DOCSLIB.ORG

TRUVER-DISSERTATION-2019.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
TRUVER-DISSERTATION-2019.Pdf IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGES OF EMERGING NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES ___________ A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Forensic Science Sam Houston State University ___________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ___________ by Michael Thomas Truver December, 2019 IDENTIFYING THE CHALLENGES OF EMERGING NOVEL PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCES by Michael Thomas Truver ___________ APPROVED: Madeleine Swortwood, PhD Committee Director Sarah Kerrigan, PhD Committee Member Patrick Buzzini, PhD Committee Member Kayla Ellefsen, PhD Committee Member Svante Vikingsson, PhD Committee Member Phillip Lyons, PhD Dean, College of Criminal Justice DEDICATION "I see now that the circumstances of one's birth are irrelevant. It is what you do with the gift of life that determines who you are." – Mewtwo For my advisor, Madeleine Swortwood, thank you for convincing me to stay here to continue my degree and for all the opportunities and experiences you gave me. I couldn’t have done it without you For my parents, thank you for all the love and support you have given me throughout my entire college career. Thank you for believing in me and helping me in any way possible. For Patrick, thank you for being a supportive partner throughout my PhD. Your love and support have allowed to better handle the stress of this degree. For my PhD cohort, thank you for making the PhD suite a place of positivity and laughter. Britni Skillman, thank you for staying and completing your degree with me, we did it! Christina Smith, thank you for being my lab buddy and the late night Facetimes. For Lana, you have been with me almost my entire time here at SHSU and have made me the dog dad that I never thought I would want to be. Thank you for being there through everything. Miguel, you are a little trouble maker, but you have made our family complete. iii ABSTRACT Truver, Michael T., Identifying the challenges of emerging novel psychoactive substances. Doctor of Philosophy (Forensic Science), December, 2019, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas. Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are compounds similar to common drugs of abuse with slight modifications to their chemical structure. These modifications can be dangerous and sometimes fatal due the lack of knowledge and/or studies of their adverse effects. NPS are sometimes marketed as “legal highs” or “research chemicals” in order to mimic effects of illicit drugs while simultaneously bypassing legislation. Although there are many drugs that are classified as NPS, novel synthetic opioids and synthetic cannabinoids are the focus of this research. Since little is known about these novel psychoactive substances difficulties may arise when analyzing toxicological samples suspected to contain NPS. To address the emergence of novel psychoactive substances, it is necessary to properly identify issues that could hinder analyses by assessing prevalence, examining instability, determining pharmacology, and identifying potential metabolites. The goals of this study were to 1) develop and validate a method to quantify novel synthetic opioids (NSO), buprenorphine, and heroin markers in oral fluid and apply the method to the analysis of oral fluid collected from detainees; 2) using the acquisition method from the oral fluid method, validate a blood method for the NSO and perform a long term stability study; 3) develop and validate a method to detect a NSO (U-47700) and its metabolites in plasma using a small sample volume (100 µL) and cross validate in rat plasma for a pharmacokinetic study in rats; and 4) identify metabolites for two iv prominent synthetic cannabinoids in vitro verify metabolism with analysis of authentic urine samples. A method was validated for the quantification of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, buprenorphine, U-47700, U-49900, U-50488, AH-7921, MT-45, W-18, and W-15 in oral fluid and was deemed acceptable according to Scientific Working Group for Forensic Toxicology (SWGTOX) guidelines. This method was applied to analysis of oral fluid collected from detainees (n=20) in Texas detention centers participating in a drug recognition evaluatoion (DRE) certification program. Although NSO were not detected, valuable data were collected that reinforced oral fluid as viable matrix when compared to presumptive urine results and impairment observations. A blood method was validated for seven NSO and then applied to assess the stability of these analytes over a 36-week study at four temperature conditions (- 20°C,4°C, 25°C , and 35°C). The results showed minimal effect on stability at the elevated temperature during the first two weeks, indicating that these analytes would be stable in the event of improper transport/handling within this timeframe. A method was validated for the quantification of U-47700, N-desmethyl-U- 47700, and N,N-didesmethyl-U-47700 in human and rat plasma. This method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study where rats were injected with 0 (saline), 0.3, 1.0 or 3.0 mg/kg U-47700. Blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 120, 240, 480 min after injection for quantification of U-47700 and its metabolites. Pharmacodynamic effects were also assessed at the same time points. It was determined that doses of U-47700 had a positive correlation with the behaviors observed which further demonstrates the analgesic effects of this novel synthetic opioid. v Finally, a metabolic study utilizing human liver microsomes was conducted to investigate 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA in vitro metabolism. In vitro metabolites were verified in vivo by analyzing authentic case specimens. Additionally, the potency and efficacy of 5F-MDMB-PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA were identified by examining activity at the CB1 receptor. The EC50 at the CB1 receptor for 5F-MDMB- PICA and 5F-MDMB-PINACA were found to be comparable to each other and JWH- 018. There were 22 metabolites identified for 5F-MDMB-PICA and 21 metabolites identified for 5F-MDMB-PINACA. These studies have sought to identify toxicological issues that could arise when detecting a new NPS while providing the necessary data to the forensic toxicology community to further understand the activity and prevalence of such compounds. The challenges that arise when faced with a newly emerged NPS may be detrimental for forensic analysis and thorough characterization of new compounds is necessary for proper identification and detection. KEY WORDS: Novel Psychoactive Substances, Novel Synthetic Opioids, U-47700, 5F- MDMB-PICA vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project was partially supported by [Award No. 2017-R2-CX-0019], awarded by the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .............................................................................................. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................. viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ xii LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 1 Emergence of New Psychoactive Substances .............................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................... 39 References .................................................................................................................. 41 CHAPTER II: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF NOVEL SYNTHETIC OPIOIDS, MORPHINE AND BUPRENORPHINE IN ORAL FLUID BY LC–MS-MS1 ....................................................................... 62 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 63 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 64 Materials and Methods .............................................................................................. 66 Results and Discussion .............................................................................................. 72 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 82 References .................................................................................................................. 83 viii CHAPTER III: ORAL FLUID AND DRUG IMPAIRMENT: PAIRING TOXICOLOGY WITH DRUG RECOGNITION EXPERT OBSERVATIONS1 ................................................................................ 89 Abstract ...................................................................................................................... 90 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 92 Methods ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in the UK and Europe
    Article How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe Santos, Raquel, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/31793/ Santos, Raquel ORCID: 0000-0003-3129-6732, Guirguis, Amira and Davidson, Colin ORCID: 0000-0002-8180-7943 (2020) How preclinical studies have influenced novel psychoactive substance legislation in the UK and Europe. British Journal Of Clinical Pharmacology, 86 (3). pp. 452-481. ISSN 0306-5251 It is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from the work. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bcp.14224 For more information about UCLan’s research in this area go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/researchgroups/ and search for <name of research Group>. For information about Research generally at UCLan please go to http://www.uclan.ac.uk/research/ All outputs in CLoK are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including Copyright law. Copyright, IPR and Moral Rights for the works on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the policies page. CLoK Central Lancashire online Knowledge www.clok.uclan.ac.uk How Pre-Clinical Studies Have Influenced Novel Psychoactive Substance Legislation in The UK and Europe Raquel Santos1, Amira Guirguis2 & Colin Davidson1* 1School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, UK. 2Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, Wales, UK. *Corresponding author Colin Davidson School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science Faculty of Clinical & Biomedical Sciences University of Central Lancashire Preston PR1 2HE +44 (0)1772 89 3920 Cdavidson2@uclan.ac.uk Key words: novel psychoactive substance, legal high, legislation, toxicity, abuse Running Head: review of NPS pharmacology The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare Page | 1 Abstract Novel psychoactive substances (NPS) are new drugs of abuse.
    [Show full text]
  • Catawba Valley Community College Drug-Free Schools And
    Catawba Valley Community College Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Introduction Catawba Valley Community College complies with The Federal Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act Regulations [EDGAR Part 86]. These regulations include the following: 1. Standards of conduct that clearly prohibit the unlawful possession, use, or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol by students and employees on the school’s property or as part of the school’s activities; 2. A description of the sanctions under local, state, and federal law for unlawful possession, use, or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol; 3. A description of the health risks associated with the use of illicit drugs and alcohol; 4. A description of any drug and alcohol counseling, treatment, or rehabilitation programs available to students and employees; and 5. A clear statement that the school will impose sanctions on students and employees for violations of the standards of conduct (consistent with local, state, and federal law) and a description of these sanctions, up to and including expulsion, termination, of employment, and referral for prosecution. The required information will be distributed to all students and employees by the following methods: All new curriculum students receive this information when they are admitted to the College. All curriculum students receive this information when they register for classes. All continuing education students will receive notification by USPS mail about where to find this information. This information is included in the Annual Security Report. This information is posted on the CVCC website on the Safety and Security page Catawba Valley Community College conducts a biannual review of this program in accordance with the regulations.
    [Show full text]
  • Stopping the Shipment of Synthetic Opioids: Oversight of U.S. Strategy to Combat Illicit Drugs MAY 25, 2017
    1 STATEMENT OF CHAIRMAN ROB PORTMAN U.S. SENATE PERMANENT SUBCOMMITTEE ON INVESTIGATIONS Stopping the Shipment of Synthetic Opioids: Oversight of U.S. Strategy to Combat Illicit Drugs MAY 25, 2017 This hearing will come to order. [gavel] I’ve called this hearing to address a crisis in our communities. And it’s getting worse, not better. Our country is gripped by an opioid epidemic. It’s a crisis that doesn’t discriminate and can be found in every corner of my state. Earlier this month, Police Officer Chris Green in East Liverpool, Ohio suffered a fentanyl overdose following a routine traffic stop. He noticed white powder in the car and took the necessary precaution of wearing a mask and gloves during the arrest. When he was back at the police station, he noticed a small amount of powder on his shirt and brushed it off with his bare hand. From that mere exposure to his fingers, he passed out from an overdose. Officer Green was given one dose of Narcan on the scene, which is a drug used to reverse the effects of opioid overdose. But Officer Green needed three more doses of Narcan at the hospital to revive him. Fentanyl is a powerful drug that is killing Americans and putting our first responders at risk. It is 30-50 times more powerful than heroin and 100 times stronger than morphine. A lethal dose of fentanyl can be as little as two milligrams. 2 The number of Americans overdosing on fentanyl and its analogues has increased dramatically over the past few years.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence
    Open Access Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17(5), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051578 Review A Review of Cases of Marijuana and Violence by Redon Ipeku 3 and Thersilla Oberbarnscheidt 4 1 CEO of Health Advocates PLLC, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA 2 Department of Psychiatry Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA 3 College of Law, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA 4 Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Received: 9 December 2019 / Accepted: 25 February 2020 / Published: 29 February 2020 Download PDF Abstract : Marijuana is the most consumed illicit drug in the world, with over 192 million users. Due to the current legalization push of marijuana in the United States, there has been a lack of oversight regarding its public health policies, as marijuana advocates downplay the drug’s negative effects. This paper’s approach is from a public health perspective, focusing specifically on the cases of violence amongst some marijuana users. Here, we present 14 cases of violence with chronic marijuana users that highlight reoccurring consequences of: marijuana induced paranoia (exaggerated, unfounded distrust) and marijuana induced psychosis (radical personality change, loss of contact with reality). When individuals suffering from pre-existing medical conditions use marijuana in an attempt to alleviate their symptoms, ultimately this worsens their conditions over time. Although marijuana effects depend on the individual’s endocannabinoid receptors (which control behavioral functions, like aggression) and the potency level of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the drug, scientifically documented links between certain marijuana users and violence do exist.
    [Show full text]
  • Nové Psychoaktivní Substance Nové Psychoaktivní Substance (NPS) Jsou Skupinou Látek Se Širokým Spektrem Účinků
    1 Národní monitorovací únor 2020 NOVÉ PsyCHOAKTIVNÍ SUBstanCE Nové psychoaktivní substance (NPS) jsou skupinou látek se širokým spektrem účinků. „Nové“ jsou především z hlediska svého výskytu na ilegálním trhu, jejich struktura může být známa již poměrně dlouhou dobu. Jedná se o látky, které napodobují účinky klasických drog, jejich odlišná chemická strukturu jim však často zajišťuje dočasný únik před legislativní kontrolou. V následujícím textu bude čtenářům představena většina hlavních skupin NPS, avšak výčet není vyčerpávající. U každé ze zmíněných skupin je popsán mechanismus působení, akutní účinky na organismus včetně rizik a toxicity a stručný popis vybraných zástupců. Úvod Obsah Nové psychoaktivní substance (NPS, dříve nazývané nové syntetické drogy), známé také pod názvy „designer drugs“ Úvod či „legal highs“, se v poslední době stále častěji objevují na Syntetické opioidy drogové scéně. Skupina těchto látek se vyznačuje širokým spektrem účinků, které mohou být tlumivé, stimulační, Fenylethylaminy entaktogenní, ale také halucinogenní (Corazza et al. 2013; Halogenované deriváty amfetaminu a metamfetaminu Johnson, Johnson, a Portier 2013). Hlavními důvody, proč Analogy/náhražky MDMA se NPS na trhu vyskytují je, že: 1) se snaží napodobit účinky Fenylethylaminové halucinogeny tradičních drog (např. extáze, heroinu, marihuany či pervitinu) FLY varianty halucinogenních a entaktogenních a zároveň díky své nové struktuře, nejsou zahrnuty na sezna- fenylethylaminů mu kontrolovaných omamných a psychotropních látek (OPL) Tryptaminy a 2) že prekursory pro jejich výrobu nejsou monitorovány Syntetické piperaziny a jsou snadno dostupné. To ve svém důsledku vede k tomu, Syntetické kanabinoidy že výrobci i distributoři se tak mohou snadno vyhnout legisla- tivním postihům. Typickým znakem NPS tudíž je, že neustále Aminoindanty dochází k modifikacím jejich struktury, na trhu se tak tedy Katinony objevují stále další nové substance (van Amsterdam, Nutt, Disociativní anestetika (disociativa) a van den Brink 2013).
    [Show full text]
  • Staying Safe on Prescription Opioids Together We Can
    Staying Safe on Prescription Opioids Together We Can. Suicide Prevention Information for Veterans, Their Families, and Caregivers Understanding Opioid Use Opioids are drugs a doctor might prescribe for pain relief. For example, your doctor might give you a How to Stay Safe on Prescription Opioids medication with codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, You can do several things to protect yourself and others from the or oxycodone to relieve pain from an injury or after risks associated with prescription opioids: a surgery. Some brand names for these medications include OxyContin, Percocet, and Vicodin. But there are Before you are prescribed opioids, tell your health care many more. provider about all other medications and supplements you are taking. Opioids are highly addictive. This means you could lose control over your use of them and feel sick without Tell your health care provider if you or your family has a them. That’s why they should only be taken under the history of alcohol or drug addiction. There are other pain care and guidance of a medical professional. Opioid treatment options that are equally as effective as (or more misuse can lead to both addiction and overdose. effective than) opioids and don’t carry the same risks for addiction and overdose. An opioid overdose is when a person takes more than the body can handle. It causes difficulty breathing Only take opioids prescribed to you and as directed by your and can result in suffocation and death. Overdose is health care provider. Never accept opioids from anyone else. especially likely with the use of heroin, fentanyl, and other illegal opioids obtainable on the street or online.
    [Show full text]
  • Prescription Opioids Hydrocodone, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, Morphine, Codeine, Fentanyl
    Recognizing Symptoms of Drugs of Abuse Maricel Dela Cruz DO, MPH, FAWM It is the policy of the Intensive Osteopathic Update (IOU) organizers that all individuals in a position to control content disclose any relationships with commercial interests upon nomination/invitation of participation. Disclosure documents are reviewed for potential conflict of interest (COI), and if identified, conflicts are resolved prior to confirmation of participation. Only those participants who had no conflict of interest or who agreed to an identified resolution process prior to their participation were involved in this CME activity. All faculty in a position to control content for this session have indicated they have no relevant financial relationships to disclose. The content of this material/presentation in this CME activity will not include discussion of unapproved or investigational uses of products or devices. Faculty Disclosure I have no relevant financial relationships to disclose. The content of this material/presentation in this CME activity will not include discussion of unapproved or investigational uses of products or devices. Learning Objectives • Define illicit and illegal drug abuse • List common drugs of abuse as identified by the National Institute on Drug Abuse • Describe evidence-based screening tools to recognize a history of drug abuse in the outpatient setting • Describe signs and symptoms of drug abuse associated with common drugs of abuse • Demonstrate the current recommendations regarding drug abuse screening as per the United States Preventive Services Task Force Definition The use of illegal drugs or the use of prescription or over-the-counter drugs for purposes other than those for which they are meant to be used, or in large amounts.
    [Show full text]
  • 2020 Drug and Alcohol Prevention Program (DAAPP)
    Drug and Alcohol Abuse Prevention Program (DAAPP) For Students and Employees Biennial Review Period: August 2018 to July 2020 Published: October 7, 2020 Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College The Drug Free Schools and Campuses Regulations (34 CFR Part 86) of the Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act (DFSCA) requires an Institution of Higher Education (IHE) such as Asheville-Buncombe Technical Community College (A-B Tech), to certify that it has implemented programs to prevent the abuse of alcohol, use and/or distribution of illicit drugs both by A-B Tech students and employees either on its premises and as a part of any of its activities. At a minimum, an IHE must annually distribute the following in writing to all students and employees: • Standards of conduct that clearly prohibit the unlawful possession, use or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol by students and employees; (see Appendix A for the Drug and Alcohol Policy and Procedures, Appendix B for the Code of Student Conduct Policy and Procedures, and Appendix D for the Threat Assessment Policy and Procedures) • A description of the legal sanctions under local, state, or federal law for the unlawful possession or distribution of illicit drugs and alcohol (see Legal Sanctions on page 6); • A description of the health risks associated with the use of illicit drugs and alcohol abuse (see Health Risks on page 7; • A description of any drug or alcohol counseling, treatment, or rehabilitation or reentry programs that are available to employees or students (see Drug and Alcohol Programs on Page 12); and • A clear statement that the institution will impose sanctions on students and employees and a description of those sanctions, up to and including expulsion or termination of employment and referral for prosecution, for violations of the standards of conduct or law (see Disciplinary Sanctions on Page 14).
    [Show full text]
  • The Opioid Crisis
    America Wakes Up: The Opioid Crisis Matt Feehery, LCDC Senior Vice President & CEO PaRC (Prevention & Recovery Center) Behavioral Health Services July 5, 2017 A Pill for Your Pain “But my doctor prescribed it, so it can’t be bad.” “We started on this whole thing because we were on a mission to help people in pain,” states Dr. Jane C. Ballantyne, a Seattle pain expert. “But the long-term outcomes for many of these patients are appalling, and it is ending up destroying lives.” The use, overuse and misuse of prescription opioids continues to rise. Source: New York Times 2012 A Pill for Your Pain • 2014 the CDC issued a report headlined PHYSICIANS ARE FUELING PRESCRIPTION PAINKILLER OVERDOSES. • The study found that doctors were engaging in "dangerous" and "inappropriate" prescription practices. • Physician lack understanding of opiates and their addictive tendencies. (Source: CDC, 2014) A Pill for Your Pain Many Physicians Don’t Understand Key Facts about Prescription Opioid Addictions • Surveyed physicians do not understand the addictive nature of the opioids they prescribe or how people become addicted to them. • Doctors continue to overestimate the effectiveness of prescription pain medications and underestimate their risks. • One-third of the doctors erroneously believed that most prescription drug abuse is by means other than swallowing the pills as intended. Ingestion accounts up to 97%, followed by snorting and injection. • Physicians and patients often mistakenly view these medicines as safe in one form and dangerous in another. (Source: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, June, 2015) A Pill for Your Pain While cumulative pain levels remained constant among Americans, prescriptions for pain medications quadrupled between 1999 and 2010.
    [Show full text]
  • MF3404 the Opioid Crisis: What You Need to Know
    The Opioid Crisis: What You Need to Know The opioid crisis has swept across the nation at an Key Facts alarming rate. Drug abuse, dependence, and overdose are • Opioids are a class of drugs that include powerful issues that affect the lives of millions of Americans. Given prescription pain relievers — such as oxycodone, codeine, the severity of the opioid crisis in the United States, action morphine, and fentanyl — and the illegal drug heroin. must be taken at multiple levels to stop the devastating • Opioids work by binding to opioid receptors in your body consequences. One of those steps is education. This fact to relieve pain. sheet will discuss: • Prescription opioids can be an important part of treatment • what opioids are, but carry significant risks for addiction and overdose • which opioids are most commonly abused and why, because of the addictive euphoria they create and the tolerance that occurs after repetitive dosing. • the risks associated with abusing opioids and who is • Drug overdose is the leading cause of accidental death most vulnerable to an opioid addiction, in the United States, of which a large majority is due to • the signs of an opioid addiction and overdose, prescription and illegal opioids. Seven drug related deaths occur every hour in the United States. • how to respond to an opioid overdose, • There are effective treatment options for opioid • how to safely store and dispose of opioid medications, dependence, yet only 10 percent of people who need such and treatment are receiving it. • steps individuals and communities can take to address • Naloxone, also called Narcan® or Evzio®, can completely the opioid crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • NFLIS-Drug Selected Substance List
    2017-2020 NFLIS-Drug Substance List (Sorted by Date) Date Added NFLIS Substance Name Synonyms Chemical Name Structure InChI Formula to NFLIS- Drug InChI=1S/C16H20BrN/ c17-14-1-3-15(4-2-14)18-16-12-6-10-5-11 Bromantane ladasten N-(4-bromophenyl)adamantan-2-amine C16H20BrN 12/7/20 (8-12)9-13(16)7-10/h1-4,10-13,16,18H, 5-9H2 InChI=1S/C21H29FN2O3/ c1-4-27-21(26)19(15(2)3)23-20(25)17-14- ethyl 2-(1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamido)-3- 5F-EMB-PICA EMB-2201; 5-fluoro-EMB-PICA 24(13-9-5-8-12-22)18-11-7-6-10-16(17)18 C21H29FN2O3 11/12/20 methylbutanoate /h6-7,10-11,14-15,19H, 4-5,8-9,12-13H2,1-3H3,(H,23,25) InChI=1S/C20H27FN2O3/ c1-20(2,3)17(19(25)26-4)22-18(24)15-13- methyl 2-(1-(4-fluorobutyl)-1H-indole-3- 4F-MDMB-BUTICA 4-fluoro-MDMB-BUTICA; 4F-MDMB-BICA 23(12-8-7-11-21)16-10-6-5-9-14(15)16/ C20H27FN2O3 10/23/20 carboxamido)-3,3-dimethylbutanoate h5-6,9-10,13,17H,7-8,11-12H2,1-4H3,(H, 22,24) InChI=1S/C10H14BrNO2/ 4-methoxy-6-[(1E)-2-phenylethenyl]-5,6-dihydro-2H- 2Br-4,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 2-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine c1-13-9-5-7(3-4-12)8(11)6-10(9)14-2/ C10H14BrNO2 10/2/20 pyran-2-one h5-6H,3-4,12H2,1-2H3 InChI=1S/C16H22FNO/ 4-fluoro-3-methyl-alpha-PVP; 4F-3-methyl-alpha- c1-3-6-15(18-9-4-5-10-18)16(19)13-7-8-1 4F-3-Methyl-alpha-PVP 4-fluoro-3-methyl-alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone C16H22FNO 10/2/20 pyrrolidinovalerophenone 4(17)12(2)11-13/h7-8,11,15H, 3-6,9-10H2,1-2H3 InChI=1S/C21H26N4O3/ N,N-diethyl-2-[2-(4-methoxybenzyl)-5-nitro-1H- c1-4-23(5-2)12-13-24-20-11-8-17(25(26)2 Metonitazene C21H26N4O3 9/15/20 benzimidazol-1-yl]ethanamine
    [Show full text]
  • 2-Aminoindan and Its Ring-Substituted Derivatives Interact With
    LJMU Research Online Halberstadt, AL, Brandt, SD, Walther, D and Baumann, MH 2-Aminoindan and its ring-substituted derivatives interact with plasma membrane monoamine transporters and α2-adrenergic receptors http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/10335/ Article Citation (please note it is advisable to refer to the publisher’s version if you intend to cite from this work) Halberstadt, AL, Brandt, SD, Walther, D and Baumann, MH (2019) 2- Aminoindan and its ring-substituted derivatives interact with plasma membrane monoamine transporters and α2-adrenergic receptors. Psychopharmacology. ISSN 0033-3158 LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Copyright © and Moral Rights for the papers on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. Users may download and/or print one copy of any article(s) in LJMU Research Online to facilitate their private study or for non-commercial research. You may not engage in further distribution of the material or use it for any profit-making activities or any commercial gain. The version presented here may differ from the published version or from the version of the record. Please see the repository URL above for details on accessing the published version and note that access may require a subscription. For more information please contact researchonline@ljmu.ac.uk http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/ 2-Aminoindan and its Ring-Substituted Derivatives Interact with Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporters and
    [Show full text]