How 4G/LTE Is Making Route Diversity Affordable for Any Size
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Unlicensed Lte Interference to Wi-Fi When Operating Co-Channel
UNLICENSED LTE INTERFERENCE TO WI-FI WHEN OPERATING CO-CHANNEL Christopher Szymanski 1 | © 2016 Broadcom Limited. All rights reserved. WI-FI DEMAND EVER-INCREASING Wi-Fi Cumulative Product Shipments and Installed Base of Products 2000-2020 35,000.0 Installed Base 30,000.0 Cumulative Shipments Approaching 15 billion cumulative shipments and 7.5 billion Wi-Fi install base 25,000.0 20,000.0 15,000.0 10,000.0 5,000.0 - 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Source: ABI Research: Cumulative Wi-Fi-enabled Product Shipments and Installed Base of Wi-Fi-enabled Products World Market, Forecast: 2000 to 2020. 2 | © 2016 Broadcom Limited. All rights reserved. WI-FI IS PREDOMINATE WAY FOR PEOPLE TO ACCESS INTERNET; IN SOME INSTANCES THE ONLY WAY • Cisco: Mobile data traffic increased 74% in 2015, reaching 3.7 exabytes per month [1] • Over 80% of mobile data traffic goes over Wi-Fi – Strategy Analytics’ Telemetry Intelligence Platform: From 2H13 to 1H15 Wi-Fi traffic grew at over 2X the rate of cellular traffic, accounting for ~83% of wireless traffic [2] – Analysys Mason: 81% of smart phone traffic is carried over Wi-Fi [3] – Mobidia: “Wi-Fi dominating monthly data usage” [4] – iOS users consume 82% of wireless data over Wi-Fi – Android users consume 78% of wireless data over Wi-Fi • Pew Internet Research: In-home Broadband access decreasing, increasing number of “smartphone-only” adults (13% of Americans are smartphone-only, and shift most pronounced among lower income households) [5] -
Long Term Evolution (LTE)
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE) e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735. Volume 7, Issue 3 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 36-42 www.iosrjournals.org Long Term Evolution (LTE) 1 2 3 4 Emad Kazi , Rajan Pillai , Uzair Qureshi , Awab Fakih 1,2,3,4 (Electronics and Telecommunication, Anjuman-I-Islam’s Kalsekar technical campus (AIKTC), Mumbai University, India) Abstract:The number of people using mobile phone in the world has exceeded 4.5 billion and this figure is continuing to grow. For the past several years, mobile data traffic such as internet access, the downloading of music and video communication has been nearly tripling every year. With the popularity of smartphones, mobile data traffic will increase 200 times in the 7 to 8 years upto 2020.There are high expectations that Long Term Evolution (LTE) which is known as 3.9G wireless system will be a new service platform that can support a huge amount of mobile data traffic. This paper describes the features, technology and network architecture of LTE & also provides an overview of next generation telecommunication network LTE, which is started commercially in December 2010 in Japan (started by DOCOMO), realizing high speed wireless access. It also outlines the further trends towards a further speed increase. Keywords-Circuit Switching, GSM, HSPA, LTE, Packet Switching, WiMAX I. Introduction In times when mobile devices are getting more popular the mobile network are becoming more and more important too. Websites are not same they used to be 10 years ago. They consist of with quality pictures, animation, flash application and more. -
RTR NET NEUTRALITY REPORT Report in Accordance with Art
RTR NET NEUTRALITY REPORT Report in accordance with Art. 5(1) of the TSM Regulation and Par. 182–183 of the BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules 2020 www.rtr.at 2020 Austrian Regulatory Authority for Broadcasting and Telecommunications (Rundfunk und Telekom Regulierungs-GmbH) Mariahilfer Straße 77–79, 1060 Vienna, Austria Tel.: +43 (0)1 58058-0; fax: +43 (0)1 58058-9191; e-mail: [email protected] www.rtr.at RTR NET NEUTRALITY REPORT 2020 Report in accordance with Art. 5(1) of the TSM Regulation and Par. 182–183 of the BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules Contents Contents Net Neutrality Report 2020 1 Preface and executive summary 6 2 Introduction: stakeholders and institutions in enforcement 10 3 Timeline of regulatory authority activities 14 4 Potential violations of net neutrality and associated procedures 16 4.1 Blocking of TCP/UDP ports or protocols 19 4.2 Private IP addresses and services 21 4.3 Disconnection of IP connections 22 4.4 Blocking websites due to copyright claims 22 4.5 Decisions concerning Art. 4 TSM Regulation 24 4.6 Review of R 3/16 by the BVwG 25 4.7 Overview of suspected breaches of net neutrality 28 4.8 Measures taken/applied in accordance with Art. 5(1) 29 4.9 Zero-rating monitoring activities 32 5 Other indicators and activities 38 5.1 RTR conciliation procedures 38 5.2 General requests 39 5.3 Indicators of continuous availability of non-discriminatory IAS 39 6 Focus Topic: internet during the corona crisis 48 6.1 Traffic management measures in accordance with Art. -
The Internet and "Telecommunications Services," Universal Service Mechanisms, Access Charges, and Other Flotsam of the Regulatory System
The Internet and "Telecommunications Services," Universal Service Mechanisms, Access Charges, and Other Flotsam of the Regulatory System Jonathan Weinbergt In troduction .............................................................................................. 2 11 I. B ackground ...................................................................................... 2 14 A . InternetA rchitecture................................................................ 215 B . Telephone Regulation .............................................................. 217 1. The Federal-State Divide ................................................. 218 2. Comp uter II ...................................................................... 220 3. The 1996 Telecommunications Act ................................. 222 II. The Internet and Universal Service Mechanisms ............................ 225 A. The Report to Congress on Universal Service ......................... 225 B. The Breakdown of the Telecommunications/InformationService D istinction................................................................................ 227 C. Why the Telecommunications/InformationService D istinction Doesn't Work ........................................................ 232 D. Universal Service Redux .......................................................... 234 III. The Internet and Access Charges .................................................... 239 A . The Status Q uo ......................................................................... 239 B . Beyond the -
Children's Internet Access at Home
Chapter: 1/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education Section: Family Characteristics Children’s Internet Access at Home In 2018, some 94 percent of 3- to 18-year-olds had home internet access: 88 percent had access through a computer, and 6 percent had access only through a smartphone. The remaining 6 percent had no internet access at home. This indicator uses data from the American Community In 2018, some 94 percent of 3- to 18-year-olds had home Survey (ACS) to describe the percentage of 3- to 18-year- internet access: 88 percent had access through a computer,1 olds with home internet access and the percentage with and 6 percent had access only through a smartphone.2 home internet access only through a smartphone in 2018. The remaining 6 percent had no internet access at home. This indicator also uses data from the Current Population Compared with 2018, the percentages with home internet Survey (CPS) to examine the main reasons reported for access through a computer and with access only through not having access in 2017, which is the most recent year a smartphone were lower in 2016 (87 and 5 percent, such data were collected by CPS. respectively). 2016 was the first year data on internet access through smartphones were collected by ACS. The Condition of Education 2020 | 1 Children’s Internet Access at Home Chapter: 1/Preprimary, Elementary, and Secondary Education Section: Family Characteristics Figure 1. Percentage of 3- to 18-year-olds who had home internet access, by child’s race/ethnicity: 2018 Percent 96 98 97 100 94 90 91 90 87 80 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Total1 White Black Hispanic Asian Pacific Islander American Two or Indian/ more races Alaska Native Race/ethnicity 1 Total includes other racial/ethnic groups not shown separately. -
Broadband Impact Nunavut Screen-Based Industry
Scoping the Future of Broadband ’s Impact on Nunavut’s Screen-Based Industry Borealis Telecommunications Inc. BorealisTelecom.com March 31st, 2020 The future is already here - it is just not very evenly distributed - William Ford Gibson Table of Content EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 SECTION 1 – NUNAVUT’S BROADBAND CONTEXT 6 CURRENT STATE OF CONNECTIVITY 7 FUNDING PROGRAMS DILEMMA 8 TELESAT FLEET 9 SES FLEET 9 BACKGROUND HISTORY 10 DEVELOPING FACTORS 12 FUNDING INSTRUMENT ANNOUNCED IN THE 2019 FEDERAL BUDGET 13 ONGOING TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROJECTS 14 FIBRE BACKBONES 14 SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY 19 SECTION 2 - NUNAVUT-WIDE CAPACITY REQUIREMENT OUTLOOK 22 PREDICTIVE MODEL AND METHODOLOGY 22 PREDICTION MODEL ASSESSMENT VARIABLES 22 BANDWIDTH NEEDS PER COMMUNITY 26 NUNAVUT WIDE TOTAL BANDWIDTH REQUIREMENTS 2017 26 ADJUSTING THE NUMBERS FOR 2020 AND UP 28 POPULATION GROWTH 29 BANDWIDTH GROWTH 29 SECTION 3 – BROADBAND PROGRAMS 33 CRTC BROADBAND FUND 33 INNOVATION, SCIENCE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (ISED) 35 CANADA INFRASTRUCTURE BANK 35 SECTION 4 – BACKBONE TECHNOLOGY DEPLOYMENT 37 SATELLITE 37 SATELLITE DEVELOPMENT COST 37 FIBRE BACKBONE 39 i CLOSEST FIBRE-OPTIC POINT OF PRESENCE 39 SECTION 5 – CONTENT DISTRIBUTION TECHNOLOGY 41 MARKET INDICATORS 42 VIEWERSHIP 42 REVENUES 43 MEDIA CONTENT 44 NUNAVUT’S SCREEN-BASED INDUSTRY 45 VIDEO FILES 45 CONNECTIVITY LIMITATIONS 46 PRODUCTION TIME IMPACT 46 PRE-PRODUCTION 47 PRODUCTION 47 POST-PRODUCTION 47 TRAINING AND MENTORSHIP 48 DEVELOPING INUIT TV 49 STREAMING ON-DEMAND PLATFORM 50 INUIT TV STREAMING SERVICE ROADMAP -
A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network's
electronics Review A Survey of Resource Allocation Techniques for Cellular Network’s Operation in the Unlicensed Band Mohammedhusen Manekiya 1 , Abhinav Kumar 2 , Ashish Yadav 3 and Massimo Donelli 1,* 1 Department of Information Engineering and Computer Science, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy; [email protected] 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Telangana 502285, India; [email protected] 3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +39-3297-00-4115 Received: 1 August 2020; Accepted: 27 August 2020; Published: 7 September 2020 Abstract: With an ever increasing demand for data, better and efficient spectrum operation has become crucial in cellular networks. In this paper, we present a detailed survey of various resource allocation schemes that have been considered for the cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed spectrum. The key channel access mechanisms for cellular network’s operation in the unlicensed bands are discussed. The various channel selection techniques are explored and their operation explained. The prime issue of fairness between cellular and Wi-Fi networks is discussed, along with suitable resource allocation techniques that help in achieving this fairness. We analyze the coverage, capacity, and impact of coordination in LTE-U systems. Furthermore, we study and discuss the impact and discussed the impact of various traffic type, environments, latency, handover, and scenarios on LTE-U’s performance. The new upcoming 5G New Radio and MulteFire is briefly described along with some of the critical aspects of LTE-U which require further research. -
HD Voice Annex C Minimum Requirements with GSM/UMTS/LTE
GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Version 1.1 22nd March 2013 Security Classification – NON CONFIDENTIAL GSMA MATERIAL Copyright Notice Copyright © 2013 GSM Association. Antitrust Notice The information contain herein is in full compliance with the GSM Association’s antitrust compliance policy. Version 1.1 Page 1 of 18 GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 3 ANNEX C: MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR MOBILE NETWORKS AND TERMINALS FOR THE USAGE OF THE ‘HD VOICE’ LOGO WITH GSM/UMTS/LTE............................................................................................................... 3 DOCUMENT MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................... 18 Document History .................................................................................................................. 18 Other Information ................................................................................................................... 18 Version 1.1 Page 2 of 18 GSM Association Non-Confidential Minimum Technical Requirements for use of the HD Voice Logo with GSM/UMTS/LTE issued by GSMA INTRODUCTION -
AT&T 3G Sunset
Product Change Notification AT&T 3G Sunset - Impacts on 4G Devices LTE Category 1, Category 3 and Select Category 4 Models Date: March 9, 2021 I. Product Change Notification Number (PCN) PCN 03092021-02 II. Overview The purpose of this PCN is to avoid service interruption for certain MultiTech 4G products impacted by the impending AT&T 3G network sunset. 4G/LTE Category 1, 3 and 4 devices in the U.S. may no longer attach to the AT&T network after their 3G network sunset, scheduled for late February 2022. Voice-capable cellular modules integrated into several MultiTech products are configured for voice-centric signaling by default. These devices are likely to arrive at a No Service condition after 3G sunset -- even for data-only applications. This is a result of the module requiring a voice signal to connect to networks configured to leverage a combined attach (3G and LTE) for LTE device registration. The MultiTech products detailed in this PCN will be impacted by the 3G sunset. A software configuration change in the cellular module in these products is required in order to avoid a No Service condition. The only exception is for products with cellular modules supporting the IMS service Voice over LTE (VoLTE) and an accompanying VoLTE subscription from your service provider. MultiTech will immediately implement a software configuration change in our manufacturing process to include the required AT command to set a new permanent module default for its User Equipment (“UE”) settings. Note: future module firmware updates may impact this setting. Current default: CEMODE=1 (Voice centric) New default: CEMODE=2 (Data centric) For devices already deployed in the field, you must implement the above mentioned software- configuration change in each device to ensure continued service following the 3G sunset. -
Indonesia Internet Case Study 3. the End of the Free Internet Market
Indonesia Internet Case Study 3 The End of the Free Internet Market 31 Market developments TelkomNet calculates subscribers based on usage over the last month# Indonesia connected to the global Ironically, Telkom had been prevented Internet in 1994, as a result of from entering the ISP market prior to pioneering efforts by the academic and 1997# At that time, the government research community# One of the first wanted to promote new players in the links was a 64 Kbps line to the US, market, especially Small and Medium opened in May 1994 by the Indonesian Enterprises (SMEs)# However the SMEs Science and Technology Network did not perform well so the law was (IPTEKnet)# PT Indo Internet (Indonet) changed to allow bigger companies in claims to have been the first commercial and to attract investment# ISP, launching services in 1994# By the end of 1995, there were some 16 ISPs, Indosat also provides ISP services and 20'000 users and 640 Kbps of had over 40'000 dial-up subscribers international Internet connectivity#5 At at the end of 2000# Growth was the beginning of 2001, there were some stagnant in 2000# Indosat claims that 150 licensed ISPs of which about 60 this was partly related to delays in obtaining leased lines from Telkom# Another factor was the launch of 'free' (users still have to pay telephone dial- up charges) Internet access by LinkNet in April 2000# By the end of 2000, LinkNet had signed up 197'000 subscribers, making it the country's largest ISP# LinkNet had hoped to make money through advertising and e-commerce transaction -
LTE-Advanced
Table of Contents INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................ 5 EXPLODING DEMAND ............................................................................................... 8 Smartphones and Tablets ......................................................................................... 8 Application Innovation .............................................................................................. 9 Internet of Things .................................................................................................. 10 Video Streaming .................................................................................................... 10 Cloud Computing ................................................................................................... 11 5G Data Drivers ..................................................................................................... 11 Global Mobile Adoption ........................................................................................... 11 THE PATH TO 5G ..................................................................................................... 15 Expanding Use Cases ............................................................................................. 15 1G to 5G Evolution ................................................................................................. 17 5G Concepts and Architectures ................................................................................ 20 Information-Centric -
ARCTIC BROADBAND Recommendations for an Interconnected Arctic
ARCTIC BROADBAND Recommendations for an Interconnected Arctic Telecommunications Infrastructure Working Group Table of Contents ` AEC Chair Messages . .2 Message from AEC chair, Tara Sweeney ` Executive Summary . .3 I am incredibly proud of the hard work and dedication demonstrated by the ` I . Introduction . .5 members of the Telecommunications Infrastructure Working group. The pan-Arctic engagement evident throughout this document exhibits the strong commitment of ` II . Key Issues . .6 the Arctic business community to support the Arctic Economic Council’s four core principles of partnership, collaboration, innovation and peace. ` III . The Current State of Broadband in the Arctic . .14 Being raised in rural Alaska, I have a deep understanding for the importance of ` IV . Funding Options . .19 connectivity and the challenges that come with a lack of reliable communications. ` V . Past, Current and Proposed Projects . 22. Expanding broadband access and adoption will be vital for the economic, social and political growth of local Arctic communities. It is my hope that these ` VI . Goals and Recommendations . .27 recommendations add value to the ongoing discussion of broadband deployment ` VII . Conclusion . 30. in the Arctic, and serve as a tool for policy makers, investors, researchers and communities to come together for sustainable polar growth. ` AEC Telecommunications Infrastructure Working Groups . 31. ` Citations . .37 Message from AEC Telecommunications Infrastructure Working Group chair, Robert McDowell The recommendations provided in this report are the result of a true collaborative effort among the business community within the eight Arctic states. Together, local Arctic residents and expert broadband advisors have combined their knowledge to establish a comprehensive strategy for the deployment and adoption of broadband in the far north – a first of its kind.