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Migration – the Value Added? the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Lublin Business School, Ltd Migration – the value added? The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Lublin Business School, Ltd. of the KUL Development Foundation Studies in Migration – vol. 2 Migration – the value added? Edited by: Krzysztof Markowski Lublin 2008 Language editorship – Krzysztof Markowski Cover design – Anna Kowalczyk Technical editorship – Tomasz Piech Peer preview by – prof. dr Roman Dzwonkowski Publishing within the project “Cooperation of Universities supporting the development of the Lublin and Lviv regions” of the Neighbourhood Programme Poland – Belarus – Ukraine Interreg IIIA/ Tacis 2004-2006 Project finance agreement: Nr. IG-2004/PL-UB/2.06/2.1/U-16/06 from 26 June 2006 Project Part-financed by the European Fund of Regional Development within the Neighbourhood Programme Poland-Belarus-Ukraine INTERREG IIIA/TACIS CBC Some parts of the present publication were prepared within the framework of Migravalue project of Interreg III B Cadses Programme of the European Union © Publishing House of Catholic University of Lublin 2008 ISBN: 978-83-7363-511-1 The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] http://www.kul.lublin.pl Co-publisher: Lublin Business School Ltd. of the KUL Development Foundation Konstantynow Str. 1H 20-708 Lublin (Poland) e-mail: [email protected] http://www.lbs.pl CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................7 Part I Marek Lisiecki Migration as a real and potential threat for the security of the state ...........9 Dorota Praszałowicz Poles in Berlin: from germanization to globalization .................................18 Dorota Miłek, Bartosz Jóźwik Recent Migration from Central and Eastern Europe to the UK .................29 Joanna Napierała, Paulina Trevena Contemporary migrations to Norway in the light of the most recent data .............................................................................36 Part II Zofia Kawczyńska-Butrym Migration capital – expectations and experiences ....................................47 Bohdan Rożnowski, Dorota Bryk, Katarzyna Myk Stress management strategies of migrant workers away from home .......56 Fernando Fernández Martin Migration and EU in the XXI century.........................................................69 Zbigniew Zaleski Migration in Europe – advantages and disadvantages .............................84 Part III Bohdan Hud Main issues of labor migration in Ukraine .................................................87 Nadiya Hapon The Ukrainian family and work-related emigration: realities and perspectives .........................................................................98 Natalia Romaniuk (Kozak) Dialectics of challenges and threats to security: migration aspect ......... 110 Introduction From the beginning of human existence, people have been moving, looking for a better place. The main motive for these migrations was the search for more favorable conditions for development. People were looking for better soil for the cultivation of plants and animal breeding as well as for land rich in natural resources. In these times migration had a collective character and usually concerned whole tribes who would take all their possessions with them: plants for cultivation, animals and tools. Nowadays, migration has taken on an individualized form. In the 21st century people make the decision about departure from their place of inhabitation independently, or together with their families. Migration is a very dynamic and variable phenomenon. Analyses of its trends to date lead to the conclusion that the phenomenon of migration will intensify in the near future and it will slowly embrace the whole world.1 More and more people will decide to change their place of living, and each country will become both a source and goal of migration. Furthermore, migrants will belong to different social and ethnic groups, which will make distinctions between particular waves of migration (for ex- ample, migration for money, political migration and so on) practically impossible, and women will constitute the majority of migrants. According to the experts of the World Bank, the increase in the number of mi- grating people will concern not only such countries as Poland, the Czech Republic or Ukraine, that is, countries that are going through economic transformations, but will also embrace highly developed countries2. For example, according to the British Insti- tute for Public Policy Research’s analysis of the emigration of British people, England is both a receiving and sending country. In 2005, 198,000 educated British people migrated from England3. The most popular countries of destination were: Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the Republic of South Africa. A similar situation concerns Germany. In 2006, as many as 145,000 Germans left their country to seek their for- 1 See CASTES St., MILLER M.: The Age of Migration. International Population Movements in the Mod- ern World. Palgrave Macmillan Press, London 2003. 2 See Report: Labor Migration Likely to Grow in Europe and Central Asia, [online:] http://www.world- bank.org 3 SRISKANDARAJAH D., DREW C.: Mapping the scale and nature of British Emigration. IPPR, 2006. [online:] http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=509 (20. 12. 2006). 7 tune abroad. It is the biggest wave of emigration from Germany since 19544. One can list more similar examples. The level of economic development of Poland and Ukraine as well as Western European countries has a fundamental influence on the size of migration from these countries. The ratio of wages in, for example, Poland and Germany is presently very unfavorable for Poland. Unfortunately, leveling of the standards of living and wages in the countries of Eastern and Western Europe will not happen in the near future. The possibility of obtaining higher wages for similar work as well as better professional perspectives in another country will induce many people to depart. Recently, migration has become a challenge for many countries – both for those from which the migrants depart and those that receive them. Migration produces many consequences, favorable or unfavorable, for these countries. This situation ap- plies as well to Ukraine and Poland, as countries whose citizens go as migrants abroad to other European countries. Effects of migration are visible in different spheres of social life: political, social, economic and psychological. Additionally, many factors of an individual character have influence on the decision to depart. The present publica- tion tries to answer selected aspects of the question regarding the value of migration to the various parties involved. The main purpose of present volume is to answer the question: to what extent is migration an added value? The articles examine selected streams of migration from Poland and Ukraine and various accompanying phenomena as well as individual and social consequences. Although the studies made by particular authors, collected in this volume, cover different aspects of migration, one can group the articles into three thematically simi- lar sections. The first article is a study of the influence of migration on the security of the Polish state. Next, studies concerning the migration of Poles to Berlin, Great Brit- ain and Norway are presented. In the second part, migration is presented as material (living), social and health capital. This article also deals with how the migrants cope with stress. This section also includes an article about the size of migration in the Euro- pean Union, as well as actions aimed at monitoring and controlling this phenomenon, and finally, the disadvantages and advantages of European migration. The third part presents studies concerning migration in Ukraine. They show problems connected with the departures of Ukrainian people from their places of inhabitation and the influence of these departures on the family and the security of the state, including the economic, demographic and social aspects. Krzysztof Markowski 4 ZDZIECHOWSKA M.: Emigracja bezrobotnych, 2007. [online:] http://www.wprost.pl/ar/118661/ Emigracja-bezrobotnych. 8 Marek Lisiecki * Migration as a real and potential threat for the security of the state In studies made by international organizations and scientific-research centers, there have been efforts to define the basic concepts connected with security (interna- tional and internal), detailed retrospective and prospective identification of threats, classification of threats and efforts to determine the risk of their occurrence. For exam- ple, UN documents list among the phenomena threatening international security any event or a process which leads to a large number of fatalities or to lowering the survival chances of individuals and undermining the essence of the state as the basic unit of the international system. Six groups of threats have been identified as facing the world now or in the near future. These are: 1. economic and social threats, including poverty, infectious diseases and degra- dation of natural environment, 2. conflicts between countries, 3. internal conflicts, including civil wars, genocide and other large-scale distur- bances 4. nuclear, radiological, chemical and biological weapons, 5. terrorism, 6. international organized crime1. German researchers point to a somewhat different set of threats to international security – particularly European. Studies carried out in Germany indicate that the
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