Anemonia Viridis : Des Morphotypes De L’Hôte À La Différenciation Symbiotique Barbara Porro

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Anemonia Viridis : Des Morphotypes De L’Hôte À La Différenciation Symbiotique Barbara Porro Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique Barbara Porro To cite this version: Barbara Porro. Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique. Biodiversité et Ecologie. COMUE Université Côte d’Azur (2015- 2019), 2019. Français. NNT : 2019AZUR4071. tel-02736573 HAL Id: tel-02736573 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02736573 Submitted on 2 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique Barbara PORRO IRCAN UMR 7284 – Embryogenesis Regeneration & Aging team Présentée en vue de l’obtention Devant le jury, composé de : du grade de docteur en Sciences de l’Environnement Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Dr., IFREMER de l’Université Côte d’Azur Didier Aurelle, MCU, Aix-Marseille Université Sébastien Duperron, Pr., MNHN Dirigée par :Pr. Paola Furla Cécile Fauvelot, Dr., IRD Co-encadrée par : Dr. Didier Forcioli Dominique Higuet, Pr., Sorbonne Université Soutenue le : 15 novembre 2019 Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis : des morphotypes de l’hôte à la différenciation symbiotique Jury : Président du jury Sébastien Duperron, Pr., Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle Rapporteurs Cécile Fauvelot, Chargée de recherche, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Dominique Higuet, Pr., Sorbonne Université Examinateurs Didier Aurelle, MCU, Aix-Marseille Université Paola Furla, Pr., Université Côte d’Azur (directeur de thèse) Didier Forcioli, MCU, Université Côte d’Azur (co-directeur de thèse) Invité Sophie Arnaud-Haond, Cadre de recherche., Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploitation de la Mer ii Diversités génétiques chez l’holobiote Anemonia viridis Qu’est-ce qu’un individu ? Cette question est un prérequis pour toutes les études en génétique des populations et en biologie évolutive, mais elle est loin d’être naïve dès que l’on prend en compte les relations symbiotiques. Les interactions entre un hôte et ses micro-organismes symbiotiques peuvent conditionner le développement, la reproduction, les capacités adaptatives de l’holobiote qu’ils constituent et donc la trajectoire évolutive de l’espèce. Comprendre ces interactions, c’est appréhender la complexité des interactions symbiotiques et donc caractériser ces différents partenaires et élucider l’implication de chaque partenaire dans le fonctionnement de l’holobiote. Chez les Cnidaires, comme l’anémone de mer Anemonia viridis, les hôtes animaux peuvent établir une symbiose mutualiste avec des Dinoflagellés photosynthétiques de la famille des Symbiodiniacées (avec un seul clade de Symbiodiniacées pour A. viridis). Cette anémone de mer tempérée présente différents morphes caractérisés par la couleur des tentacules. Afin de comprendre la nature de cette diversité phénotypique et mesurer la diversité symbiotique associée chez A. viridis, nous avons génotypé des anémones de Manche et de Méditerranée à l’aide de séquençage RAD (pour l’hôte animal) et de marqueurs ciblés, ITS2 et microsatellites (pour les symbiotes). Nos études ont permis de mettre en évidence l’existence de plusieurs lignées génétiques différenciées en sympatrie chez l’hôte animal, mais qui ne sont pas congruentes avec la différencitation morphologique. La composition des populations de symbiotes in hospite quant à elle n’est pas corrélée avec ces lignées hôtes mais structurées par l’origine géographique des anémones. Ces résultats révèlent qu’A. viridis telle que décrite à l’heure actuelle correspond un complexe d’espèces qui, en plus d’hériter verticalement leurs symbiotes, semblent capables également de les acquérir horizontalement. Cette symbiose dynamique implique que la sélection puisse agir indépendamment aussi bien sur la composition symbiotique que sur l’hôte; et fait d’A. viridis un excellent modèle pour comprendre les capacités adaptatives d’un holobiote. Mots clés : Symbiose mutualiste, Holobiote, Différenciation morphologique, Diversité génétique, Acquisition des symbiotes, Clonalité, Complexe d’espèces iii iv Genetic diversities in Anemonia viridis holobiont What is an individual ? This apparently naive question is actually the first step of studies of population genetics and evolutionary biology, but is non-trivial in symbiotic organisms. The interaction among a host and its symbiotic micro- organisms can influence the development, the reproduction and the adaptative capacities of the holobiont and the evolutive trajectories of species. If we want to understand these interactions, we have to decipher the complexity of symbiotic interactions by characterizing the different partners and to measure the role of each partner in the proper functioning of the holobiont. In Anemonia viridis (as in many other Cnidarians), the animal hosts can live in mutualistic symbiosis with photosynthetic Dinoflagellates belonging to the Symbiodiniaceae family (with one Symbiodiniaceae clade for A. viridis). This anemone displays different colour morphs. To understand the origin of the phenotypic diversity but also to measure the associated symbiotic diversity, we genotyped sea anemones from English Channel and Mediterranean Sea with RAD sequencing (for the animal host) and targeted markers, the ITS2 and microsatellite markers (for the symbionts). Our studies revealed several sympatric host genetic lineages which were not congruent with the morphological differentiation. In addition, the symbiotic diversity was not correlated with host genetic lineages but with the sampling location of sea anemones. These results revealed that A. viridis is actually a species complex with both intergenerational vertical transmission and probably an additional horizontal acquisition of Symbiodiniaceae. Because A. viridis shows a dynamic symbiosis, selection can act independently on both the symbiotic composition and the host. This makes A. viridis an interesting laboratory model to understand adaptative capacities in an holobiont. Keywords : Mutalistic symbiosis, Holobiont, Morphological differentiation, Genetic Diversity, Symbiont acquisition, Clonality, Species complex v vi Extrait de « Le secret » tiré de Rythmes, Andrée Chedid vii viii Remerciements Remerciements La thèse que vous tenez entre vos mains (et/ou que vous lisez sur un écran…) existe parce que des personnes ont su attiser ma curiosité, m’ont montré comment la nourrir et pour certaines, m’ont donné l’opportunité de travailler avec elles. C’est aussi grâce aux personnes qui ont pris le temps d’évaluer mon travail que tout cela peut aboutir. Je remercie donc les membres du jury d’avoir accepté de faire partie de ce qui est pour moi une sacrée aventure. Je tiens également à remercier les membres de mon comité de thèse pour leurs conseils : Mary-Alice Coffroth, Solenn Stoeckel, et Sébastien Duperron. Merci à Dominique Higuet de m’avoir permis de débuter ma thèse au sein de l’IBPS et merci à Eric Gilson de m’avoir permis de l’achever à l’IRCAN. Merci également à Eric Rottinger pour son accueil au sein de son équipe et à l’intérêt et la curiosité qu’il a portés à mon sujet. Je me rends compte que cette section de ‘‘rédaction libre’’ est réduite et tout de même contraignante par rapport à toute la gratitude que j’aimerais exprimer. Je risque de ne pas rendre justice à toutes les personnes que je voudrais remercier, mais il y en a bien deux que je ne peux pas manquer de remercier : Merci Paola ! Merci Didier ! Merci pour vos enseignements, votre encadrement, pour votre soutien et les possibilités que vous m’avez offertes. Vous faites partie de ceux sans lesquels je ne serais pas là aujourd’hui. Pas seulement en qualité de directeurs de thèse mais parce que vous avez profondément marqué l’étudiante que j’étais et le chercheur que j’espère devenir. Vous ne vous êtes jamais positionnés comme modèles à suivre mais en véritables mentors me laissant la possibilité d’apporter ma patte à tout ça. J’aimerais profiter de ces quelques lignes pour faire mon mea culpa concernant les blagues et les jeux de mots maladroits que vous avez supportés pendant ces quelques années … Merci de ne pas m’avoir ‘remerciée’ pour ça Et ce ne sont pas les seuls à m’avoir supportée (dans tous les sens du terme) … Je dois dire que sans le reste de l’équipe cette thèse n’aurait pas été la même ! Dans le désordre : Merci Steph de m’avoir accueillie dans ton bureau pendant quelques temps (bon, j’ai hérité de la table des parasites, mais au moins ça collait au sujet ...), merci pour tous les échanges que l’on a eus (désolée pour les fois où nos discussions ont trainé dans la soirée). La possibilité d’entendre parler d’autres sujets que la génétique des populations m’a permis d’apprécier d’autres facettes de notre Anemonia. Merci pour tes conseils, ton attention et ton soutien. Merci Thamilla, historiquement, tu es la première à m’avoir formée aux bonnes pratiques de labo. Ça n’a pas dû être de tout repos… Les échanges que nous avons eu font partie de ces moments parfois anodins mais qui m’ont permis de me poser des questions et de me remettre en question. Merci à Richard pour ces riches discussions, tous ces petits trucs de code, pour ces ix Remerciements souvenirs et ces expériences que tu partages avec nous. Merci aussi pour tes bons mots … Brigitte, tu es la Wonderwoman de l’administration ! Merci pour ton peps et ta présence. Tu es un exemple de persévérence et de capacité d’adaptation Petit lot groupé pour les ‘‘grands’’ : Cédric et Patrícia. Tic, jumeau de labo que j’ai été heureuse de retrouver pour partager deux ans de thèse.
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