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Volume 22 Spring 2021 the Journal of Undergraduate Research In The Journal of Undergraduate Research Volume 22 in Natural Sciences and Mathematics Spring 2021 The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics Volume 22 | Spring 2021 Marks of a CSUF graduate from the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics GRADUATES FROM THE COLLEGE OF NATURAL SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS: • Understand the basic concepts and principles of science and mathematics. • Are experienced in working collectively and collaborating to solve problems. • Communicate both orally and in writing with clarity, precision, and confidence. • Are adept at using computers to do word processing, prepare spreadsheets and graphs, and use presentation software. • Possess skills in information retrieval using library resources and the internet. • Have extensive laboratory, workshop, and field experience where they utilize the scientific method to ask questions, formulate hypotheses, design and conduct experiments, and analyze data. • Appreciate diverse cultures as a result of working side by side with many people in collaborative efforts in the classroom, laboratory, and on research projects. • Have had the opportunity to work individually with faculty members in conducting research and independent projects, often leading to the generation of original data and contributing to the research knowledge base. • Are capable of working with modern equipment, instrumentation, and techniques. 4 DIMENSIONS DIMENSIONS: The Journal of Undergraduate Research in Natural Sciences and Mathematics is an official publication of California State University, Fullerton. DIMENSIONS is published annually by CSUF, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834. Copyright ©2021 CSUF. Except as otherwise provided, DIMENSIONS grants permission for material in this publication to be copied for use by non-profit educational institutions for scholarly or instructional purposes only, provided that 1) copies are distributed at or below cost, 2) the author and DIMENSIONS are identified, and 3) proper notice of copyright appears on each copy. If the author retains the copyright, permission to copy must be obtained directly from the author. About the Cover Mathematics and art have long been intertwined: The ancient Greeks believed that “perfect” mathematical proportions governed what was aesthetically pleasing, and this belief carried over to the Renaissance where artists used precise mathematical measurements to replicate the natural world in man-made creations. This was possible because math and nature are also inherently related: every complex structure and elaborate pattern in nature can usually be broken down into a series of equations and theorems. I sought to illustrate that triangular relation between math, art, and nature in this cover, by highlighting the persistence of the Golden Ratio/Golden Spiral, a mathematical understanding of proportions based on the Fibonacci sequence, in the natural geometry of objects studied in various fields. From the swirl of the celestial bodies in a galaxy to the spiral structures formed by complex molecular interactions, all the sciences have a beauty and art to them in isolation, but nothing truly exists in a vacuum, and the marvels of each field of study are further amplified when we celebrate the way all of STEM is simultaneously diverse and wonderfully interconnected. The cover itself is designed to look like traditional 16th/17th century scientific illustration, which originally accompanied naturalist findings and were used to convey exciting and remarkable research, much like the manuscripts and abstracts that fill these pages. Special Thanks Thank you to the CNSM administrative staff for their support, the faculty for advising students and providing them with valuable research opportunities, and Tatiana Pedroza and Anais Perez for their guidance and oversight. 5 DIMENSIONS Editorial Staff Editor-In-Chief Sonali Vyas - Mathematics Advisor Tatiana Pedroza - Assistant Dean for Student Affairs Layout Editor and Cover Designer Sherif Ibraheem - Layout Editor Shannon Chou - Cover Designer Editors Jessica Sherman - Biological Science Mayra Silva - Biological Science Melissa Fernandez - Biological Science Krisha Marie Uy - Biological Science Mykayla Miller- Chemistry and Biochemistry Maria Valdovinos- Geological Sciences Luis Gonzalez - Mathematics Madeline Ceccia - Mathematics Erick Engelby- Physics Anny Antunovich - Physics College of Natural Sciences & Mathematics Dr. Marie Johnson - Dean Dr. Sean E. Walker - Associate Dean Dr. Merri Lynn Casem - Chair, Department of Biological Science Dr. Peter de Lijser - Chair, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Dr. Adam Woods - Chair, Department of Geological Sciences Dr. Alfonso Agnew - Chair, Department of Mathematics Dr. Ionel Tifrea - Chair, Department of Physics 6 Dear Titan NSMers, Even in a pandemic, the college and our students still pursued research, designed experiments, collected data, wrote draft upon draft, and ultimately published their findings to share with other mathematicians and scientists. We could not be prouder of the effort that these pages represent, both for the students themselves and for the faculty mentors who stand behind these students and enable this work. On behalf of all of us here in NSM, please enjoy this issue of Dimensions as we celebrate the discovery of new knowledge and the original research of our students. Marie Johnson Dean, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics 7 Table of Contents 10 Biological Science 52 Geological Sciences 11 Diet of Coyotes in Rural Agricultural Areas of 53 Examining the Concentric Pattern of the Box California: A Comparative Analysis of Stable Isotope Springs pluton, Riverside, California and Stomach Contents Analysis - Author: Alex Valenzuela - Author: Jesi Nonora - Advisor: Vali Memeti, Ph.D. - Advisor: Paul Stapp, Ph.D. 54 An Examination of the Structural and Petrologic 13 Green Waste Perceptions at California State Evolution of the Box Springs Plutonic Complex, University, Fullerton Riverside, CA - Author: Elijah Slaven - Author: Andrew Culleton - Advisor: Joel Abraham, Ph.D. - Advisor: Vali Memeti, Ph.D. 14 Analyzing the Effect of Experimental Evolution on the Host Microbiome in Drosophila melanogaster 55 Lidar analysis of the high-slip section of the Hector - Author: Leah Spalding Mine Earthquake Surface Rupture - Advisor: Parvin Shahrestani, Ph.D. - Author: Brandon Cugini - Advisor: Sinan Akçiz, Ph.D. 15 Chloroplast genomes in the parasitic sandalwood order 67 Testing The Efficacy Of 3D-Printed Geologic Block - Author: Tuesday Weaver Models As Tools For Fostering Spatial Visualization - Advisor: Joshua Der, Ph.D. Abilities - Authors: Joseph Gutierrez, Sinan Akçiz, Natalie 16 Chemistry and Biochemistry Bursztyn, and Kevin Nichols 17 Synthesis and Study of the Pyrochlore La3Sb3Co2O14 for Use as an Oxygen Transport Membrane 70 Geochemistry of basalts and trachyandesites in - Authors: Gonzalez Jimenez and Mark Abad northern Owens Valley, Inyo County, California - Advisor: Allyson Fry-Petit, Ph.D. - Authors: Matthew Pilker, Jeffrey Knott, Fred Phillips, Jade Star Lackey and Angela Jayko 18 New Approaches for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Green Chemistry Synthesis and Molecular 71 Mathematics Modeling Studies of Donepezil-Based Analogs 72 Mancala: Divide And Tied - Author: Stephanie Mariel Salvador - Authors: Salma Albakri and Chloe Rhee - Advisor: Stevan Pecic, Ph.D. - Advisor: Alison S. Marzocchi, Ph.D. 28 Human Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Enzyme- Molecular Modeling Studies and Docking 80 Solvability of Peg Solitaire on Different Graphs Experiments - Author: Gustavo Alonso - Author: Aleksei Solomatov - Advisor: Roberto Soto - Advisor: Stevan Pecic, Ph.D. 81 Statistical Modeling for Discovery: How Movements Within 39 Purification and characterization of a small copper Counties Affect the Spread of the COVID-19 Pandemic carrier in blood fluid - Authors: Gwendolyn Lind, Caleb Peña, and - Authors: Theodore Roque and Heather Carrillo Seth Arreola - Advisor: Maria Linder, Ph.D. - Advisor: Sam Behseta, Ph.D. 8 94 Riemann Sums: Approximating Integrals With 163 Examining Student Understanding of Matrix Semi-Ellipses Algebra and Eigentheory - Authors: Holly C. Anderson, Christine N. Gamez, - Author: Pachi Her and Summer K. Andrews - Advisor: Michael E. Loverude, Ph.D. - Advisor: Alison S. Marzocchi, Ph.D. 168 Mass Distribution Comparison for GW190425 103 Applying Machine Learning Methods in Solid - Author: Marc Daniell Penuliar State Chemistry: Classification and Prediction of - Advisor: Jocelyn Read, Ph.D. Perovskites - Authors: Maria D. Diaz, Brandon Tomich, and 169 Optical scattering measurements for common off Juan Cabrera the shelf highly reflective 1064 nm mirrors - Advisor: Allyson Fry-Petit, Ph.D. and Sam - Authors: Daniel Martinez, Amy Gleckl, Gabriela Behseta, Ph.D. Jaimes, Jazlyn Guerrero, Elenna Capote, Erick Engelby, and Joshua Smith 113 Fibonacci Gaps - Author: Madeline Ceccia 180 Calculating apparent-horizon quantities with - Advisor: Martin Bonsangue, Ph.D. SpECTRE, a next-generation numerical relativity code 123 Minimal Generating Sets of the Monoid of Partial - Author: Marlo Morales Order-preserving Injections - Advisor: Geoffrey Lovelace, Ph.D. - Author: Saul Lopez - Advisor: Scott Annin, Ph.D. 181 Authors & Editors 135 On Applications of The AM-GM Inequality - Author: Sushanth S. Kumar - Advisor: Bogdan Suceava 142 An Interesting Series and The Geometric Mean of the Numbers in a Positive Interval - Author: Sushanth S. Kumar - Advisor: Bogdan Suceava 147 Maxwell’s
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