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Maternal-Child Health ß and Kerstin Wydra (Eds E Groß Uweuw Groß and Kerstin Wydra (Eds.) US-UniGöttingen-084-Groß-MASilk150g-35x50-BB:Layout 1 28.10.2013 14:20 Seite 1 Kaschierung: matt, MASilk 150g aaternal-Cternal-Childhild Health is one of the greatest challengeshallenges the wworldorld has too cope withwith today. Everyry year,year, thousands of women,women,en, newbornsnewborns and childrenn Mdie unnecessarily,MM particularlyularly in resource-poor ssettingsettings.s. There is a greatt disparity caused by food insecurity and hunger, environmental health risks,s, GöttingenGöttingGöttingenGöttingen enInternational International Health Health NetwortNetw NetwortNetwortort (GIHN) (GIHN) sanitation challenges,challenges, culturalultural barriers and non-accessibility-accessibility to diagnosis s UweUwUweUwe Große Groß and and Kerstin Kerstinstinstin Wydra Wydra (Eds.) (Eds.) and treatment. “Maternal-Child“Maternal-Cl-Child Health: Interdisciplinaryplinary Aspects withinwithin thee orkork (GIHN) (GIHN) Perspective of Global Health”ealth” addresses these issues.ues. The contributions off Maternal-ChildMaternal-Childildild Health Health this book are based on the ONE HEALTH concept by focusing on infectiouss Netw Netw enen International International and non-communicable ddiseases and to present interdisciplinarynterdisciplinary viewsviews fromm g g InterdisciplinaryItInterdisciplinaryItdisciplinarydisciplinaryiiplinarylinaryiiplinarylinary Aspects Aspects Within Withinhinhin the the Perspective Perspective off ofGlobalf Global Health Health more than 60 authors whowhho come from 14 countries.s. 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ISBN:SBN: 978-3-86395-084-2978-33-86395-084-2 86395-084-2424-2 Universitätsverlagsverlag Göttingen U UniversitätsverlagUniversitätsverlagverlagverlag Göttingen Göttingen Göttingen International Health Network (GIHN) Uwe Groß and Kerstin Wydra (Eds.) Maternal-Child Health This work is licensed under the Creative Commons License 3.0 “by-sa”, allowing you to download, distribute and print the document. erschienen im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2013 Göttingen International Health Network (GIHN) Uwe Groß and Kerstin Wydra (Eds.) Maternal-Child Health Interdisciplinary Aspects Within the Perspective of Global Health Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2013 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar. Address of the Editor Göttingen International Health Network Prof. Dr. Uwe Groß Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Georg-August-Universität Kreuzbergring 57 37075 Göttingen e-mail: ugross@gwdg.de www.gihn.net This work is protected by German Intellectual Property Right Law. It is also available as an Open Access version through the publisher’s homepage and the Online Catalogue of the State and University Library of Goettingen (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de). Users of the free online version are invited to read, download and distribute it. Users may also print a small number for educational or private use. Setting and Layout: Josephine Meister Cover: Franziska Lorenz Cover Picture: Tony Hudson “Mother and Children” © 2013 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de ISBN: 978-3-86395-084-2 Table of Content Editorial 5 I. Environment and Health 7 1. Maternal Mortality and Near Miss Events: the African Perspective 9 2. Nutrition, Sanitation and Reproductive Health in Maternal-Child Health: Challenges in Low Resource Settings 23 3. Water Sanitation Challenge: Prevalence of Diarrhoea in Children under Age 5 in Slums and Regular Localities in Enugu, South-East Nigeria 31 4. Improving Maternal and Child Health: The Role of Food Safety in the Developing World 53 5. Household Food Insecurity and Hunger: Implications for Maternal and Child Health in Nigeria 63 6. Children’s Environmental Health Risks in Kenya 77 7. Metallic Iron for Clean Agriculture 89 II. Socioeconomic Factors 99 8. Maternal Health Care in Rural Areas of Tanzania: How do Beneficiaries Perceive the Quality of Services? 101 9. A Review of Selected Maternal and Child Health Indicators in Ghana 115 10. Health Financing and its Impact on Maternal and Child Health in Rwanda 137 11. Maternal and Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa 145 12. Aspects of the Religious Context to Maternal-Child Health (Between Global and Local) 165 2 Table of Content 13. Cultural Practices, Beliefs, Traditions and Norms in Atwima Nwabiagya District: A Blessing or a Curse for Maternal Health? 173 III. Infectious Diseases 189 14. Pregnancy-Related Infections 191 15. Malaria in Children and Adults - An Overview 207 16. Malaria in Pregnancy: The Parasite Infection Mechanism 221 17. Malaria and Blood Transfusion 229 18. The Role of Leptospirosis – Zoonotic Disease in Maternal-Child Health in Indonesia 235 19. Vertical Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus; the Role of Placental Barrier, Modes of Delivery, Viral Load & Immunoprophylaxis of Neonates 245 20. Human Cytomegalovirus Infection in Pregnancy and in Newborns 257 21. Global aspects of Human Papillomavirus Infection in Feto-Maternal Health 271 22. Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Women 285 23. The Burden of Streptococcal Diseases in Maternal-Child Health in West Africa 305 24. Candidiasis in Pregnant Women 313 25. Salmonella Typhi Infection 321 26. Epidemiology and Characterization of Rotavirus Strains Causing Diarrhoea in Indonesia 339 27. Tuberculosis in Children 351 28. Diagnosis of Children Lung Tuberculosis based on Rapid Molecular Methods (MAS-PCR and Xpert MTB/RIF System) 361 29. The Role of the Tuberculosis Laboratory in Supporting the Clinical Examination of Various Specimens of Tuberculosis Patients in North Sumatera, Indonesia 373 Maternal-Child Health – Interdiscplinary Aspects Within the Perspective of Global Health 3 30. Buruli Ulcer: A Disease which Leads to Severe Disabilities and Mostly Affects Children Living in Wet Agro-Ecosystems of West and Central Africa. 379 31. Arboviral Infection during Pregnancy and Childhood: Implications for the Mother and Child 387 32. Social-Related and General Aspects of Ebola Virus in African Communities 411 33. Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) in Women and Children 423 IV. Non-communicable Diseases 437 34. Significance of Iron Deficiency for Pregnancy and Childbirth in Low- Resource Countries 439 35. The Impact of Contraception on Maternal Mortality in Indonesia 465 36. Basic Sonography in Maternal Care in Resource-Poor Settings 477 37. Neonatal Health: The Key to Achieving Millennium Development Goal 4? 491 38. Ovarian Cancer in Pregnancy: What Should We Do? 511 39. Breast Cancer in Countries with Limited Resources 519 List of Authors 537 Editorial Uwe Gross and Kerstin Wydra Improving maternal-child health as a challenging mission has been recognized by the United Nations already more than 10 years ago and resulted in the declaration of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Although much has been achieved already, several countries, especially those with low resources are far from track in reaching these goals, particularly when speaking of MDG 4 and 5. Improving health conditions of pregnant women, young mothers, and their children requires multidisciplinary approaches. The Göttingen International Health Network (GIHN) is aiming to contribute to the MDG 4 and 5 by educational pro- grammes including (human) capacity building, as well as by cooperating in scien- tific and clinical projects with partners from low- and middle-income countries. GIHN is formed by more than 30 scientists and clinicians, who come from 7 fac- ulties of the Georg-August-University Göttingen (GAUG), including the Universi- ty Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), and thus allowing interdisciplinary solutions from academia on questions related to Global Health. Throughout the past years, several international summerschools focussing on interdisciplinary aspects of mother-child health, have been organized by GIHN in Ghana, Germany, Indonesia, and Tanzania. These summer schools enhanced our collaborations and broaden our understanding on maternal-child health and thus, lay the basis for collecting these findings and share them with a broad scientific community via a print AND open-access publication of this book. In this publica- tion, more than 60 authors from 14 African, Asian and European countries reflect 6 Editorial on the different dimension of maternal-child well-being within Global Health; its preconditions in our One World where the health of humans largely depends on the health of animals and plants, and thus being the result of adequate economic, ecological, social and cultural conditions. Therefore, to understand
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