9781108421904 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-42190-4 — Women and the Egyptian Revolution Nermin Allam Index More Information

213

Index

1881/82 Urabi Revolt, 32 Al- Mrkz Al-Masr ī - l- Marʾ a [The 1919 Egyptian revolution, 26 Egyptian Centre for Women], 16 class, impact on protests, 32 Al-Mar ʾ a Al-Gadyda [New Women female participation, 32 Foundation], 16 women’s engagement, 33 Al-Sha ʿb Yureed Isqat Al-Nizam commemorating, 34 [The people want to overthrow 1952 Free Ofi cers’ revolution, 46 the regime], 104 women’s engagement, 38 Al-Wafd , 49 , 52 1978 Camp David Accords, 120 American University in Cairo, 18 1979 Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, 120 Aporia in knowledge, 64 2001 Queen Boat controversy, 79 April 6 Youth Movement, 78, 101, 130 , 131 Abd al- Hadi, Aisha, 135 weaknesses of, 132 Abdel- Tawab, Nahla, 17 , 83 Artistic and social initiatives Ai i , Adel, 113 BuSSy story-telling initiative, 156 Agential Muslim women, 67 female genital mutilation play, 154 – 55 Aidarus, Elham, 132 regime, toleration by, 156 Al Noor Salfaist party, 143 Au courant , 95 Al-Ahram , 52 Aura of consensus, 99 al-Banna, Hassan, 134 Authoritarian coni dence, 147 Al-Baqiyat Al-ṣaliat [Good Deeds Authoritarianism Organization], 16 activist groups, practices in, 150 Algeria Unveiled , 59 al-Ghazali, Zeinab, 38 , 135 Bananas, Beaches and Bases , 35 Al-Haraka al- Nisa’iyya al-Haditha: Bayat, Asef, 137 Qissat al-Mar’a al- ’Arabiyya Benford, Robert D, 3 , 72 ‘ala Ard Misr [The Modern Berkeley free speech movement, 96 Women’s Movement: The Story Bier, Laura, 39 of the Arab Woman in the Land Bitoʿ S ū zā n , 116 of Egypt], 33 Blood Sacrii ce and the Nation: Totem Alliance for Arab Women, 132 Rituals and the American Al-Mahala strike, 136 Flag , 45 Al- Marʾ a al-ʿamela [the working Boredom women], 41 social movements, less common, 8 Al-Marʾ a Lyst Luʿbat al-Rajul Bread and Freedom Party, 132 [Woman is Not the Plaything Butler, Judith, 47 of Man], 43 Byt Al-Umma, 34 Al- Marʾ a wa Al-Zakra [Women and History Can the Subaltern Speak? 59 Forum], 16 Canetti, Elias, 100

213

214

214 Index

Carter, Jimmy, 120 resonant and modular, 77 Center for Egyptian Women’s Legal shaped by subjective Assistance (CEWLA), 90 , 153 experiences, 115 Charitable organizations situationally sensitive, 96 mobilization, impact on, 138 status quo, redei ned, 3 political bodies, as, 137 women’s only spaces, effectiveness, 91 protestors, role in transforming, 137 Collective memory, 26 protests, acceptable place, 138 Colonial Fantasies - Towards a Feminist young women, empowering, 137 Reading of Orientalism , 59 Circuit of culture, 63 Colonialism Citizen frame struggle against, 80 demands, 74 – 76 Colorless social fabric, 72 lineament of diversity, 76 Communitas, 95 lineaments of durable connection, 75 collective action frame, inl uence solidarity and equality, 97 on, 103 women’s participation, legitimized dei nition, 105 and energized, 76 equality of women and men during Citizenship uprising, 108 ideal forms, 87 Tahrir Square, 106 men and women constructed Community development initiatives. differently, 46 See Charitable organizations rights and demands raised by Conceptual traveling, 20 protestors, 74 Constitution Civil society organizations, 148 reconciliation of women’s power struggles, 149 contribution to workforce, 40 Cognitive liberation, 8 women’s rights, not forcefully Collective action guarded, 150 April 6 movement model, 131 women’s rights, violation, 142 divisions in elites, incentive for, 120 Contentious politics, 4 inaction, 145 Egyptian uprising, situating Kefaya movement model, 131 within, 9 nineteenth century, exhaustion expanding opportunities, 141 following, 148 transforming uprising into long- participants, sense of potency, 158 lasting reforms, 2 signii cance of experience, 158 Western media coverage, 62 threats against, 157 Critical discourse analysis, 4 trade unions transcripts and interview data, 19 feminism downplayed, 136 Crowd dynamics, 99 – 100 i ghting for, 136 Cultural patriarchy, 11 youth, experience of, 158 Culture of immediacy in uprising, 99 Collective action frame, 13 Culture relativism, 115 Citizen frame. See Citizen frame Cusack, Tricia, 35 constructing, 73 Cynthia Nelson Institute for Gender focus on the present, 98 and Women’s Studies, 18 frame alignment, 77 issues, strategic interpretation, 3 Data collection, 4 liminality and communitas, inl uence Deconstruction, 26 on, 103 Deep state, 146 nationalist discourse, legacy, 87 Democratic dei ciency, 148 public acceptance, 88 Demographic shifts, 7 resonance, 73 Derrida, Jacques, 115

215

Index 215

Disappointment el- Adly, Habib, 21 activism, understanding, 157 El- Baz, Shaheda, 17 , 137 affective form in own right, 153 El- Gebali, Tahani, 150 authoritarian coni dence, 147 El- Kahlawi, Abla, 17 constant vilii cation, 151 El- Mahdi, Alia, 81 deep state, grip on power, 146 El- Nakash, Salma, 112 dei nition, 143 El Saadawi, Nawal, 32 emotions, importance of, 145 Emotions engagement and participation, disappointment, role in, 145 inl uence on, 145 Enloe, Cynthia, 35 historical background, 144 Enunciation, 8 rebound effect, 145 Episodes of contention, 5 security forces, persistent power, 147 25th January uprising, 5 , 6 women, i rst group to Egyptian uprising, placing experience, 145 within, 9 Disruptive framing, 147 outcomes, 8 Domesticated activism, 123 part of cycle resistance, 6 Domestication of female public social movement approach, 6 bravery, 34 some kind of residue, 6 Dual citizenship Epistemic violence, 64 impact on emancipation, 66 Equal partner argument , 110 Dwidar, Sameeha, 112 Equality during uprising, 99 Tahrir Square crowds, 100 – 02 Ebeid, Makram, 71 Ethnic pitfalls of national Egypt consciousness, 29 deep state, 146 Exceptional activist, 65 discourse of national unity, 71 Exhaustion feminist activists, perception, 12 cycles of contention, following, 148 feminist movement,viewed as Exploitation of women, 11 elitist, 139 immigration from Gulf Fanon, Franz, 29 , 59 countries, 127 Fattah el-Sisi, Abdel, 21 , 143 Islam, popular rise in Wahabism and Fattah, Esraa Abdel, 101 conservative practices, 128 Female genital mutilation, 133 Janus-faced, 35 participatory theatrical play, 154 – 55 media1 Female heroines, 82 – 84 female celebrities, life stories, 82 not representation of average framing of women’s political Egyptian women, 86 activism, 87 Zaat , 84 – 86 shaper of identity, 81 Female passiveness. See Passiveness women, misrepresentation, 82 Feminine agency, 163 women’s rights organizations, newspaper coverage, 69 representing, 82 Feminine frame national mother framework, 34 adding color to news, 56 national symbols, visual assuaging activism, 56 representation, 35 attractiveness of protestors, 55 sexual harassment of women, 106 conscious/unconscious judgments by Egyptian Center for Women’s Rights, media, 56 90 , 112 wedding stories, 57 Egyptian Feminist Union, 135 Feminine turning feminist Egyptian Press Syndicate, 17 , 127 movements, 31

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216 Index

Feminism, 11 key part of Mubarak regime, 132 activists, viewed in Egyptian society, 12 materialization, constraints Nasser era on, 31 absence from nationalist protestors, distancing from, 139 agenda, 39 revolutions, failure to improve Flare ups of contention, 147 after, 29 Flirtation [‘mo’aksa’ ], 107 Gender pitfalls of national For Men Only [Lel Regal Fakat] , 43 consciousness, 29 Frame alignment, 76 Gender rights gender, absence of, 77 cautiousness of human rights process not always easy and groups, 79 clear, 77 Gender stereotypes, 63 Frame analysis, 4 , 73 Orientalism, 62 alignment, 76 Ghonim, Wael, 64 opportunities, perceived by female Global Media Monitoring Project participants, 10 (GMMP) Frames, 73 women, media content on, 53 collective action. See Collective Goffman, Evring, 72 action frame Gozlan, Engy, 113 dei nition, 74 Gramsci, Antonio, 6 diagnostic nature, 75 master frame strategy, 12 Hadad, Habib, 64 pre- transition. See Pre-transition HarassMap, 113 , 157 frames Hassan, Mozn, 153 unfamiliarity, alienating support, 88 Hatem, Mervat, 40 Framing Havel, Vaclav, 75 dynamic process, 97 Heikal, Osama, 49 emergent and context-specii c Heroes and legends process, 95 values promoted by, 45 Kefaya protest movement, 132 Herstory , 3 participants, interactions Heirs of Zaynab, 29 between, 114 Hirschman, Albert, 145 problem identii cation, 3 Hunt, Scott A., 72 resonating with adherents and Huriyya (freedom), 75 sympathisers, 96 Hussein, Fayeqa, 63 social construction, 97 symbols and discourses familiar to Ibrahim, Hai z, 26 , 33 target population, 103 Ibrahim, Sonallah, 84 women’s rights, 132 Id Wa ḥ da [One hand], 104 Freedom and Justice Party, 143 , 149 Identity politics Freedom Summer camp, 158 negative view toward, 79 – 80 Inl uential allies, 119 Gamat Al-Ahwan Al- Muslimeen. See Ingle, David W., 45 Muslim Brotherhood Inji Al atun, 40 Gender equality, 13 International Day for the Elimination 2012 constitution, failure to of Violence Against provide, 142 Women, 155 International Women’s Day International Woman Suffrage Alliance protests, 103 (IWSA), 37 issues appropriated by regime, 133 International Women’s Day, 103

217

Index 217

Intifada Hijab, 29 spatial conditionality of agency , 57 Iranian revolution, 30 wailing mother/wife, 58 Iron law of oligarchy, 149 women’s engagement, portraying, 55 Islamic feminism, 11 Maternal frame 34 Ittihad Bint Al-Nil [the Daughters of McAdam, Douglas, 158 the Nile Union], 40 Mekheimar, Mariam, 106 Methodology Jamaʿat Al-Saīdat Al-Muslimat [Muslim data organized along three Ladies Association], 135 frames, 19 Jayawardena, Kumari, 30 data review, 18 Juvenile ageism, 122 pseudonyms, use of, 17 public document data, 18 Kalthoum, Um, 82 semi- structured interviews, 15 – 17 Kamil, Mustafa, 35 snowball sampling, 16 Karama (dignity), 75 theorizing, emergent approach, 15 Karman, Tawakkol, 1, 17 , 142 Michels, Robert, 149 Karyoka, Tahia, 82 Mobility Kazim, Tahia, 39 protesting, impact on, 124 Kefaya, 130 , 131 Moghadam, Valentine, 30 weaknesses of, 132 Momani, Bessma, 7 Khafaga, Fatma, 132 Moments of madness, 6 , 8 Khalifa, Ijlal, 32 Morsy, Maya, 17, 90 , 134 Mothers’ Day celebrations, 152 Latin America Movement of movements model, 130 pre- transition frames, impact of, 88 gender issues, sidelined, 131 Le Bon, Gustave, 100 “Muzaharat Al-Nisaʾ ” (The Ladies’ Leadership Demonstration), 26 absence of, 97 Mo ʾ ssasat Qadaya Al- Marʾ a [Center lack of during revolution, 77 for Egyptian Women’s Legal Liminal phases, 95 Assistance], 16 Liminality Mubarak, usnī, 2 , 13 , 75 , 99 collective action frame, inl uence charges dropped, 21 on, 103 resignation speech, 146 dei nition, 104 women’s rights, exploiting for equality of women and men during political purposes, 116 uprising, 108 Mubarak, Suzanne, 116 , 139 Lineament of diversity, 76 Murakami, Haruki, 115 Lineaments of durable connection, 75 Murs ī , Muhammed, 112 , 142 Long- term planning Musa, Salama, 43 absence of, 99 Muslim Brotherhood Lotfy, Ghada, 90 , 112 citizen frame, adoption of, 76 Lughod, Abu, 63 popular support, loss of, 151 Luminal moments, 2 post- uprising sexual harassment, role in, 112 Mahmood, Saba, 9 social services, provision of, 128 Male anti- harassment chains, 110 women’s rights agenda, attacks Marvin, Carol, 45 on, 149 Maternal frame, 28 women’s rights, approaches to, 134 – 35 meanings and implications, My Wife is a General Director excluded, 35 [Miraty Modeer ‘am] , 43

218

218 Index

Nabarawi, Saiza Parliament removal of veil, 37 current female members, 153 Nadeem Center for Rehabilitation of parties, misogynist views, 143 , 149 Victims of Violence, 153 quota, women members, 133 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 153 Passiveness, 58 , 65 , 68 state feminism, 39 Patriarchal frames, 165 National Council for Women, 90, Patriarchy, 109 132 , 149 Personal liberties National mother framework, 34 cautiousness of human rights Nationalist movements groups, 79 symbols, gendered Personal narratives representations, 34 aporia in knowledge, 64 Nazra- l-Dirasat Al-Nisawia [Nazra for epistemic violence, 64 Feminist Studies], 16 ignored by media, 63 Nazra, El- Nadeem Centre for Plight of poverty, 137 Rehabilitation of Victims of Political agency, 55 , 143 Violence, 111 Political horizons, 14 New Women Organization, 111 Political opportunities New York Times , 49 constraints limiting activism, 121 apolitical wife, juxtaposition with dei nition, 117 politically active husband, 64 demands, isolating and creating, 140 balancing negative and positive elites, divisions in, 119 images, 68 experienced differently, 130 circuit of culture, 63 gender differentiation, 121 exceptional activist reporting, 65 gender-explicit approach, 117 personal narratives ignored, 63 inl uential allies, appearance of, 119 progressive representation of movement of movements model, 130 Islam, 67 openness of system, 118 protestors, positive actions repression, capacity for, 120 highlighted, 63 social media, impact on, 123 Third World difference, structures, shift in, 118 reinforced, 64 withdrawal of United States support wailing woman, stylization of, 62 for Mubarak regime, 119 Western anxiety over Islam, 67 youth protestors Western nationals, descriptions, 63 impact on participation, 122 Niqdar Nisharik [We Can juvenile ageism, 122 Participate], 129 parent concerns, 123 – 24 Non-feminist disclaimer, 11 Political process model, 4 recurrence, 12 social science, acceptance, 4 Ntgama [Gather], 104 Popular religion, 128 Population Council, 83 , 129 Ofi cial religion, 128 Post- colonial feminism, 10 Oliver, Pam, 6 Post- transition movements, 31 Operation Anti-Sexual Harassment, Powers of the Powerless , 54 107 Pre- transition frames Opportunity structures, 140 impact on gains after revolutions, 88 Orientalism, 59 later movements, constraining frames, 165 success, 88 gender stereotypes, 62 Pre- transition movements, 31 genealogy, 59 Pseudonyms, use of, 17

219

Index 219

Public activism Snow, David A, 3 , 74 domestication of, 34 Snowball sampling, 16 parental support, lack of, 125 Social and artistic initiatives direct political action, in lieu of, 157 Qasim Amin, 127 Social media political opportunities, impact Rabiṭat Al-Mar ʾ a Al- Arabia [The on, 123 Alliance for Arab Women], 16 Social movement theory, 14 Rahman al- Raf’i, Abdel, 33 Social movements, 72 Ramadan, Fatma, 136 Solidarnoś ć (Solidarity), 98 Ramadan, Rania, 129 Soliman, Azza, 90 , 153 Regime change Spatial conditionality of agency , 57 gendered processes, 14 Spiral of conl ict, 96 Religious extremism, 11 Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty, 8 , 59 Revolutionary Womanhood , 39 State feminism, 39 Ridd, Rosemary, 54 al-mar ʾ a al-ʿ amela [the working women], 41 SCAF. See Supreme Council of the balancing work/home duties, 42 Armed Forces class differential improvements, 133 Secular feminism, 11 contradictory nature, 39 Security discourse, 147 gender equality, 132 Seif al- Dawla, Aida, 153 gender hierarchies, reproducing, 42 Semi-structured interviews, 15 – 17 independent initiatives, Sexual harassment, 106 – 07 suppression, 40 detering political activism, 128 labor force, women’s Egyptian women, 2013 UN participation in, 41 study, 113 males, impact on privileged equal partner argument, 110 positions, 42 political participation, used to NGO law, 153 deter, 113 – 14 post- Nasser regime, 44 post- uprising return, 109 revival, 152 Tahrir Square, 2011-2013, 111 – 13 women not automatically voters, 40 Tahrir Square, lack of women, impact on media incidents, 107 – 08 portrayal, 83 Sexuality, 86 women’s agency, 46 false expression of liberation and women’s duties, tensions with, 44 agency, 87 women’s work, 43 Shai q, Amina, 17 , 127 Strangers, 93 Shai q, Doria, 40 Strangers at the gates, 9 Shai q, Duriyya, 40 Study Shaʿrawi, Huda, 32 contributions, 165 criticism of male leadership, 36 organization, 22 – 25 removal of veil, 37 scope and limitations, 19 WCCC, appointment as social movement theory, president, 36 advancing, 165 WCCC, resignation as President, 36 women’s engagement, documented Sharia law, 126 through female protestors, 13 Sheik Mohamed Abduh, 127 Subaltern women, 64 Sheik Rifaʾ a El- Tahtawi, 127 Subject-consciousness of women, 63 Singerman, Diane, 131 Suleiman, Omar, 146

220

220 Index

Supreme Council of the Armed Forces United Nations Development Program/ activists, violence against, 142 Middle East Ofi ce (UNDP), 90 protestors, sexual harassment of, 113 United Nations Entity for Gender Synthetic model of study, 9 Equality and the Empowerment premises, 9 of Women women’s experiences, sexual harassment study, Egypt, 113 understanding, 9 Van- Gennep, Arnold, 104 Taḥarush , 107 Virginities , 109 Tahrir Square, 12 Virtual activism, 123 crowds rural protestors excluded, 124 caring role, 102 Volunteering. See Charitable direct combatant role, 102 organizations equality of, 100 – 02 women’s views, respected and Wafdist Women’s Central Committee followed, 102 (WWCC) establishment, 36 place of solidarity and equality, 94 War on terror, 60 quasi-communitas features, 106 sustaining support, 60 sexual harassment, Warrior/women framework, 28 2011-2013, 111 – 13 Watts, Charlotte, 113 sexual harassment, lack of Western media coverage, 61 incidents, 107 – 08 Arab and Muslim women, image wedding stories, 57 refashioned, 65 Tarde, Gabriel, 100 contentious politics, 62 Tarrow, Sidney, 8 gender stereotypes, 63 The Army and People are United Middle Eastern ’other’, 61 [ Al-Jeish wa Al- Shaʿb Id positive effect, 61 Wahda ], 120 Third World difference, 64 The Philosophy of the Revolution , 39 veiled activists, 67 – 68 The Symbolic Annihilation of Women Western values of protestors by the Mass Media , 48 highlighted, 66 – 67 Third World difference, 64 Women and Memory Forum (WMF) , Threats, 157 19 , 101 Tilly, Charles, 9 , 90 Women trafi cking, 133 To Hell with It, 78 Women’s agency Trade unions charitable organizations, 138 women’s rights, approaches post- colonial feminism, 10 to, 135 – 36 reclaimed, 3 Tuchman, Gaye, 63 spatial conditionality, 57 Tucker, Judith, 10 state feminism, 46 Turner, Victor, 2, 72, 95 , 103 uprising, mediating effects on, 141 Tawasol [Engagement], 16 Women’s engagement 1919 Egyptian revolution, 33 Um El-masrayeen, 34 commemorating, 34 Um Ibrahim Abdel-Mohsin, 63 1952 Free Ofi cers’ revolution, 38 UN Commission on the Status gender pitfalls of national of Women consciousness, 29 End Violence against Women ideational environment, declaration, 150 impact of, 28

221

Index 221

literature, studied, 27 revolutions, nation-building and maternal frame, 28 citizenship, 30 media framing tensions over, 45 critical attention, 51 theorizing, 4 criticism, 50 thick description, 3 dependency on men, 54 warrior framework, 28 discourse analysis, 49 Women’s only spaces dominant contexts, 50 conceptual, absence of, 91 feminine frame. See Feminine frame effectiveness, limited, 91 independence undermined, 55 gender inequalities, maternal frame. See Maternal frame challenging, 89 New York Times . See New not necessarily feminist, 89 York Times rural and urban, distinguished, 89 newspaper reports used, 48 safe haven, as, 89 newspapers, highlighting and toleration, 89 acknowledgement, 52 Women’s rights, 13 passivity, 53 Egypt, 10 powerless, 54 feminism, 11 projection of contributions, 51 post- colonial feminism, insights stereotypes and from, 10 misrepresentations, 52 social and cultural l uidity, 10 Nasser era state feminism, 39 Yegenoglu, Meyda, 59 Palestinian resistance to Israel, 28 Youth protestors post- 1919 Egyptian revolution, 35 impact on participation, 122 barred from attending 1924 juvenile ageism, 122 Parliament opening, 37 parent concerns, 123 Egyptian Feminist Union Youth Uprising, 122 Huda Shaʿrawi criticism of male leadership, 36 Zaat , 84 – 86 implications, 38 Zaghloul, Saad, 36 public removal of veils, 37 Zaghloul, Sai ya, 32 post- transition movements, 31 Um El-masrayeen, designation as, 34 religious movements, impact Zimmerman, Cathy, 113 of, 30 Zolberg, Aristide, 6 , 7