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A Study of the Civilisational Aspects of Russian Soft Power in Contemporary Ukraine

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A Study of the Civilisational Aspects of Russian Soft Power in Contemporary Ukraine A STUDY OF THE CIVILISATIONAL ASPECTS OF RUSSIAN SOFT POWER IN CONTEMPORARY UKRAINE by VICTORIA ANN HUDSON A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Centre for Russian and East European Studies (CREES) School of Government of Society College of Social Sciences University of Birmingham January 2013 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This thesis contributes to an in-depth understanding of the concept of soft power, which according to Joseph Nye indicates the ability to achieve foreign policy goals through cultural attraction. For the purposes of this study of Russian cultural influence in Ukraine, soft power is rearticulated to highlight the ability to engage in mean-making and cultural- ideational leadership on the international stage. A critique of Nye justifies a reframing of soft power, which is supplied by drawing on the analytical power of post-Marxist hegemony and discourse theory. The methodology through which this concept is operationalised empirically emphasises outcomes over inputs, thus appraisals of soft power must account for whether the discourses promoted by mean-making initiatives resonate favourably with target audiences. Desk-based and field research supports an argument that Moscow acknowledges the need for soft power, understood here in terms of ‘sovereignty of spirit’. This civilisational approach is explored further, and the target narratives advanced by significant proponents of the discourse, namely the Russkiy Mir Foundation, the Russian Orthodox Church and foreign policy officials, are identified. Insights into the activities of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate to promote spiritually-infused discourses are provided, and new developments observed. Finally, the extent of Russian ‘civilisational’ soft power is estimated through surveys and focus groups gauging audience reception to the ideational narratives promoted. This thesis is dedicated to my nieces, Chloë Elizabeth Hudson (b. April 2008) and Sophie Jayne Hudson (b. May 2009), who grew with the thesis and always put a smile on my face. In the hope that they will continue to enjoy learning and develop a true love of knowledge Acknowledgements This document represents the culmination of four years of work, but it says little about the personal journey that unfolded alongside. Likewise, while there is only one name on the front page, in reality there were many others, who, in different ways, contributed to the research and who made it worth the toil. Many thanks are firstly due to my parents, Liz and Geoff Hudson, and my academic advisers, Dr Derek Averre and Dr Natalia Rulyova for all their support and assistance behind the scenes in bringing this project to fruition. I am also thankful to the ESRC, CEELBAS, BASEES and CREES for the financial support and opportunities that made my research possible. I am also grateful to the Aleksanteri Institute, University of Helsinki, where I spent a very productive institutional visit in early 2011. Further, I would like to express my gratitude to those people who contributed to my research in the field, and whose involvement was the making of the study; my focus group participants and survey respondents, my transcribers and local coordinators in Kyiv, L’viv, Donets’k and Kharkiv, as well as my interviewees in Moscow, Kyiv and elsewhere. I am also very grateful to the support and friendship of Olga Smirnova and family, Maria and Svetlana Ptashkina, Serega Popov, the participants of the wonderful Language Exchange Club, and J. Alex Howard who in different ways contributed to making my fieldwork especially enjoyable. I am also truly indebted to certain passengers on the night service from Kharkiv to Kyiv, several unnamed but kindly citizens of Kyiv, the Percherska Language Academy and PC Roman Poltavskiy of Sumy Police Department for helping me out when things got tough in the field. Credit must also go to Dr Cai Wilkinson, Dr Matt Frear, Dr Cerwyn Moore, Dr Peter Rodgers, Dr Arfon Rees and Dr David White whose advice on a wide variety of study- related themes was so very useful. Nicu Popescu, whose timely report ‘Russia’s soft power ambitions’ inspired this thesis, also deserves a mention. I am also especially grateful to Prof Nick Wheeler to enabling me to present my research at the IR and Security Theory reading group, which generated much useful feedback. Thanks are also due to Tanya Lipatova, Aleksandra Gerashchenko, Yulia, Dr Larisa Kosygina, James Freeman, Alla and Natasha, not to mention various taxi drivers, market traders and other kindly citizens of Nizhnevartovsk, for supporting me in learning Russian, and in the case of Olga Volosova, Ukrainian language. No acknowledgement would be complete without mentioning Marea and Tricia, whose kindness, understanding and support from within the admin office made the whole process much smoother and more pleasant. Over the course of the thesis, I have been blessed with fantastic fellow travellers Nino Kemoklidze, Dr Kamala Imranli-Lowe, Katha Hoffmann and Daniela Ionescu, from whom I have learnt much that is important in life and shared much heartening laughter. I’m also very happy to have shared the journey with our new CREESnik and GEESnik colleagues. The long hours spent in the Muirhead Tower have been further enriched by the company of our wonderful neighbours in POLSIS. Special mention must go to Dr David Norman and Dr Martin Monahan, whose timely academic advice, teaching support, friendship and general conversation have made all the difference these last few months. Along the journey was enlivened in various ways by Daniel Högger, Qasim Shah, Scott Taylor and Dan Ranga, Caroline Cresswell, Vicki Burns, BMF, KHRC, B29RC, Salsa@Risa, Dr Damien Duff, Edd Bauer and, of course, the Friday Night Crew . Very special thanks also to Jude and Liam, Greg and Lianne, Chloë and Sophie, and Emily Palmer for always being there, believing in me, sharing the good times and helping me through the tough’uns. Finally, taking the very long view, I cannot but think that this thesis is in part due to the support of a number of tutors over the years, who believed in me and encouraged me at the right moment: Prof John Gaffney, Dr Marcin Zaborovskiy, Mr David Frith, Mr Prittchard, Ms Barbara Imrie. Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1. BACKGROUND AND OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................ 1 1.2. RESEARCH QUESTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3. CONTRIBUTION ..................................................................................................................................... 3 1.4. MOTIVATION AND RESEARCHER QUALIFICATION ......................................................................................... 6 1.5. SYNOPSIS ............................................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER TWO: EXPLORATION OF THE LITERATURE ON SOFT POWER ...................................................... 12 2.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 12 2.2. THE ATTRACTION OF SOFT POWER FOR POLICY-MAKERS AND CITIZENS IN THE CONTEMPORARY WORLD ................... 13 2.3. HISTORICAL LINEAGE OF NON-MATERIAL FORMS OF POWER ............................................................................... 16 2.4. DETANGLING SOFT POWER FROM PARALLEL CONCEPTS .................................................................................... 19 2.5. NYE’S CONCEPT OF SOFT POWER ................................................................................................................. 28 2.6. THE INTANGIBLE SOFTNESS OF SOFT POWER: OR, WHAT MAKES SOFT POWER ‘SOFT’? ......................................... 36 2.7. EVALUATING SOFT POWER .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.8. REVIEW OF SECONDARY LITERATURE ON RUSSIAN SOFT POWER ......................................................................... 44 2.9. CONCLUDING REMARKS .............................................................................................................................. 48 CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK .......................................................................................... 50 3.1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 50 3.2. ONTOLOGICAL AND EPISTEMOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS .....................................................................................
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