Indigenous Data Sovereignty: Toward an Agenda
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INDIGENOUS DATA SOVEREIGNTY TOWARD AN AGENDA INDIGENOUS DATA SOVEREIGNTY TOWARD AN AGENDA Edited by TAHU KUKUTAI AND JOHN TAYLOR Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research College of Arts and Social Sciences The Australian National University, Canberra RESEARCH MONOGRAPH NO. 38 2016 Published by ANU Press The Australian National University Acton ACT 2601, Australia Email: [email protected] This title is also available online at press.anu.edu.au National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry Title: Indigenous data sovereignty : toward an agenda / editors: Tahu Kukutai, John Taylor. ISBN: 9781760460303 (paperback) 9781760460310 (ebook) Series: Research monograph (Australian National University. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research) ; no. 38. Subjects: Indigenous peoples--Statistics. Aboriginal Australians--Legal status, laws, etc. Aboriginal Australians--Statistics. Records--Access control--Australia. Maori (New Zealand people)--Legal status, laws, etc. Maori (New Zealand people)--Statistics. Records--Access control--New Zealand. Other Creators/Contributors: Kukutai, Tahu, editor. Taylor, John, 1953- editor. Dewey Number: 305.89915 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Cover design and layout by ANU Press. Cover photograph: Preston Singletary and Lewis Tamihana Gardiner Whale rider 2007. Glass (blown and sand-carved), pounamu (New Zealand jade), pāua (New Zealand abalone), 20 x 24.5 x 6 inches (50.8 x 62.2 x 15.2 cm incl. base). Photo © Russell Johnson. This powerful collaborative work brings together the artistic traditions of Tlingit of the Northwest Coast of Canada and Māori of Aotearoa/New Zealand. It reflects the spirit of this book, showing another way in which indigenous peoples are collaborating across international borders to make themselves visible and heard. This edition © 2016 ANU Press Contents List of figures ...........................................vii List of tables ............................................ ix Abbreviations ........................................... xi Contributors ............................................xv Preface ................................................xxi 1. Data sovereignty for indigenous peoples: current practice and future needs. 1 Tahu Kukutai and John Taylor Part 1: Decolonising indigenous data 2. Data and the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 25 Megan Davis 3. What does data sovereignty imply: what does it look like? .....39 C Matthew Snipp 4. Colonialism’s and postcolonialism’s fellow traveller: the collection, use and misuse of data on indigenous people ......57 Ian Pool Part 2: Critiques of official statistics 5. Data politics and Indigenous representation in Australian statistics. 79 Maggie Walter 6. Indigenising demographic categories: a prolegomenon to indigenous data sovereignty ..........................99 Frances Morphy 7. Governing data and data for governance: the everyday practice of Indigenous sovereignty . .117 Diane E Smith Part 3: Data sovereignty in practice 8. Pathways to First Nations’ data and information sovereignty. .139 First Nations Information Governance Centre (FNIGC) 9. Tribal data sovereignty: Whakatōhea rights and interests .....157 Maui Hudson, Dickie Farrar and Lesley McLean 10. The world’s most liveable city—for Māori: data advocacy and Māori wellbeing in Tāmaki Makaurau (Auckland) ........179 James Hudson 11. Indigenous data sovereignty: a Māori health perspective .....193 Rawiri Jansen 12. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander community wellbeing: identified needs for statistical capacity ...................213 Ray Lovett 13. Data sovereignty for the Yawuru in Western Australia ........233 Mandy Yap and Eunice Yu 14. Building a data revolution in Indian country ................253 Desi Rodriguez-Lonebear Part 4: State agency responses 15. The Australian Bureau of Statistics’ Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander enumeration and engagement strategies: challenges and future options. .275 Paul Jelfs 16. Indigenous peoples and the official statistics system in Aotearoa/New Zealand .............................291 Darin Bishop Index ................................................307 List of figures Figure 10.1 The Māori Plan for Tāmaki Makaurau ............185 Figure 11.1 Mana Kidz data scorecard .....................199 Figure 11.2 The AWHI data scorecard .....................203 vii List of tables Table 5.1 OLS regression variable description and coefficients predicting ‘attitudes to Aboriginal issues’ scores ..........89 Table 7.1 Data for building and evaluating indigenous governance arrangements. 124 Table 9.1 Data sovereignty: articulating tribal rights and interests for Whakatōhea ........................172 Table 13.1 Timeline of the Yawuru native title determination and subsequent actions to implement the Knowledge and Wellbeing Project .............................241 Table 13.2 Examples of grounded community-driven approaches for deriving measures of wellbeing . .246 Table 14.1 Tribal data sources and identifiers ................260 Table 15.1 Characteristics of solution-centred and collection-centred statistics ......................289 Table 16.1 Key stages of the data collection and survey cycle ....293 ix Abbreviations 5D data five ‘Ds’ of Indigenous Australian data AATSIHS Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Survey ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics AFN Assembly of First Nations AHMAC Australian Health Ministers Advisory Group AIAN American Indian and Alaska Native AIHW Australian Institute of Health and Welfare ANRC Alaska Native Regional Corporation ANU The Australian National University ANVSA Alaska Native Village Statistical Area APS Australian Public Service ARF acute rheumatic fever ASSA Academy of the Social Sciences in Australia AuSSA Australian Survey of Social Attitudes AWHI Auckland Wide Healthy Homes Initiative BIA Bureau of Indian Affairs CAEPR Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research CANZUS Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the United States CCOH Chiefs Committee on Health COAG Council of Australian Governments CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CVD cardiovascular disease DD/PP deficit data/problematic people xi INDIGENOUS Data SOVEREIGNTY DHB district health board DSov data sovereignty DSuz data suzerainty ECOSOC Economic and Social Council FETP Field Epidemiology Training Program FNIGC First Nations Information Governance Centre GAS Group A Streptococcal GDP gross domestic product GIS Geographical Information System GP general practitioner HILDA Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia HUD Department of Housing and Urban Development (US) ICES Indigenous Community Engagement Strategy ICG Indigenous community governance ICT information and communication technology IDI Integrated Data Infrastructure IEAG Independent Expert Advisory Group IEM Indigenous Engagement Manager IGO international governmental organisation ILO International Labour Organization IMSB Independent Māori Statutory Board IP intellectual property IRB institutional review board IT information technology LSIC Longitudinal Survey of Indigenous Children MADSG Metro Auckland Data Stewardship Group MAE Master of Applied Epidemiology MAST Maths as Story Telling MCT Minnesota Chippewa Tribe MSB Medical Services Branch NAGATSIHID National Advisory Group on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Information and Data NATSISS National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey xii ABBREViations NCATSIS National Centre for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Statistics NCEPH National Centre of Epidemiology and Population Health NGO nongovernmental organisation NHC National Hauora Coalition NHMRC National Health and Medical Research Council NHT national health target NIHB Non-Insured Health Benefits NSO national statistics office OCAP® ownership, control, access and possession OID Overcoming Indigenous disadvantage report OLS ordinary least-squares OTSA Oklahoma Tribal Statistical Area PHO primary health care organisation PISA Programme for International Student Assessment RHS (First Nations and Inuit) Regional Health Survey RNZCGP Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners SAIR State American Indian Reservation SDG Sustainable Development Goal SDTSA State Designated Tribal Statistical Area TDSA Tribal Designated Statistical Area TMR Te Mana Raraunga TPP Trans-Pacific Partnership UBC University of British Columbia UN United Nations UNDRIP United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples UNPFII United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues VET vocational education and training WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization YKC Yawuru Knowing our Community survey xiii Contributors Darin Bishop (Ngāruahine, Taranaki) is Team Leader of Organisational Knowledge at Te Puni Kōkiri, the Ministry of Māori Development. He has had a long involvement with the development of Māori statistics across the official statistics system and was formerly a researcher in the now disbanded Māori Statistics Unit at Statistics New Zealand. Along with former unit head Whetu Wereta, Darin played a critical role in the development of the Māori Statistics Framework. Megan Davis is a Cobble Cobble Aboriginal woman from south-west Queensland. She is Professor of Law and Director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the