DOCSLIB.ORG

Universita' Degli Studi Di Padova

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Universita' Degli Studi Di Padova UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI PADOVA DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE ECONOMICHE ED AZIENDALI “M.FANNO” CORSO DI LAUREA MAGISTRALE IN ECONOMICS AND FINANCE TESI DI LAUREA “The High Frequency Trading Phenomenon and its Influence on Capital Markets: Evidences from the Pound Flash Crash” RELATORE: CH.MA PROF.SSA BALDAN CINZIA LAUREANDO: CAVESTRO STEFANO MATRICOLA N. 1103591 ANNO ACCADEMICO 2016 – 2017 2 Il candidato dichiara che il presente lavoro è originale e non è già stato sottoposto, in tutto o in parte, per il conseguimento di un titolo accademico in altre Università italiane o straniere. Il candidato dichiara altresì che tutti i materiali utilizzati durante la preparazione dell’elaborato sono stati indicati nel testo e nella sezione “Riferimenti bibliografici” e che le eventuali citazioni testuali sono individuabili attraverso l’esplicito richiamo alla pubblicazione originale. Firma dello studente _________________ 3 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 9 1. THE BIRTH OF HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING ......................................................... 11 1.1. Revolution of Financial Markets ................................................................................... 11 1.2. Evolution of Electronic Trading .................................................................................... 11 1.3. Regulatory Developments in the Capital Markets ........................................................ 13 1.4. Electronic Trading Drivers ............................................................................................ 17 1.4.1. Smart Order Routing (SOR) ...................................................................................... 17 1.4.2. Direct Market Access (DMA) and Sponsored Access (SA) ..................................... 18 2. HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING DEFINITIONS AND FEATURES ............................ 21 2.1. The need of defining High Frequency Trading ............................................................. 21 2.2. Definitions of Algorithmic Trading .............................................................................. 22 2.3. Characteristics of Algorithmic Trading ........................................................................ 23 2.4. Definitions of High Frequency Trading ........................................................................ 26 2.5. Characteristics of High Frequency Trading .................................................................. 27 2.5.1. Low-Latency Requirements ...................................................................................... 29 2.6. How to Identify High Frequency Traders? ................................................................... 32 3. HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING STRATEGIES ............................................................ 35 3.1. Introduction to HFT Strategies ...................................................................................... 35 3.2. Algorithmic Trading Strategies ..................................................................................... 36 3.2.1. First Generation Execution Algorithms .................................................................... 37 3.2.2. Second Generation Execution Algorithms ................................................................ 38 3.2.3. Third Generation Execution Algorithms ................................................................... 38 3.2.4. Fourth Generation Execution Algorithms ................................................................. 39 3.3. High Frequency Trading Strategies .............................................................................. 39 3.3.1. Liquidity Providing Strategy ..................................................................................... 40 3.3.1.1. Spread Capturing .................................................................................................. 41 3.3.1.2. Rebate Driven ....................................................................................................... 41 3.3.2. Statistical Arbitrage Strategy ..................................................................................... 42 3.3.2.1. Market Neutral Arbitrage ..................................................................................... 43 3.3.2.2. Cross Asset, Market & ETF Arbitrage ................................................................. 43 3.3.3. Directional Strategy ................................................................................................... 44 3.3.3.1. Momentum Trading .............................................................................................. 44 3.3.3.2. Liquidity Detection Strategy ................................................................................. 45 5 3.3.3.2.1. Quote Matching ................................................................................................ 46 3.3.3.2.2. Momentum Ignition .......................................................................................... 47 3.3.4. Structural Strategy ..................................................................................................... 48 3.3.4.1. Latency Arbitrage .................................................................................................. 49 3.3.4.2. Flash Trading ........................................................................................................ 51 3.4. Considerations on High Frequency Trading Strategies ................................................. 52 4. HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING AND MARKET QUALITY ....................................... 53 4.1. Introduction to Literature Review ................................................................................. 53 4.2. Market Quality ............................................................................................................... 54 4.2.1. Liquidity ..................................................................................................................... 55 4.2.2. Price Discovery .......................................................................................................... 57 4.2.3. Volatility .................................................................................................................... 58 4.3. Theoretical models on market quality ........................................................................... 59 4.4. Empirical studies on market quality .............................................................................. 61 4.4.1. HFT direct approach .................................................................................................. 61 4.4.2. HFT indirect approach ............................................................................................... 65 4.5. Summary of Academic Literature Review .................................................................... 67 5. RISKS OF HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING ................................................................... 69 5.1. Introduction to Risks of High Frequency Trading ......................................................... 69 5.2. Two-Tiered Markets ...................................................................................................... 69 5.3. Phantom Liquidity ......................................................................................................... 70 5.4. Market Manipulation ..................................................................................................... 72 5.5. Operational Risk ............................................................................................................ 74 5.6. Systemic Risk ................................................................................................................ 75 5.7. Flash Crashes ................................................................................................................. 76 5.7.1. The Flash Crash of May 6, 2010 ................................................................................ 77 5.7.2. Mini-Flash Crashes .................................................................................................... 82 6. HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING REGULATION .......................................................... 87 6.1. Regulatory Activity and Discussion .............................................................................. 87 6.2. HFT Regulation in the US ............................................................................................. 87 6.3. HFT Regulation in the European MiFID II ................................................................... 91 6.4. Ideas and Proposal Measures ......................................................................................... 95 6.5. Considerations on HFT Regulation Developments ....................................................... 98 7. EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE POUND FLASH CRASH ....................................... 99 7.1. Introduction of the Pound Flash Crash .......................................................................... 99 6 7.2. The GBP Foreign Exchange Market ........................................................................... 100 7.3. A Flash Event in Three Stages .................................................................................... 102 7.4. Descriptive Analysis of the Pound Flash Crash .......................................................... 106 7.5. Analysis of Liquidity during the Pound Flash Crash .................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ethics in Financial Markets
    Chapter Five Ethics in Financial Markets Anything that can be owned can be traded, and if trading in something is frequent, a market probably exists for that purpose. This holds true not only for commodities and valuable objects, such as pork bellies and French Impres- sionist paintings, but also for financial instruments of all kinds. However, unlike pork bellies, which can be carved up and packaged only in limited ways, financial instruments can take a wide variety of forms for trade in many dif- ferent markets. With puts and calls, swaps and strips, and a host of other colorfully named instruments, the possibilities for trading in financial markets are limited only by human inventiveness and the constraints of law—which may often be gotten around with even more inventiveness. The broad aim of financial market regulation is to secure “fair and orderly markets” or “just and equitable principles of trade.” These expressions, which are standard in securities law and market rules, combine the economic value of efficiency with an ethical concern for fairness or equity, thereby giving rise to the familiar equity/efficiency trade-off. When applied to markets, the concepts of fairness, justice, and equity (which are roughly synonyms) serve mainly to forbid fraud and manipulation, the violation of certain rights, and the exploitation of asymmetries in such matters as information and bargaining power. Prohibitions of unfair market practices are designed to protect both market participants and the integrity of markets themselves, which cannot function properly when they lack fairness. In addition to an examination of what constitutes fairness in markets, this chapter examines three specific areas where unfairness is often alleged.
    [Show full text]
  • I Mercati Veloci: Il Trading Ad Alta Frequenza
    Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Economia e Finanza (Ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) Tesi di Laurea Magistrale I Mercati veloci: il Trading ad Alta Frequenza Relatore Ch. Prof. Marcella LUCCHETTA Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio PARADISO Laureando Francesco CARUZZO Matricola 842173 Anno Accademico 2016 / 2017 INDICE INTRODUZIONE…………………………………………………………...…………………4 CAPITOLO I EVOLUZIONE DEL TRADING ELETTRONICO 1.1 Evoluzione storica ed informatizzazione del Trading…………………….……………6 1.2 Drivers dello sviluppo del AT/HFT………………………………………….…………...8 1.3 Flash Crash: 6 Maggio 2010………………………………………………...…………….12 CAPITOLO II HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING: DEFINIZIONI E CONCETTI CONNESSI 2.1 Trading algoritmico……………………………………………...………………………..14 2.2 High Frequency Trading………………………………………..………………………..16 2.3 Concetti connessi……………………………………………………….…………………20 2.2.1 Market making…………………………………………………..…………………20 2.2.2 Quantitative Portfolio Management (QPM)…………………………………….21 2.2.3 Smart Order Routing (SOR)………………………………………………………23 CAPITOLO III STRATEGIE HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING 3.1 Strategie passive……………………………………………………………….………….26 3.2 Strategie aggressive……………………………………………………………….………33 3.2.1 Politiche riguardanti le strategie HF aggressive……………………….……….38 2 CAPITOLO IV IMPATTI POSITIVI E POSSIBILI EFFETTI NEGATIVI DEL HIGH FREQUENCY TRADING 4.1 Impatti positivi del Trading ad Alta Frequenza…………………………….…………42 4.2 Impatti negativi del Trading ad Alta Frequenza………………………………………47 CAPITOLO V TREND E PROFITTABILITA’ DEL TRADING AD ALTA FREQUENZA 5.1 Order to Trade Ratio (OTR)…………………………………………………...…………57
    [Show full text]
  • The Flash Crash of May 2010: Accident Or Market Manipulation? Chris Rose, Capella University, USA
    Journal of Business & Economics Research – January, 2011 Volume 9, Number 1 The Flash Crash Of May 2010: Accident Or Market Manipulation? Chris Rose, Capella University, USA ABSTRACT On May 6th., 2010, the Dow fell about a thousand points in a half hour and Wall Street lost $800 billion of value. Some claim that it was just an isolated incident and there was nothing nefarious but with the majority of trading being done by electronic exchanges and with the increase in High Frequency Trading, evidence is emerging that the crash just might have been a case of deliberate manipulations of the market. Keywords: Flash crash; market manipulation; SEC; NYSE BACKGOUND tock markets today are very different from the first organized stock exchange, which was created in 1792 at Wall Street, New York. There a small group of financial leaders signed an agreement on fees, rules and S regulations that would apply in transactions. Every day securities were auctioned and the seller paid a commission on each stock or bond sold. These trades took place in a free and open market where willing buyers and sellers assembled and freely exchanged goods, services and information. Since 1998, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) authorized the formation of electronic exchanges, so that anyone with a computer can compete within established markets such as the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). About 97% of NYSE trades today are executed by computers on electronic communication networks (ECNs) which in the last decade have quickly replaced traders, trading on floors as the main global venue for buying and selling every asset, derivative, and contract (Stokes, 2009).
    [Show full text]
  • UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT of NEW YORK X CITY of PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND, Individually and on Behalf of Al
    UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK x CITY OF PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND, : Civil Action No. Individually and on Behalf of All Others Similarly: Situated, : CLASS ACTION : Plaintiff, : COMPLAINT FOR VIOLATION OF THE : FEDERAL SECURITIES LAWS vs. : : BATS GLOBAL MARKETS, INC., BOX : OPTIONS EXCHANGE LLC, CHICAGO : BOARD OPTIONS EXCHANGE, INC., : CHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE, INC., C2 : OPTIONS EXCHANGE, INC., DIRECT EDGE : ECN, LLC, INTERNATIONAL SECURITIES : EXCHANGE HOLDINGS, INC., THE NASDAQ : STOCK MARKET LLC, NASDAQ OMX BX, : INC., NASDAQ OMX PHLX, LLC, NATIONAL : STOCK EXCHANGE, INC., NEW YORK : STOCK EXCHANGE, LLC, NYSE ARCA, : INC., ONECHICAGO, LLC, BANK OF : AMERICA CORPORATION, BARCLAYS PLC, : CITIGROUP INC., CREDIT SUISSE GROUP : AG, DEUTSCHE BANK AG, THE GOLDMAN : SACHS GROUP, INC., JPMORGAN CHASE & : CO., MORGAN STANLEY & CO. LLC, UBS : AG, THE CHARLES SCHWAB : CORPORATION, E*TRADE FINANCIAL : CORPORATION, FMR, LLC, FIDELITY : BROKERAGE SERVICES, LLC, SCOTTRADE : FINANCIAL SERVICES, INC., TD : AMERITRADE HOLDING CORPORATION, : CITADEL LLC, DRW HOLDINGS, LLC, GTS : SECURITIES, LLC, HUDSON RIVER : TRADING LLC, JUMP TRADING, LLC, KCG : HOLDINGS, INC., QUANTLAB FINANCIAL : LLC, TOWER RESEARCH CAPITAL LLC, : TRADEBOT SYSTEMS, INC., TRADEWORX : INC., VIRTU FINANCIAL INC. and CHOPPER : TRADING, LLC, : : Defendants. : x DEMAND FOR JURY TRIAL SUMMARY OF THE COMPLAINT 1. This securities class action is brought on behalf of public investors who purchased and/or sold shares of stock in the United States between April 18, 2009 and the present (the “Class Period”) on a registered public stock exchange (the “Exchange Defendants”) or a United States- based alternate trading venue and were injured as a result of the misconduct detailed herein (the “Plaintiff Class”). 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Pools and High Frequency Trading for Dummies
    Dark Pools & High Frequency Trading by Jay Vaananen Dark Pools & High Frequency Trading For Dummies® Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, www.wiley.com This edition first published 2015 © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, West Sussex. Registered office John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor men- tioned in this book.
    [Show full text]
  • Modelling and Mitigation of Flash Crashes
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Modelling and mitigation of Flash Crashes Fry, John and Serbera, Jean-Philippe School of Computing Mathematics and Digital Technology, Manchester Metropolitan University, Sheffield Business School, Sheffield Hallam University 12 September 2017 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/82457/ MPRA Paper No. 82457, posted 08 Nov 2017 22:35 UTC Modelling and mitigation of Flash Crashes September 2017 Abstract The algorithmic trading revolution has had a dramatic effect upon markets. Trading has become faster, and in some ways more efficient, though potentially at the cost higher volatility and increased uncertainty. Stories of predatory trading and flash crashes constitute a new financial reality. Worryingly, highly capitalised stocks may be particularly vulnerable to flash crashes. Amid fears of high-risk technology failures in the global financial system we develop a model for flash crashes. Though associated with extreme forms of illiquidity and market concentration flash crashes appear to be unpredictable in advance. Several measures may mitigate flash crash risk such as reducing the market impact of individual trades and limiting the profitability of high-frequency and predatory trading strategies. JEL Classification: C1 F3 G1 K2 Keywords: Flash Crashes; Flash Rallies; Econophysics; Regulation 1 Introduction Algorithmic Trading (AT) incorporates a range of high speed and predatory strategies termed Flash Trading Strategies by Lewis (2014) in recognition of the sheer speed involved – orders of magnitude faster than the blink of a human eye. Searching for a competitive edge the need for speed even led to the construction of new optic fibre tunnels to shorten the network distance between New York and Chicago to save crucial milliseconds.
    [Show full text]
  • Sunshine Trading: Flashes of Trading Intent at the NASDAQ*
    Sunshine trading: Flashes of trading intent at the NASDAQ* Johannes A. Skjeltorp Norges Bank Elvira Sojli Erasmus University and Duisenberg School of Finance Wing Wah Tham Erasmus University December 15, 2011 Abstract We use the introduction and the subsequent removal of the flash order facility (an ac- tionable indication of interest, IOI) from Nasdaq as a natural experiment to investigate the impact of voluntary disclosure of trading intent on market quality. We find that flash or- ders significantly improve liquidity in Nasdaq. In addition overall market quality improves substantially when the flash functionality is introduced and deteriorates when it is removed. One explanation for our findings is that flash orders are placed by less informed traders and fulfil their role as advertisement of uninformed liquidity needs. They successfully attract re- sponses from liquidity providers immediately after the announcement is placed, thus lowering the risk bearing cost for the overall market. Our study is important in understanding the impact of voluntary disclosure, in guiding future market design choices, and in the current debate on dark pools and IOIs. Keywords: Actionable Indication of Interest (IOI); Flash orders; High-frequency Trading; Market quality; Market transparency; Sunshine trading. JEL Classification: G10; G20; G14. *The authors thank Mark van Achter, Yakov Amihud, Sabrina Buti, Christian Ewerhart, Thierry Foucault, Michael Goldstein, Jennifer Koski, Albert Menkveld, Erik Sirri, Jeff Smith, Bernt-Arne Ødegaard, and participants at the European Finance Association Meeting 2011, 6th Annual Central Bank Workshop on the Microstructure of Financial Markets, the 4th Erasmus Liquidity Conference, Infiniti Conference 2010, and seminars in Vrije Univer- siteit Amsterdam, Babson College, and Nasdaq for useful comments and suggestions.
    [Show full text]
  • Paradigm Shifts & Unintended Consequences
    FIU Law Review Volume 8 Number 1 Article 15 Fall 2012 Paradigm Shifts & Unintended Consequences: The Death of the Specialist, the Rise of High Frequency Trading, & the Problem of Duty-Free Liquidity in Equity Markets Jennifer Victoria Christine Dean Follow this and additional works at: https://ecollections.law.fiu.edu/lawreview Part of the Other Law Commons Online ISSN: 2643-7759 Recommended Citation Jennifer V. Dean, Paradigm Shifts & Unintended Consequences: The Death of the Specialist, the Rise of High Frequency Trading, & the Problem of Duty-Free Liquidity in Equity Markets, 8 FIU L. Rev. 217 (2012). DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.25148/lawrev.8.1.15 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by eCollections. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Law Review by an authorized editor of eCollections. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Paradigm Shifts & Unintended Consequences: The Death of the Specialist, the Rise of High Frequency Trading, & the Problem of Duty-Free Liquidity in Equity Markets Jennifer Victoria Christine Dean* I. INTRODUCTION Every business day, hundreds of thousands of people turn on their televisions to watch CNBC.1 Millions more tune in to listen to Bloomberg radio.2 Thousands of men and women get home from work and open brokerage statements received in the day’s mail. These people have one thing in common: they want to know what is happening with the money. The stock market is more than just a place where people buy and sell stocks; the health of the stock market (more specifically the health of the stock marketplace) is both an indi- cator of, and a substantial factor in, the health of the worldwide econ- omy.3 The stock market is more than just some abstraction on the news; it is to financial capitalism what the circulatory system is to the * Jennifer Victoria Christine Dean, J.D., Florida International University College of Law, 2012; B.A., New York University, Gallatin School of Individualized Study, 2002; M.N.M., Florida Atlantic University, 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Dark Pools, High-Frequency Trading, and the Financial Transaction Tax: a Solution Or Complication?
    DARK POOLS, HIGH-FREQUENCY TRADING, AND THE FINANCIAL TRANSACTION TAX: A SOLUTION OR COMPLICATION? Doron Narotzki* ABSTRACT The implementation of a financial transaction tax has been the subject of debate for many years. Countries all across the globe have enacted various types of this tax and have seen different results depending upon factors such as the rate and the types of financial instruments affected by it. With the recent explosion of high-frequency transactions, discussion of enacting a financial transaction tax has begun to grow in both Europe and the United States. This Article will look at the possible effects of enacting a financial transaction tax on the U.S. marketplace. Before this type of tax is put into place, we must first analyze what the results of previous experiences were, what results could be expected from an implementation in the United States, and whether these results align with the basic goals of taxation. The idea of a financial transaction tax has recently been paired with the idea of regulating Wall Street. However, while the tax may assist to an extent in regulating the marketplace, it should not be viewed in this regard, but instead mainly as a tool to raise revenue. There may be adverse effects of such a tax in the short-term, but the true impact on the market should be viewed in respect to the long-term outcomes. Additionally, while transparency and stability are important in the marketplace, an overregulation of high-frequency trading, and specifically of the dark-pool market in which the exchanges occur, could end up distorting the market and eliminating investment volume.
    [Show full text]
  • The Law and Ethics of High-Frequency Trading
    Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology Volume 17 Issue 1 Article 2 2-2016 The Law and Ethics of High-Frequency Trading Steven R. McNamara American University of Beirut, Olayan School of Business Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst Part of the Banking and Finance Law Commons Recommended Citation Steven R. McNamara, The Law and Ethics of High-Frequency Trading, 17 MINN. J.L. SCI. & TECH. 71 (2016). Available at: https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mjlst/vol17/iss1/2 The Minnesota Journal of Law, Science & Technology is published by the University of Minnesota Libraries Publishing. The Law and Ethics of High-Frequency Trading Steven McNamara* ABSTRACT Michael Lewiss recent book Flash Boys has resurrected the controversy concerning high-frequency trading (HFT) in the stock markets. While HFT has been important in the stock markets for about a decade, and may have already peaked in terms of its economic significance, it touched a nerve with a public suspicious of financial institutions in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008-2009. In reality, HFT is not one thing, but a wide array of practices conducted by technologically adept electronic traders. Some of these practices are benign, and some even bring benefits such as liquidity and improved price discovery to financial markets. On the other hand, there are legitimate grounds for the commonly heard complaint that HFT is not fair. Certain HFT practices such as co-location, flash orders, and enriched data feeds create a two-tiered financial marketplace, while other practices such as momentum ignition, spoofing, and layering are merely high-tech versions of traditional market manipulation.
    [Show full text]
  • High-Frequency Trading Systems in the Equity Market Robert J
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University Research Collection School Of Information Systems School of Information Systems 10-2015 Innovations in Financial IS and Technology Ecosystems: High-Frequency Trading Systems in the Equity Market Robert J. Kauffman Singapore Management University, [email protected] Jun Liu Singapore Management University, [email protected] Dan Ma Singapore Management University, [email protected] DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2014.12.001 Follow this and additional works at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research Part of the Computer Sciences Commons, Finance and Financial Management Commons, and the Technology and Innovation Commons Citation Kauffman, Robert J.; Liu, Jun; and Ma, Dan. Innovations in Financial IS and Technology Ecosystems: High-Frequency Trading Systems in the Equity Market. (2015). Technological Forecasting and Social Change. 99, 339-354. Research Collection School Of Information Systems. Available at: https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/2477 This Journal Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Information Systems at Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Research Collection School Of Information Systems by an authorized administrator of Institutional Knowledge at Singapore Management
    [Show full text]
  • Broken Markets: How High Frequency Trading and Predatory
    ptg8106388 Broken Markets ptg8106388 This page intentionally left blank ptg8106388 Broken Markets How High Frequency Trading and Predatory Practices on Wall Street Are Destroying Investor Confidence and Your Portfolio ptg8106388 Sal Arnuk Joseph Saluzzi Vice President, Publisher: Tim Moore Associate Publisher and Director of Marketing: Amy Neidlinger Executive Editor: Jim Boyd Operations Specialist: Jodi Kemper Assistant Marketing Manager: Megan Graue Cover Designer: Chuti Prasertsith Managing Editor: Kristy Hart Project Editor: Jovana San Nicolas-Shirley Copy Editor: Apostrophe Editing Services Proofreader: Gill Editorial Services Indexer: Lisa Stumpf Senior Compositor: Gloria Schurick Manufacturing Buyer: Dan Uhrig © 2012 by Sal Arnuk and Joseph Saluzzi Publishing as FT Press Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 This book is sold with the understanding that neither the authors nor the publisher is engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services or advice by pub- lishing this book. Each individual situation is unique. Thus, if legal or financial advice or other expert assistance is required in a specific situation, the services of a competent pro- fessional should be sought to ensure that the situation has been evaluated carefully and appropriately. The authors and the publisher disclaim any liability, loss, or risk resulting directly or indirectly, from the use or application of any of the contents of this book. FT Press offers excellent discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for bulk purchases or ptg8106388 special sales. For more information, please contact U.S. Corporate and Government Sales, 1-800- 382-3419, [email protected]. For sales outside the U.S., please contact International Sales at [email protected].
    [Show full text]