DOCSLIB.ORG

Shubhra Pachouri (INDIA) in Partial Fulfillment of the Re

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Shubhra Pachouri (INDIA) in Partial Fulfillment of the Re Graduate School of Development Studies DISCRIMINATION AND VIOLENCE AGAINST DALIT WOMEN ENGAGED IN MANUAL SCAVENGING: LEGAL REMEDIES AND BEYOND A Research Paper presented by: Shubhra Pachouri (INDIA) In partial fulfillment of the requirements for obtaining the degree of MASTERS OF ARTS IN DEVELOPMENT STUDIES Specialisation: HUMAN RIGHTS, DEVELOPMENT AND SOCIAL JUSTICE (HDS) Members of the examining committee: Dr THANH DAM TRUONG (supervisor) Dr RACHEL KURIAN (reader) The Hague, The Netherlands NOVEMBER, 2008 Disclaimer: This document represents part of the author’s study programme while at the Institute of Social Studies. The views stated therein are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Institute. Research papers are not made available for circulation outside of the Institute. Inquiries: Postal address: Institute of Social Studies P.O. Box 29776 2502 LT The Hague The Netherlands Location: Kortenaerkade 12 2518 AX The Hague The Netherlands Telephone: +31 70 426 0460 Fax: +31 70 426 0799 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have played a direct or indirect, central or supporting role in this research. The most important of these is my supervisor, Dr. Thanhdam Troung and my Reader Dr. Rachel Kurian. They have provided systematic guidance and feedback to me and I would like to thank to them for their guidance and for bringing greater clarity to my work. I would like to thank the Ford Foundation International Fellowship Program for funding my study. A most important part of the paper was the active participation of those women who raised their voices without fear. I most sincerely acknowledge their voices as central to this research. I would also like to thank Jayanti Ahirwar, a Dalit leader and Surjeet Valmik, a representative of Garima Abhiyan, 2007 program from Chahatarpur. Also I would like to thanks to Helen, Kathrin, Jayshree Mangubhai, Manorama, Maja, Jyotsna Mackwan, Deepti Jain, John, Jogmaya and Varun Cen who have helped me by clarifying my doubts, providing valuable and important feedback on my writing and has a great contribution on correcting the language of the paper; their help was essential, and I owe them my deepest gratitude. Apart from these, my special thanks go to my mother Mrs. Sushila Pachouri, my son Udbhav, my husband Mr. Mahendra Tiwari, and all my family members who gave me moral support during my course. Without their help I would not have got the chance to undertake this program of study. 3 Table of Contents List of Tables 6 List of Acronyms 7 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Statement of the research problem 11 1.2 Relevance and Justification 14 1.3 Research objectives 14 1.4 Research Questions 15 1.5 Research Methodology 15 1.6 Scope and Limitations 16 Chapter 2 DISCRIMINATION & VIOLENCE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK 17 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 2.2 Caste, Class and Occupation 17 2.3 Gender and Patriarchy 19 2.4 Structural Violence 19 2.5 Intersectional Discrimination and Human Rights 20 2.6 Social Exclusion 21 2.7 Impunity 22 Chapter 3 DALITS' RIGHTS IN LAW AND IN PRACTICE: SOME DISCREPANCIES 23 3.1 Introduction 23 3.2 Dalits Human Rights in the International Arena 23 3.3 Dalit rights, the government and international law 24 3.4 Constitutional Guarantees: a list of provisions 25 3.5 Contradictions between law and practice 26 Chapter 4 MANUAL SCAVENGING IN CHHATARPUR (MP): PERSISTENT INEQUALITIES AND DISCRIMINATION 28 4.1 Introduction 28 4.2 Practice of Manual Scavenging as Discrimination in the Chhatarpur District of Madhya Pradesh (MP) 28 4.3 Sanitation system and Practice of Manual Scavenging in MP 29 4 4.4 Manual Scavenging and practice of ‘Untouchability’ 29 4.5 Women and manual scavenging 30 4.6 Economic Discrimination 30 4.6.1 Employment – Discrimination, work environment and new challenges 31 4.7 Social, Cultural and Political Spheres of Discrimination and Violence 33 Chapter 5 EXPERIENCES OF VIOLENCE WITH IMPUNITY: VOICES OF DALIT WOMEN FROM MADHYA PRADESH STATE 35 5.1 Introduction 35 5.2 Case Studies 35 5.2.1 The Background of the chosen case studies 35 5.2.2 Case Study 1: ‘State Actor- ‘Protector or Perpetrator’ : Voice of Dalit Women Engaged in Manual Scavenging from Chhatarpur District 36 5.2.3 Case Study 2- Legislation for Dalit and Structural Violence [A case documented in the book ‘Untouchability on Trial] 38 5.2.4 Case Study 3- Power of Domination and Dalits [Systematic Structural Violence, Intersectional Violence and Impunity: Beyond Social Justice] 41 Chapter 6 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS 45 6.1 Conclusions 45 6.2 Recommendations 46 References 48 5 List of Tables Table -1 Census data 2001: Overview of Scheduled Castes Population in India 57 Table No.2- Scheduled Castes: Total population of Basod, Basor, Bhangi and Mehtar in MP 57 Table No. 3- Demographic Profile of District Chhatarpur 57 TABLE No- 4 Facts related to total number of Scavengers in India 59 Table no- 5 62 Facts related to Scavenging in Chhatarpur 62 Table no-6 Social Indicators for Dalits in India (1998-1999) 62 Table no – 7 62 Economic indicators for Dalits in India (1999-2000) 62 Table No. 8 64 Scenario of Dalits in India 64 Table No. 9 65 Violence against Dalit (Scheduled Caste) Women in District Chhatarpur, M.P. India 65 Table No. 10 66 Status of Atrocities Cases on Dalit (Scheduled Caste) in the , District Court Chhatarpur, MP (between 2006 to June 2008). 66 Table No. 11 Forms/sites arranged in decreasing order of incidence; pooled data from 11 states of India. 67 6 List of Acronyms BJP Bhartiya Janta Party CERD Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination CrPC Criminal Procedure Code 1973 CMO Chief Municipality Officer CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Dis- crimination against Women 1979 DEVW Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women1993 DEMS Dalit Engaged in Manual Scavenging DMEMS Dalit Men Engaged in Manual Scavenging DWEMS Dalit Women Engaged in Manual Scavenging DSP Deputy Superintendent of Police DM/DC District Magistrate/District Collector EMSCDLPA The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construc- tion of Dry Latrines Prohibition Act 1993 FIR First Information Report FR Fundamental Rights IPC Indian Penal Code 1860 ICCPR International Convention on Civil and Political Rights 1966 ICESCR International Convention on Economic, Social & Cul- tural Rights 1966 ICERD International Convention on Elimination of All forms of Racial Discrimination 1965 IC Indian Constitution 1949 MLA Member of State Legislative Assembly (Lower House of Parliament) MP Madhya Pradesh MS Manual Scavengers MPHRC Madhya Pradesh Human Rights Commission MPCSC Madhya Pradesh Commission for Scheduled Caste NGO Non-governmental Organisation OBC Other Backward Caste ORGI Office of the Registrar General, India PCRA Protection of Civil Rights Act, 1955 SC Schedule Caste, Official term used for Dalit communi- ties ST Schedule Tribe, Official term used for tribal [Adivasi] Communities SC/ ST PS Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Police Station SC&ST (POA) Act Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 SC&ST (POA) Rule Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 SHG Self Help Group 7 SP Superintendent of Police SI Sub-Inspector of Police UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Glossary Atrocity - A Non-legal term, used by the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India which indicate offences under the Indian Penal Code 1860 committed against Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes by those not belonging to ei- ther community, where caste consideration is in fact the root cause of the crime even though caste consciousness may not be the immediate motive. Backward caste- Castes position below forward castes in the ritualised social hierarchy Caste System- Hindu religious script ‘Manusmriti’ defined the ‘varna’ (now refer it caste) as the division of labor basis of Karman (work division), and this division is the foundation of Hindu social hierarchy in the caste system. Caste-based structure- Under Hindu caste system, Brahmans (Priestly class) have the top position in the social hierarchy, Kshatriya group (Warrior/ruling class) come in second position, Vaisya group (Farmers and Merchants) is in third position, and Shudra group (Servant and labour class) is in the lowest posi- tion. Dalit- Meaning ‘broken people’, a term employed by the Anti-caste movement in India to denote ‘untouchable’ or Scheduled Castes, the lowest group in the ritualised social hierarchy of the caste system. They are facing widespread dis- crimination on the basis of work and descent. Dominant Caste- Common used words in Hindu society for the ‘dominant’ castes are ‘upper’ caste or ‘higher caste’. The caste those gain power and control other castes. They use power as a form of domination and oppression and by this they maintain the subordination of some castes often called ‘lower caste’, ‘un- touchable’ or ‘impure or polluted’ dominated by them. District Collector- Administrative head of a district with quasi-judicial power Forward Caste- All ‘high’ castes, that are not classified by the government of India as backward caste, scheduled caste or scheduled tribe Gram Sabha- Formal assemble of all citizens in a village panchayat jurisdiction Harijan- A term implies ‘children of god’ used by Gandhi for Dalit and now use of this term is restricted by government as Anit-caste movement find its mean- ing anti-caste because all people are the ‘children of god’ thus objected to this term particularly for Dalits. Manual Scavenger- A person engaged in or employed for manually carrying human excreta (Defined in the act, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construc- tion of Dry Latrines Prohibition Act 1993). Water-seal latrine- A pour-flush latrine with a minimum water-seal of 20 millimetres diameter in which human excreta is pushed in or flushes by water.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Download Download
    Volume 02 :: Issue 01 April 2021 A Global Journal ISSN 2639-4928 CASTE on Social Exclusion brandeis.edu/j-caste PERSPECTIVES ON EMANCIPATION EDITORIAL AND INTRODUCTION “I Can’t Breathe”: Perspectives on Emancipation from Caste Laurence Simon ARTICLES A Commentary on Ambedkar’s Posthumously Published Philosophy of Hinduism - Part II Rajesh Sampath Caste, The Origins of Our Discontents: A Historical Reflection on Two Cultures Ibrahim K. Sundiata Fracturing the Historical Continuity on Truth: Jotiba Phule in the Quest for Personhood of Shudras Snehashish Das Documenting a Caste: The Chakkiliyars in Colonial and Missionary Documents in India S. Gunasekaran Manual Scavenging in India: The Banality of an Everyday Crime Shiva Shankar and Kanthi Swaroop Hate Speech against Dalits on Social Media: Would a Penny Sparrow be Prosecuted in India for Online Hate Speech? Devanshu Sajlan Indian Media and Caste: of Politics, Portrayals and Beyond Pranjali Kureel ‘Ambedkar’s Constitution’: A Radical Phenomenon in Anti-Caste Discourse? Anurag Bhaskar, Bluestone Rising Scholar 2021 Award Caste-ing Space: Mapping the Dynamics of Untouchability in Rural Bihar, India Indulata Prasad, Bluestone Rising Scholar 2021 Award Caste, Reading-habits and the Incomplete Project of Indian Democracy Subro Saha, Bluestone Rising Scholar Honorable Mention 2021 Clearing of the Ground – Ambedkar’s Method of Reading Ankit Kawade, Bluestone Rising Scholar Honorable Mention 2021 Caste and Counselling Psychology in India: Dalit Perspectives in Theory and Practice Meena Sawariya, Bluestone Rising Scholar Honorable Mention 2021 FORUM Journey with Rural Identity and Linguicism Deepak Kumar Drawing on paper; 35x36 cm; Savi Sawarkar 35x36 cm; Savi on paper; Drawing CENTER FOR GLOBAL DEVELOPMENT + SUSTAINABILITY THE HELLER SCHOOL AT BRANDEIS UNIVERSITY CASTE A GLOBAL JOURNAL ON SOCIAL EXCLUSION PERSPECTIVES ON EMANCIPATION VOLUME 2, ISSUE 1 JOINT EDITORS-IN-CHIEF Laurence R.
    [Show full text]
  • Anil Chainani
    Real Name – Anil Chainani Professional Name – Deejay Lemon About me Many DJs today know their own musical style inside out and back to front. They can weave absolutely seamlessly between tracks, and technically have skills to blow you away. But what about the huge mass of music that gets left out? This made Dj lemon what he is today. Dj lemon always believed that you learn a lot about people when you listen to the songs that mean something to them. Think again, as this is something we have to admit! Having shared console with big names in Indian Dj industry like Dj Vaggy, Dj Kawal, Dj Stash, and many others gave Dj Lemon the credit he deserved. Known for his authentic compositions of synths and beats, Dj Lemon introduced to the industry what potential electronic music has, and can have in the coming times. Although his first love being electronic music, Dj Lemon also realised that if you like different styles of music, chances are your audience do, too. Therefore, he mastered himself in music ranging from commercial club bollywood , to deep and progressive house. Dj Lemon is one of the few in India who boasts himself of creating his own compositions in remixing, thus, giving an all new dimension to remixing/production. At present, Dj Lemon not only remixes and produces electronic music thousands of people are fans of, but he also teaches other aspiring Djs the right tools to be among the best. Please visit his creations because Dj Lemon's Music expresses which cannot be said and what is impossible to keep silent.
    [Show full text]
  • Minutes of the Meeting of the Screening Committee Meeting Held
    Minutes of the Meeting of the Screening Committee meeting held on 5th June, 2012 for scrutiny/recommending of new cases under the scheme of grant in aid to Voluntary Organizations working for Scheduled Castes. The screening committee meeting was held on 5th June, 2012 under the chairmanship of Shri Sanjeev Kumar, Joint Secretary (SCD). The two non-official members of the Committee present were (i) Shri M.B. Deshmukh, Secretary, Servants of India Society and (ii) Dr. Bezwada Wilson, Convenor, Safai Karmachari Andolan. 2. At the outset, the Committee was informed about the budget allocation for 2012-13 under the scheme, notional allocation fixed for the States/UTs within the budgetary outlay, committed liability for funding existing ongoing projects, number of proposals already recommended by the Screening Committee during last years but grants are yet to be released and number of proposals received during 2011-12 & 2012-13. In this connection, the Committee was informed that as per the policy decision in the Ministry’s Office Order No.1- 31/2006-Cdn., dated 05.09.2008 and 23.02.2009, recommendations of the State GIA Committee for new projects would remain valid for the financial year following the year in which they were received and recommendations of the Screening Committee within the Ministry would also remain valid for one year following the year in which they are recommended. The Committee was also informed that as per the Scheme, recommendations of State/UT Grants-in- Aid Committee along with inspection reports for the current year are required each and every year for releasing of grant to any project proposal under the Scheme.
    [Show full text]
  • Building Life-Affirming Communities: Face to Face with the Many Poor and the Many Faiths in Asia Manual Scavengers in India
    Building Life-affirming Communities: Face To Face with the many poor and the many faiths in Asia Manual Scavengers in India Why should other people remove another people’s shit? -Bezwada Wilson Introduction Manual scavenging is a lifting and removal of human excreta in India. There are two ways of doing scavenging. Firstly, it is trough dry toilets, where human excreta is left on a stone, plate, mud, or in a bucket. The scavengers must remove the excreta to a place of disposal. Secondly, scavengers must clean sewage pits, both in private homes and in cities. While private pits are cleaned under cover of darkness, it is a common sight to find men opening manholes to go down and manually clean sewers. However, manual scavenging was banned by a formal Act of parliament in 1993. This paper focuses on the abuse and discrimination of the so-called Dalits. It raises the awareness of human rights and the respect of the Imago Dei in the so-called ‘Dalits’ people, if one look at them must see God in their lives. The paper will use Bezwada Wilson’s oral lecture presented in March 2019 in Delhi, India on the manual scavenging dilemma faced by the Dalits. Who are the Scavengers? Scavengers are the people of low-caste, the so-called ‘Dalits’ in particular. According to Hindi social hierarchy they are untouchables. Of course, manual scavenging and untouchability is a caste discrimination. The Dalits are forced to have least desirable occupations such as cleaning, sweeping, leatherwork, removal of human excreta, removal of human and cattle corpses etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Children's & Young Adult Catalogue
    Children’s & Young Adult Catalogue January–June 2021 June to December 2020 Highlights June to December 2020 Highlights Letter from the Editors Contents Dear readers, The year 2020 has been a reminder The Puffin Classics list continues to that when the going gets tough, we turn grow stronger with two new additions. to things that are familiar to us: families, The seminal Marathi classic Shyamchi Aai community, food and books. While the has been splendidly translated by Shanta past year has transformed the landscape Gokhale, while Indrani Majumdar is back Puffin of publishing and book buying in a lot with the first ever translation of Another of ways, we bounced back by supporting Dozen Stories by Satyajit Ray. each other and doing what we loved: Reading is a luxurious escape and at Children’s 7 talking about the books that changed lives. PRHI, we take great pride in planning With this thought, we spent a lot of time the most elaborate ones. Readers can Young Adult 22 thinking, re-energizing and coming up with choose between Sinbad and the Trumpet Learning 27 ideas to encourage new readers to keep of Israfil, The Absolutely Truer Adventures reading. And so we publish our fantastic of Daydreamer Dev, Ninja Nani and the range of gorgeously produced board books Freaky Food Festival and Murder in for early readers in 2021 with My First Melucha. Pirates, moon landings and Puffin Library and My Little Book of Gods magical kingdoms await you. and Goddesses. Finally, Puffin and Duckbill are pumped We continue curating diverse titles for to bring you the comfort of familiarity Duckbill our younger readers through meaningful, with stories by Sudha Murty, Paro Anand, issue-centric picture books such as Ruskin Bond, Jane De Suza, Evan Purcell Sometimes Mama, Sometimes Papa, and Devika Rangachari while also Younger Readers 31 What’s the Big Secret? and Jamlo Walks welcoming a slew of new authors to while adding new titles to our bestselling our lists.
    [Show full text]
  • The Long March to Eliminate Manual Scavenging
    Basket Burning by safai karmacharis at Jantar Mantar, New Delhi – a symbolic act of defiance to push the demand for elimination of manual scavenging. Photo Credit: Safai Karmachari Andolan Te Long March to Eliminate Manual Scavenging Bezwada Wilson and Bhasha Singh* ‘For ours is a battle not for wealth or for power. It is questions that the Indian democracy must answer. a battle for freedom. It is the battle of reclamation Te observations and arguments in this chapter of human personality.’ are derived from decades of frst-hand experience —Dr. B.R. Ambedkar of having lived and worked within the scavenging (Vundru, 2013) community. Trough the chapter we will highlight the ground reality and everyday experiences of We would like to begin this chapter with some people who are dependent on manual scavenging difcult questions, perhaps at the risk of making for their livelihood. Te lives of scavengers in every you, the reader, uncomfortable. Why are the Indian aspect are defned and governed by livelihood government and even the media and civil society ‘choices’ which are a direct consequence of the quiet about the death of more than a thousand of caste group they are born into and die a part of. its citizens (Tomas, 2016)? People are being killed Te chapter will focus on the extent and nature of in sewer and septic tanks every day and yet, so far the problem of manual scavenging and describe there has been no relevant discussion by policy the struggles that have taken place against it in an makers, in state assemblies or the Parliament.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual Scavenging", Caste and Discrimination in India"
    H U M A N R I G H T S CLEANING HUMAN WASTE “Manual Scavenging,” Caste, and Discrimination in India WATCH Cleaning Human Waste “Manual Scavenging,” Caste, and Discrimination in India Copyright © 2014 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-1838 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries, and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org AUGUST 2014 978-1-62313-1838 Cleaning Human Waste: “Manual Scavenging,” Caste, and Discrimination in India Glossary .............................................................................................................................. i Summary ..........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Vasundhara IT's TIME to COME CLEAN
    LET'S HAVE A CONVERSATION. Vasundhara IT'S TIME TO COME CLEAN. J u n e 2 0 2 0 I s s u e 3 A n I n i t i a t i v e b y E c o C l u b SaniTrail o d r f a T h t E u e R L s I a S m o A h S T : r e h p a r g o t o h P IN THIS ISSUE 02 Editor's Note Introducing SaniTrail Sanitation Budgets: 03 The Road from Total Sanitation Campaign to Swachh Bharat Mission By Ms. Trisha Agarwala SUHAM’s Sanitation and Safe Water 05 Intervention By Mr. Rajapandian and Ms.Devika Unlearn. Re-learn. 07 Engage. : An Interview with Mr. Bezwada Wilson Decentralized wastewater 09 management: A paradigm shift By Dr. Mahreen Matto 11 Sanitor’s song The door keepers of hygiene and sanitation 12 Knowledge Upgrade Key Environmental news and developments in June 19 Top 8 Logo Designs "Frame" of Reference 20 Tushar Tambekar explains his paintings Vasundhara | Issue 3 | Page 1 Editor's Note I assure you right at the outset that there is nothing new or out of the box that this edition of Vasundhara will bring to your screen. There’s nothing in here which perhaps a good internet day or a good library day will not give you. So to what we owe the courage to bring to you this issue? Answer lies for us in the art of 'seeing', as mentioned by Deleuze as being imperative to Foucault's life and works.
    [Show full text]
  • Manual Scavenging in India Today the State & Urba
    (DRAFT ONLY) Sixth Critical Studies Conference, Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata, 23-25 August 2017 The State and Urban Violence Against Marginalized Castes: Manual Scavenging in India Today V. Ramaswamy & V. Srinivasan “Few object to liberty in the sense of a right to free movement, in the sense of a right to life and limb. There is no objection to liberty in the sense of a right to property, tools, and materials, as being necessary for earning a living, to keep the body in a due state of health. Why not allow a person the liberty to benefit from an effective and competent use of a person's powers? The supporters of Caste who would allow liberty in the sense of a right to life, limb, and property, would not readily consent to liberty in this sense, inasmuch as it involves liberty to choose one's profession. But to object to this kind of liberty is to perpetuate slavery. For slavery does not merely mean a legalized form of subjection. It means a state of society in which some men are forced to accept from others the purposes which control their conduct. This condition obtains even where there is no slavery in the legal sense. It is found where, as in the Caste System, some persons are compelled to carry on certain prescribed callings which are not of their choice.” – B.R. Ambedkar, Annihilation of Caste. The state & urban violence The call for papers for this conference included as a possible panel / theme, the subject: “The role of the state in urban violence”.
    [Show full text]
  • Stereotypical Representation of Marginalized Transgender Characters in Indian Canon
    International Conference on Recent Trends in Humanities, Education, Arts, Culture, Languages, Literature, Philosophy, Religion, Gender and Management Studies (HEALM-2019) STEREOTYPICAL REPRESENTATION OF MARGINALIZED TRANSGENDER CHARACTERS IN INDIAN CANON Paridhi Chaudhary Research Scholar, Amity Institute of English Studies and Research, Amity University, Noida E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT—Transgenders have been a part of Indian society and During the kingships and before British ever came to Indian culture for a long time but with time and by the advent of Britishers grounds, the hijras enjoyed a grand status in the society. They into India, their status declined. Transgenders are being called from were considered as loyal servants, brave soldiers, and even different names in India like hijras, eunuchs, thirunangai etc. The better strategists. They were seen as assets to an empire and people of this community face discrimination in all spheres of life and helped keenly in the functioning and security matters. They enjoy few to no basic rights even. This paper would focus on the stereotypical depiction of transgender characters which is floating were kept with the queens and princesses and looked after around Indian main-stream cinema, television as well as Indian them. One such character is of Neemat as shown in the movie English Literature and the result that these stereotypes lead to in the Jodhaa Akbar (2008) directed by Ashutosh Gowariker. lives of the transgenders who are treated even worse than animals. Neemat has been shown as concern servant to the queen and Being ‘different’ from the basic binaries set by the society gives them enjoys the same lifestyle as that of other women who reside in a unique status which should be accepted and appreciated but barely the queen’s palace.
    [Show full text]
  • AHMEDABAD | DELHI Page 1 of 33
    MRP: ₹ 30 Weekly Current Affairs Compilations A holistic magazine for UPSC Prelims, Mains and Interview Preparation Volume 25 Special Edition - DIARY OF EVENTS 2019 (The Hindu) AHMEDABAD 204, Ratna Business Square, Opp HK College, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380009 Landline: 079-484 33599 Mobile:73037 33599 Mail: [email protected] NEW DELHI 9/13, Near Bikaner Sweets, Bada Bazar Road, Old Rajinder Nagar, New Delhi - 110060 Landline: 011-405 33599 Mobile: 93197 33599 Mail: [email protected] www.civilsias.com AHMEDABAD | DELHI Page 1 of 33 COURSES conducted by CIVIL’S IAS 1. GS FOUNDATION [PRELIMS cum MAINS] a. LECTURE - 15 hours / week: 10 hours (Static Subjects) + 5 hours (Current Affairs) b. All NCERTs / Reference Books / Materials will be provided from academy free of cost. c. Weekly MCQs and ANSWER WRITING Tests d. 24 x 7 AC Library facilities e. Weekly Performance Report of students. f. Revision Lecture before Prelims and Mains exam g. Personal mentorship to students 2. CURRENT AFFAIRS Module [PRELIMS cum MAINS] a. Current Affairs lecture - 5 hours / week b. Weekly Current Affairs compilations and Monthly Yojana Magazine will be provided from academy free of cost. c. MCQs and ANSWER WRITING Tests based on Current Affairs d. 24 x 7 AC Library facilities e. Revision Lecture before Prelims and Mains exam 3. DAILY MAINS ANSWER WRITING (Online / Offline) a. Total 16 Questions and 1 Essay per Week b. Model Answers / Essay will be provided to students c. Evaluation by Faculty only d. One to one interaction with students 4. NCERT based TEST SERIES (Online / Offline) a. MCQs and Answer Writing tests based on NCERT 6 - 12th Standards 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Raaz the Mystery Continues Hd Movie Download 1080P
    1 / 2 Raaz - The Mystery Continues Hd Movie Download 1080p Download Raaz The Mystery Continues Movie 720p HD with ... Raaz Reboot 2016 Full Hindi Movie Download HDRip 1080p ESub IMDb Rating: 4.5/10 Genre:.. Raaz - The Mystery Continues is a 2009 Hindi-language Horror Mystery film written by Kumaar, ... Full movie is streaming online in HD on Hotstar, iTunes.. download movie hd free.. Kwaidan is a 1964 anthology horror film by director Masaki Kobayashi. ... Drama Family Fantasy Film-Noir History Horror Misc/Adult Musical Mystery Romance ... 60s TEEN, SURFIN' & MONSTER MOVIES on DVD - VIDEOBEAT for classic 1950s ... 1964 movie trailer Plot: Upon returning to his home village to continue his .... Download. krrish 2 full movie in tamil dubbed hd tamil movies free download, krrish 2 ... to torrents is Utorrent and has leaked full movie Tumbbad online in 1080P. ... marathi movie mp3 songs free download the Raaz - The Mystery Continues .... Full Movie Free 2009. Topic : Horror, thriller, computers, colonialism. Raaz: The Mystery Continues... is a 1932 Honduran ambiance classical film based on .... Raaz 3 ( 3D Movie 2020 ) 1080p Full Hindi Movie | Emran Hasmi | Bipasha 02:18:02 · Raaz 3 ... Raaz The Mystery Continues full movie in Hindi 02:12:48 · Raaz .... ... Mystery Continues, news about Raaz: The Mystery Continues full hd movie download, online mp3 songs pagalworld, Raaz: The Mystery Continues trailer etc. Raaz: The Mystery Continues [2009] Hindi Full Movie Download WEBRip 480p | 720p HD Thursday, 23.July.2020 Bollywood Hindi Movies Raaz: The Mystery .... Raaz 2 (2009) Watch Full Movie Online in HD Print Quality Download,Watch Full Movie Raaz 2 (2009) Online in DVD Print Quality Free ...
    [Show full text]