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LID Handbook.Indb APPENDIX D: VEGETATION Native plant lists for low impact development (LID) practices are located in each chapter along with planting density suggestions and design ideas where appropriate. This chapter explores common characteristics and helpful hints in getting to know why and what species have been included in this handbook. Native plants are recommended for use in LID practices for both practical and ecological reasons. Alabama native plants are indigenous to the Southeast and occur in the wild without human interaction. This handbook makes use of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) plant database (www.plants.usda.gov) to categorize plant species as native or nonnative. Plant selection is often speci¿ c to goals of the site and practice. For example, aesthetics and plant availability combined with sunlight and water requirements may limit the use of native plant Muhly grass in rain garden at Donald E. Davis Arboretum; Auburn, AL species for a speci¿ c site. In general, native plants are recommended for LID practices, but nonnative plants are acceptable as long as they are not considered to be Nutrient Removal invasive. lants used in LID practices absorb nutrients in stormwater runoff to reduce pollutant loads. Nutrient removal Pthrough plant uptake is generally a secondary form of pollutant removal for LID practices. The primary form of pollutant removal occurs through microbial (biological) activity or chemical processes in the soil or growing substrate. As such, the rhizosphere should provide adequate habitat for microorganisms to reduce nutrients loads. A mixture of evergreen and deciduous vegetation is recommended for year round nutrient uptake. Nutrient Release: There have been some concerns expressed over nutrients released from plants, or discharged, back into systems at the end of the growing season when plants undergo dormancy, especially in constructed stormwater wetlands. When this may be of concern, it is suggested that herbaceous perennials be used because these plants can effectively be harvested (to remove nutrient-laden plant tissues) at the end of the growing season. New tissue will be produced and arise from the root ball the following spring. Design Considerations Planning: Client preferences for each project site can determine plant sizes and types, which can limit plant choices for particular sites. For example, if visibility is a concern, plant selection may be limited to low-growing vegetation. Sunlight and hydrologic conditions present on site may also create constraints. Making a list of constraints for the project site and the LID practice you are considering is useful to outline characteristics of plants required. In some cases, native plant species are unavailable or do not ¿ t the site goals and using ornamental nonnative plants is acceptable as long as they are not invasive. Plant Spacing: Plant spacing should always be based on mature plant size. Some plants work well in mass plantings and should be planted on a tighter spacing pattern. Over time, these plants will create a dense grouping. Resist the urge to crowd plants because it is more expensive and also leads to competition among plants for water, nutrients, and sunlight, which causes stress and weakens plants making them more susceptible to insect and disease infestations. Plant Preferences: Plants should be speci¿ ed in the LID practice according to their sunlight preference, water inputs, soil type, and drainage. Plants should always be grouped based on similar preferences to reduce maintenance costs associated with any type of irrigation needed Sun – at least 6 hours of full sun during establishment and plant replacement. For more per day. information on planting the right plant in the right place, Part Shade – 3 to 5 hours without see the Alabama Smart Yards Manual at http://www.aces. direct sun per day. edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-1359/ANR-1359.pdf. Shade – less than 2 hours of direct sun per day. Appendix D: Vegetation 212 Vegetation Plan: A vegetation design for LID should be made to scale to ensure that mature plants sizes are taken into account (for more information, see Chapter 4.1 on Bioretention). Calculating plant quantity is another acceptable form of determining plant placement, although it may not be as precise as a sketch drawn to scale (see Chapter 5.1 on Rain Gardens for information on plant quantity calculations). Plant Habit or the purpose of this manual, plant habits, or Fvegetation types, include herbaceous perennials and grasses, turfgrass, shrubs, and trees. Herbaceous Plants: Herbaceous perennials, grasses, and turfgrass do not form woody tissue, and instead typically have soft, À eshy tissue. Herbaceous plants Students install plants in bioretention area; Phenix City, AL are dormant during winter months when they die back to ground level. These plants may be short or long lived ranging from several years to decades based on the species. Woody Plants: Trees and shrubs are woody plants that form bark and hold woody plant parts above ground. Trees have a central axis and are at least 6’ tall (usually much taller), but shrubs are multi-stemmed (i.e. branched from the ground level) and typically smaller than trees. “Small trees” are < 20’ tall. Evergreen is a term that refers to a woody plant that remains green and retains leaves throughout the entire year, which is the opposite of deciduous plants that are leaÀ ess during winter months. Installation and Establishment Installation: Plants should be installed at the top or just above ¿ nished soil grade. Plants installed too deep are at risk for disease such as fungal root rot. Remediating compacted soils by breaking them up and amending with organic matter will help plant roots establish more quickly into the surrounding soil. Mulching is also important to improve water retention in the soil and reduce soil temperatures. Time of Year: Summer plant installations use more irrigation for establishment due to hot weather and low rainfall conditions experienced in Alabama, while a fall planting allows for root growth over the winter prior to spring shoot À ush. Spring planting dates are also acceptable, but may require more irrigation until establishment compared to fall planting. Irrigation: Plants should be watered immediately after planting to reduce transplant shock, ensure soil contact with root ball, and aid in root growth and establishment. Establishment: Plant establishment generally occurs in one growing season (or longer up to 3 years under extreme drought) depending on the time of year of installation, environmental conditions, and rate of plant growth. Post- transplant root growth is critical for plant survival. Note that drought tolerant plants are not immediately tolerant of dry conditions when planted, but will tolerate these conditions once established. Calibrating Irrigation: Irrigation systems should be calibrated (see Alabama Smart Yards Manual, Chapter 3) to minimize excess irrigation applications. Turfgrass urfgrass sod should be installed as soon as it is delivered, preferably in the early morning before temperatures Trise. Refer to the Alabama Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook for more information on sod installation. Irrigation: For June to September installation, newly planted turf should be irrigated at planting so that the surface does not dry out. Sod should be watered daily for the ¿ rst one to two weeks to keep it evenly moist (unless rainfall occurs). As the sod begins to grow new roots, irrigation frequency can be decreased, but a larger volume of water should be applied at each watering. Rainfall should be supplemented so that turfgrass receives about 1 – 1.5” per week from all irrigation sources. Turfgrass sod planted during dormancy will require less irrigation for establishment. In some cases, a dormant planting will not need any supplemental irrigation because rainfall during these months is suf¿ cient for turf to establish. However, dormant plantings may bene¿ t from irrigation during spring months when Appendix D: Vegetation 213 sod begins to produce new growth (i.e. spring green up). Plant Sizes Plant size or maturity of plants used in LID practices are usually driven by economics and time of year. Containers: Container plants are available in a wide variety of sizes; plugs, 1-gallon, and 3-gallon containers are most commonly used. Larger container plants have the advantage of establishing at any time of the year. Because container substrates can dry more quickly in the landscape, irrigation should be concentrated on the root ball of container plants after planting. Plugs: Plugs are usually 2 or 3” pots containing a 4” tall plant and are most common for herbaceous plants. This size is ideal when large quantities are planted (e.g. constructed stormwater wetland) due to ease of installation. Plugs can be installed at any time of year, but spring is best since these are very young, small plants. Bare Roots: Bare root seedlings are an inexpensive option for planting woody plants, but can only be installed during winter months when plants are dormant. Under the right environmental conditions, establishment and cover of bare root seedlings is comparable to container plants after several growing seasons. Upon arriving, bare root seedlings should be inspected for mold and mildew; if roots smell rotten or sour, are powdery, or dry, then the seedlings are likely diseased and should not be planted. Storing Bare Roots: Bare root seedlings can be stored in a cooler or “heeled in” by digging a V-shaped trench in a moist, shady
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