Odyssey, (1011-1014) also written inthe8th- (1011-1014)alsowritten 956-7).Outsideofthe who is described aspossessing whoisdescribed Odyssey ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide , Context Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin our understanding ofit? our understanding ofcomposition itsmethod change and of theOdyssey How evolving an ofthesources understanding does Talking Point how much ofahero ishe? year withCirce seven and years livingwithCalypso; one spends fends offtroublesome suitors; Odysseus heroines literature ofancient because shesuccessfully Penelope asoneofthegreat lauded has been famous examples like famous exampleslike villains (suchassomeoftheclassicsEalingcomedies – couldbecomparedOdysseus to famousanti-heroes, where theaudienceisencouragedto empathisewithclear protagonist. story’, – it’s butit’s inwhichwe probing are further meant to astory sympathise andeven worth identifywiththe withsimplisticclaimsthatit’s responseslouche behaviour andtacitlycondoned. depicted mightstart Initial ‘just a epicshasalonghistory,Homeric mostfamously, however: Plato bansthepoetsbecauseof intheRepublic and gender(or ‘political correctness’) onto ancienttexts. ofthesexualmoresThe ethicalquestionability ofthe seeasanachronistic atwhatthey brindle attemptsClassicists often conceptionsofsexuality to foist contemporary and introducing form studentsto isgoodadvancedpreparation itinthesixth for university. level, hasbeenincreasingly influentialinClassicsattertiary Although notrelated theory to Classicsperse, literary For academicchallenge, Barthes’ studentscanbesetRoland anextra oftheAuthor’ Death ‘The (seeresources list). and authorshipisvaluable. getting studentsto recognise theirown (often unexpressed) and prejudices views aboutauthenticity, originality asitstands,text andonwhatgrounds? There are, ofcourse, nohard andfastanswers to thesequestions, but Athens), wouldbe thatnecessarily century Ioniaorsixth copy‘better’ (whetherthatbeeighth-century than the we couldpare thesethingsmatter?Do If to down an thetext ‘original’ copy down aswritten inthefirstmanuscript another poetofthesamename.) thenineteenth century students to know Homerasagreat withpreserving poetortheepicsasgreatdivide wasconcerned literature. mightamuse (It and drugsintheCirce episode),orunseemlynarrative looseends. onbothsideoftheanalyst/unitarian work Much –repetitions text places;slightinconsistencies inawkward Homeric inthenarrative (suchastherole ofthewand scholarshipwasfocused (andindeedAlexandrian) onthediscrepancies inthe ofthenineteenthMuch century Explanation and Teacher Notes The Italian Job The Italian 7 or Ocean’s Eleven bon mot thatanalystsbelieved the ). The Lavender HillMob , or Odyssey Kind Hearts Kind wasnotby Homer, but and Coronets ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide , ormore The text Odyssey. for quite thesetwo different to worlds intheoverall form aunity structureofthe of framingtheseadventures inafirst-person narrative, told onneutralterritory, allows fabulous monsters, where thevaluesofGreek civilisationdonotexist. The technique realm ofhistravels. adventures placeinamythical His geography, take peopledby (thebeginningreal, andsecondhalfofthe ofIthaca humanworld Ithaca. The landofthePhaeacians, lieshalf-way thediscernibly Scheria, between Phaeacians, who, attheconclusionofhistale, agree to sendhimbackatlastto The framingfor ofAlcinous, leader ofgodlike thetravel narrative isthecourt inthisrelativelyof several years to intervene timeframe. restricted days, ofOdysseus’ butthedevice forty allows for own epic-within-an-epic theevents of hisseveral thefallof years after ofwandering Troy. onlycoversThe epicitselfinfact through books9-12oftheepic:all form afirst-person himself by Odysseus narration fromThe prescribed section 9-12oftheOdysseyBooks GCSE (9–1)Latin the Cyclopes. same hostilereception andearlier, received they atthe handsoftheLaestrygonians discuss theirplan;thescene isfilledwithtears and foreboding, asthecrew fear the adeeronhisway backtofurther, hiscompanions, feast kills andthey Odysseus and (as thefirst-person narrator, himself, Odysseus tells us).However, before exploring fromrising the midst ofdensewoods; thiswillprove to bethedwelling ofCirce atdawn openswithOdysseus scalingtheheightsof ahill,The text andseeingsmoke Odyssey 10,lines144–399 begins.at thispointthesettext yet more ofOdysseus’ men. The remainder findtheirway to Circe’s island, Aeaea, and manageto andeat they landofgiants, rowDisheartened, to whokill Laestrygonia, be unleashed, whichblows thembackto Aeolus, whorefuses to helpthemfurther. however, to storm itcontainsgold, tear itopen,causinganoverwhelming thinking for theirreturn home. Odysseus’ abagcontainingthewindnecessary Odysseus men, Book10itself,In thesailorsencounter Aeolus, ofthewinds;hegives keeper to THE TEXT Odyssey 10 is part ofacohesive narrativethatstretches 10ispart Odyssey ), andthe 8 goes insearch ofthesource ofthesmoke. They findCirce’s houseinaclearing, andby lot,theother, splitsthecrewOdysseus into parties, two ledby Eurylochus, Themes andMotifs human form. bed, managesto Odysseus obtaintherelease ofhismen, andCirce returns themto atleastuntilsheswears him.After mountingher shewillnot harm her seduction; is notaffected by herdrugsandinstead threatens herwithhissword, andresists himwithherdrugs’and arms antidote, theplant On hisway, heismetby Hermes, whogives himadviceonhow to dealwithCirce to returns Odysseus, to andadvisesflight,butOdysseus thesceneonhisown. are into pigsandherded turned into Circe’s escapeswiththenews pigsty. Eurylochus thewinesheoffers them,themenare drugged,Drinking andtappedby herwand, invites themeninfor refreshment whosensesatrap. –allexcept Eurylochus, surrounded by tamelionsandwolves. Circe herselfissinging andweaving, and properly usedofthe release ofcorpse, asthatusedby Priam ( and Odysseus’ request for hismento bereleased isgiven (λύω), withthe sameterm Priam’s refusal to withthefate sitdown, ofhisson’s concerned 24.552-3); body(Il. in the formHermes ofayoung man (266-9);at373onwards, we are reminded of in many detailsbasedaround Priam’s to 24.Bothare Achilles journey met by inIliad On alarger scale, venturing to Odysseus theCirce’s houseisbothinstructure and to goto Circe’s scenes. arming houseat261-2isgiven ofIliadic inthestyle scale are by lot:e.g. taken preparing himself 7.182a.Odysseus 3.316;207a≈Il. 205≈Il. (203-9) is given in two of in terms decisionson a much grander of how to split the party 6.65.Alittle later,of heroes 16.469,164≈Il. 16.346;163=Il. inbattle:162=Il. thedecision at 162-5,Odysseus’ for usedin theIliad death interms ofthestagisdescribed killing tobut othersare give For dimensionto worked theircontext. cleverly anextra instance, betray building-blockshandeddown thecommonstock inoraltradition, ofmetrical somemightsimply allusionsto theIliad; seessome interestingOur section intertextual ParallelsIliadic moly . Odysseus thus to her surprise thusto. Odysseus hersurprise Il. 24.553-8). 24.553-8). ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Stylistic Features anddeliberately repeating thesame line. speaking is Odysseus differences inapproach andhismen:remember andoutcome Odysseus between it the menin)repeated at312where goesin,to Odysseus highlightthefollowing andhismenisclearhere: Odysseus distance between we see230(Circe inviting on hisown, suchasthehuntingofdeer, andthedecisive scenewithCirce. The leaving by Odysseus thegroup andacting isundertaken ofthedecisiveMuch action 428-30). Eventually, ofcourse, returns homealone. Odysseus resistance to leadership(see264andfollowing, Odysseus and, ourselection, after a singleship, beginning andhere to of develop asacharacter we seeEurylochus andhismen;already hasbeenreducedOdysseus Odysseus from leadingafleetto We ofacontinuingdeclineintherelationship between seeinthisepisodepart Odysseus andhismen GCSE (9–1)Latin audience already know that hisinterpretation audience already is incorrect. know oratleasthave vanished forever (άιστώθησαν), have –although we beenkilled asan presented withEurylochus’ version ofevents, inwhichheassumes hiscomrades ofhow the differentthe complexity inline 250,we are function) levels ofnarration is filledinhere to foreshadow narrative. Interestingly theforthcoming (andshowing instance, lines210-243are informed onlylater clearly by whatOdysseus learns, andit feature, andtheframingof narrative issubtlyintroduced points;for atvarious isapervasive The composition ofthewholeBook10,asastory-within-a-story, Narrative perspective: andspondees.feet dactyls alternating instance, thecommentator Stanford picksupontheoddrhythm of224,withthesix audience, madeby butalsoto thepoet.For pickuponchoices andvariations soundedto itsancient isnotonlyvaluabletoworks get a senseofhow thepoetry andscopeforregularity agreat Familiarity dealofvariation. withhow thehexameter of the hexameter. toIntegral allancientepicisitspoeticform: thedactylic The auraleffect Hexameter: Dactylic Odyssey isentirely form, dependentonthismetrical withitscombination of 9 devices regularly seen in ancient poetry which make individual lines memorable and individuallinesmemorableand whichmake regularly seen inancientpoetry devices course, themostconsistently notablefeaturesOf are ofthetext thecommonlyrecurring Poetic features: Glossary ofKeyGlossary Terms tension before momentoftherelease the climactic ofOdysseus’ men. meal (at352,354,356,358),gives aleisurely, paceto proceedings drawn-out whichbuilds Eurylochus’ agitation; andtheanaphorainscenewhere Circe’s attendants prepare for the her song;inline251-2,theobvious asyndeton gives to character thespeech,suggesting following, withbothassonanceandageneraleuphony, ofCirce echoingthebeauty and Afew sparseexamples:we seedeliberate playstriking; withthesoundoflineat221and intertextuality: intertextuality: euphony: epithet: hexameter: dactylic (and orbutsimilar). asyndeton: anaphora: joinedtogether bystrata oftext, aredactor, butnotultimately of thework ‘an’ author. analysts: orotherindirect means.echoing ofthemeorstyle, allusion: alliteration: tradition ofpoetry. oralists: its engagementwithanother text. Scholars who interpret the Homeric text astheaccretion whointerpret text Scholars ofanoral theHomeric a descriptive word attachedasadefiningformula to anoun. reference ofliterature inonework by paraphrase, to anotherwork, scholars who interpret the Homeric text as the accumulation of successive astheaccumulationofsuccessive scholars whointerpret text theHomeric any combinationofsounds having apleasing auraleffect. repetition ofaword orphraseatthebeginning ofsuccessive clauses. connection of two co-ordinate clauses without a connective particle particle clauseswithoutaconnective co-ordinate oftwo connection repetition ofconsonants. A broader thanallusion;theshapingofatext’s term meaning by the poeticmetre ofepicpoetry. ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide The text Talking Points GCSE (9–1)Latin language, rather intranslation? than intheoriginal isitto read theOdyssey How important Talking Point understanding of the text? ofthetext? understanding 10isataletold make byBook Odysseus to our differenceWhat theknowledge thatallof does resource reading). for (seefurther thosewishingto press thesequestionsfurther himenoughto sendhimhome. Jong’shopes willpity De Irene useful isaparticularly narratological commentary which includedwomen to downplay to (Arete); thePhaeacians hisinfidelity whohe possiblyheisalsotrying inmindhisPhaeacianglossed over audience possiblyheiskeeping hissexualrelationship to Calypso entirely; Later,and thesize ofhiskill. ofhisrelations thedescription withCirce at7:255-60,he ismodest(348-59);earlier for example, thehuntscenenearbeginning where dwells ofourtext, Odysseus onhisprowess asahunter additionto the several elementsmentionedalready,In studentsmightfind indications ofOdysseus’ in, character alsolinkswell to questions. thePoetry It commentary when writing Translation exercise featured later inthisguide. offeature for asgoodgrounding thekind are they sureThis to looking discussionserves make thestudentsknow traditions? formal conventions to stock avastlydifferent epithets),whenone iswriting of epic(like audienceunusedto such translationandwhichdon’t:features survive terms mentionedinthekey whathappensto orthe intertextuality, discussingwhichofthe it willofcoursefailto grasp mightbeworth features any ofthestylistic It ofthetext. think it’s agoodtranslationornot. Whilst aprose translationmightbeableto convey theplotofOdyssey, translation (andKeat’s even more famouspoem, into Chapman’s‘On firstlooking whether they andasked Homer’) studentsmightbeintroducedTranslation to difficulttask; isanotoriously someofChapman’s ofpoetry famous Explanation and Teacher Notes 10 ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Activities GCSE (9–1)Latin ACTIVITIES AND STUDENT TASKS words, many ofwhich(especially atthetop) won’t needto belearnt. This isgreat 10. Taking thetop 50%ofwords usedinthebookwillgive listof alearnable useful,Particularly however, isitoptionfor creating aspecificvocab list for Od. morphological analysisofindividualwords. The Perseus canbeusedonitsown by text students–especiallyhelpfulisthe the mostfrequent words usedinOd. 6. Click on tool’‘vocab listwhichgives intheright-hand columnfor avocabulary book=10 http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0135: The Perseus Project Vocabulary Listfor Odyssey 6 and SimonGoldhill. BraggwithEdith Hall, Oliver asawhole:Melvyn Discussion oftheOdyssey Taplin http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y297 BBC Odyssey Time:Our The In asreading atranslationbytext rote. –not justasmemorising canprepare sothatthey text itthemselves, and see theprocess ofreading the ofthe to getstudentsfamiliarwiththevocabulary as atool, offby heart, iflearnt - 11 Research another part ofthe Research anotherpart Research task to convey thetone, feel, style, asEnglishpoetry. andform ofGreek poetry The challengeisnotmerely to translate theGreek words orsentences, butto try to translate ofthesettext into section Englishas Englishpoetry. Choose ashort http://www.stephen-spender.org/spender_prize.html Spender TrustStephen in TranslationPoetry Odyssey 10reconfigured understanding oftheOdyssey? images ofCirce: whatdoancientvisualrepresentations ofCirce addto our referencesBackground on,literary to, and(mostinterestingly) ancientvase http://www.theoi.com/Titan/Kirke.html Theoi.com Ancient ofCirce Images Rewrite the set text in a new format. inanew thesettext Rewrite Odyssey withlinksto thesettext. ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks Student tasksheets GCSE (9–1)Latin Introduction to thetask Introduction OdysseyTitle 10reconfigured. ofactivity: The activity The activity intimately. components, andusingtheexercise outthekey the story, asacreative picking tool to reallythetext getto know drawings willbenolessusefulthancarefully produced andedited filmversions. isreading over What isimportant stressing worthwhile thatthevalueofthisexerciseIts doesn’t oftheretelling lieinthequality produced: stickfigure included intheretelling. whichmustbe events inthetext by comingupasaclasswithtimeline ofkey theactivity may beusefulto start It • • • group-work oranindividualassignment. Any format ormediumispossible: Re-tell technique to helpprepare for essay questionswhichasksearching questionsaboutthewholetext. inadifferentwhole. andisagoodrevision Retelling thestory mediumhelpssettheindividualepisodesintheircontext andoverarchingwith carefully unity structural design ineachindividualbookofthe iseasyto losesightofthebigpicture: thewayon closereading thenarrativefitstogether asawhole, ofyour It settext. oftheclass-timeforMuch ALevel or ClassicalGreek analysis–eitherfor willbespentonclosetextual languagework, twitter itself-e.g.twitter somesites willallow you to generate itinaform conversationA twitter thatimitates (#stopcryingEurylochus); (thereA comicstrip are somegoodsites whichcanhelphere: e.g. A film. Odyssey 10 (either the whole book, or the set portion ofit)inadifferent orthesetportion medium. 10(either thewholebook, This taskcaneitherbesetas http://simitator.com/generator/twitter/tweet 12 , or https://www.bitstrips.com/create/comic/ http://www.lemmetweetthatforyou.com/ Odyssey , aswell asa asinthework ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide ). . Activities and student tasks GCSE (9–1)Latin Extension activities/questions: Extension The activity to thetask Introduction Dido’sTitle ofactivity: case court Languages here –studentscancompare foreign translationsof the org/spender_prize.html. The studentscan enter theirpoems into theStephen Spender prize competition: • • • • orderfrom into Englishpoetry. to tragedy)turned In translate, you willneedto considerthefollowing: spender.org/poetry_translation_notes.html), alongwithsomeexcellent examplesofclassicalpoems(includingmany translationcanbefound onthewebsite literary oftheStephenunderlying Spenderprize (http://www.stephen- have goodreasons for your changes, itmay itabetter well poetictranslation.Agooddiscussionof theprinciples make you have madeinyour translation. The translationmay notbeatallcloseto theoriginal Greek –butaslongyou Your apassagefrom andcreate taskisto select thesettext apoetictranslationofit,withanexplanationthechoices requires thoughtaboutalloftheseaspects. poetry all theeffects ofsound–rhythm, metre, alliteration, andrhyme, effects. to produce Successfultranslationof particular creates meaning:itplays withtheaudience’s ofgenre, expectations ofthecombinationform andcontent; ituses ‘correct’ translations ofindividualsentences. However, isfarmore literature complexintheway it (especially poetry) syntaxandgrammar definitionswiththeright to we translationasatask ofcombiningtheright produce view Often mysterious references, orglossthemwithan explanation? familiar to aGreek you one?Do audience butnotto replace referents, amodern themwithmodern themas keep oftheplot HowContext: doyou ofthedrama,aswell copewiththepoliticalandsocialcontext astheknowledge avoid them,orreplace themwithEnglishequivalents, rhyme orword-play? like Poetic effects: alliteration, assonance, andotherauraleffects them, –how areto keep rendered? they you Do try poeticform between anddramaticrealism?What balancecanyou strike verse? Orspoken-word style?) Form: how does oneeffectively translate hexameter into English?UsinganEnglishverse form (Blankverse? Free ForeignThere withEnglish orModern work for are excellent cross-curricular opportunities 13 Antigone , aswell asEnglishones. http://www.stephen-spender. ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Activities and student tasks GCSE (9–1)Latin Introduction to thetask Introduction Exploring Title ofactivity: Virgil’s techniques Extension activities/questions: Extension The activity might be introduced; a good background article for this task is suggested in the further reading ofthisguide. for section might beintroduced; thistaskissuggested agoodbackground inthefurther article level) thetaskofresearching Circe inlater Classicalliterature,study Classicsattertiary andtheideaofintertextuality For those studentsstudyingLatinaswell, studentsmightbegiven to (especially work for asextension thoselooking OPTION 4:Nausicaa OPTION 3:Eurylochus OPTION 2:Penelope OPTION 1:Calypso The research mightbegiven asapresentation, intheform essay, ofawritten orinaposter format. • • • oneoftheoptionsbelow,Select andeitherindividuallyoringroups, research thefollowing questions: of the setportion The taskisto research below, oneofthecharacters andexplainhowwiththecontent heorsheintersects orthemesof education. examination, butalsoprovides somegoodresearch inpreparation for skills tertiary understanding notonlyhelpsgive agreater depthto themore searching answers essay-style required for the as awhole;theepisodeisilluminated by, andafullercontextual ofthework, andhelpsto illuminate, otherparts andCirceThe episodeofOdysseus fitsinto thecomplexnarrative ofbothOdysseus’ andthe tale-within-a-tale, How doesitchange, orchallenge ourinterpretation enrich, ofthesettext? (or contrasts). thematic similarities How doesitrelate to thesettext? This mightbebecauseofarepeated character, shared motifs, orbecauseof How doesitfitinto the Odyssey Odyssey 10. Odyssey 14 asawhole? ©OCR 2016 Set TextSet Guide Odyssey

GCSE (9–1) Latin Set Text Guide FURTHER READING AND RESOURCES

For teachers For students Barthes, Roland (1967) ‘The Death of the Author’, Aspen 5-6. Camps, W. A. (1980). An Introduction to Homer. Oxford: Clarendon Press. A seminal work on literary theory and interpretation; a good starting point for these A good, easily readable overview. issues for the more advanced students; easily available in PDF form online. Graves, Robert, Homer’s Daughter [originally published 1955] (Penguin Modern Clas- De Jong, Irene (2001). A Narratological Commentary on the Odyssey. Cambridge: sics, 2012) Cambridge University Press. A fictional reconstruction – very speculative! – about the origins of the Odyssey. Heubeck, Alfred, Hoekstra, Arie (1995). A Commentary on Homer’s Odyssey : Books IX- http://www.aoidoi.org/articles/meter/intro.pdf XVI. Oxford: Clarendon. ISBN-10: 0198721447; ISBN-13: 978-0198721444. An introduction to Greek metre, including dactylic hexameter. A very useful commentary, to be used in conjunction with Stanford (see student resources). http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atex- t%3A1999.01.0135%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D1 Lamberton, Robert (1989), Homer the Theologian: Neoplatonist Allegorical Reading and the Growth of the Epic Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN: Odyssey 10 on Perseus, including hyperlinks for morphology and definitions, an Eng- 9780520066076. lish translation, and the 1886 notes of W. Walter Merry, James Riddell, and D. B. Monro. For advanced students interesting in later reception of Homer’s work in antiquity. Stanford, W.B. (2013), The Odyssey of Homer. Vol. 1: Book 1-12. London: Bloomsbury. Saïd, Suzanne (2011), Homer and the Odyssey. Oxford: OUP. ISBN: 9780199542857 ISBN: 9781853995026 An excellent overview and introduction to all the major themes of the Odyssey and The most useful commentary on the Greek text, giving both linguistic and interpre- current trends in scholarship. Particularly useful are chapters 6 (on Odysseus’ narrative tational help, as well an excellent introductory overview to both Homeric dialect and of his travels to the Phaeacians) and 9 (women in the Odyssey, with an excellent dactylic hexameter. section on Calypso and Circe). Segal, Charles (1968). ‘Circean Temptations: Homer, Virgil, Ovid’. TAPA 99: 419-442. A great introduction to the characterisation of Circe, both in Homer and in later literature, especially Latin. A good piece of extension reading for those studying both Latin and Greek. Winkler, Martin M. (2015), Return to Troy: New Essays on the Holywood Epic. Leiden: Brill. Further reading and resources reading Further ISBN: 9789004292765. A collection of essays on the appearance of epic in modern film.

15 © OCR 2016 GCSE (9–1) Latin Set Text Guide

Publisher information

OCR Anthology for AS and A-level Classical Greek Homer, Odyssey X: 144–399

9781474266024 containing: Homer, Odyssey IX: 231–460

with Introduction by Frederica Daniele

Thucydides, Histories, Book IV: 11–14, 21–23, 26–28 and Notes and Commentary by Rob Colborn and Claire Webster

Thucydides, Histories, Book IV: 29–40

with Introduction, Notes and Commentary by John Taylor and Malcolm Campbell Sophocles, Antigone, lines 1–99, 497–525, 531–581, 891–928

Sophocles, Antigone, lines 162–222, 248–331, 441–496, 998–1032

Plato, Apology, 18a7 to 24b2 with Introduction, Notes and Commentary by Matthew McCullagh

Plato, Apology, 35e–end

with Introduction by Steven Kennedy Aristophanes, Acharnians, 1–203, 366–392

and Notes and Commentary by Ben Gravell with Introduction, Notes and Commentary by Sarah Harden

Xenophon, Memorabilia, Book 1.II.12 to 1.II.38

Further reading and resources reading Further with Introduction, Notes and Commentary by Charlie Paterson

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