The Book of Acts
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First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate
First Triumvirate and Rise of Octavian BY: Jake, Eliza and Maheen First Triumvirate • An alliance of the three most powerful men in Rome, Marcus Licinus Crassus, Gaius Julius Caesar, and Gneaus Pompey Magnus. Rome was in chaos and the 3 seized control of the Republic. • The three would dominate Roman politics for personal gains throughout the territories of the Republic. Julius Caesar • In Rome, Julius Caesar was elected as the tribune of the Plebs, military tribune, and governor of many provinces throughout the Republic. • Believed Crassus helped Julius Caesar win the election to become the Propraetor or governor of Hispania in 63 B.C.E. • Julius returned to Rome after his term as governor. Caesar had a business or political agreement with Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E. Caesar was the consul while Pompey and Crassus were in the senate. • Created the First Triumvirate • After his term, Julius was in deeply in debt politically and financially to Crassus and desperately needed to raise money. Marcus Crassus • Crassus was the richest man in all the Roman Republic. He was sharp and clever in Roman politics. He would be a senator and even become consul a few times. • He was a mentor to Julius Caesar in his early career. • Gained much fame during the Spartacus rebellion but much of it was stolen by Pompey. • He was a longtime rival to Pompey Magnus and this would be his eventually downfall. He would ally with Caesar and Pompey, but strived for military victory over Pompey. He went to Parthia where he was defeated at Carrhae. -
Christopher M. MCDONOUGH the Banquet of Crassus: Politics, Myth, and Ritual
Christopher M. MCDONOUGH The Banquet of Crassus: Politics, Myth, and Ritual During his first consulship in 70 B.C., Marcus Licinius Crassus hosted a large public banquet on behalf of Hercules at the Ara Maxima, during which "10,000 tables were set out and each man additionally presented with an allowance of grain enough to last for three months" (Plutarch, Crass. 12). The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to consider the political circumstances of which this extravaganza was a part, and secondly, to show how this political situation helps to throw unexpected light on the connections between the Ara Maxima's unique ritual and its foundation legend. In this banquet, we find a sophisticated treatment of the Altar's peculiar ceremonial practices which, while undertaken to score political points with the Roman crowd, nonetheless highlights the religious harmony of the Altar's myth and rite. It must be noted that in 70 Crassus shared the consulship with Pompey, against whom he was desperately competitive (cf. ! A. Ward, Marcus Crassus [1977] 99ff.). Although both generals were fresh from military successes— Pompey in Spain, Crassus over Spartacus,— Crassus would enjoy only an ovatio, an honor of decidedly lesser distinction than the triumph awarded to Pompey for his Spanish victories. Beryl Rawson (Antichthon 4 [1970] 30ff.) has noted that much of Pompey's propaganda in this year focused on Hercules of the Ara Maxima: to capitalize upon Hercules' Spanish association, Pompey dedicated a new temple of Hercules in this forum to sit alongside this altar. It is in light of this bold initiative by Pompey that we must see Crassus' elaborate banquet: such a large offering in the heart of the cattle market would, as Rawson aptly remarks, "give Crassus an excellent opportunity to steal Pompey's thunder." But, in addition, this distribution must be seen in light of the Ara Maxima's cult restrictions: Varro records th! at whatever was offered to Hercules at the Altar was required to be ea ten in its entirety before the sanctuary (LL 6.54). -
A BRIEF HISTORY of ANCIENT ROME a Timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, Looking at the Successive Kings, Politicians, and Emperors Who Ruled Rome’S Expanding Empire
Rome: A Virtual Tour of the Ancient City A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANCIENT ROME A timeline from 753 BC to 337 AD, looking at the successive kings, politicians, and emperors who ruled Rome’s expanding empire. 21st April, Rome's Romulus and Remus featured in legends of Rome's foundation; 753 BC mythological surviving accounts, differing in details, were left by Dionysius of foundation Halicarnassus, Livy, and Plutarch. Romulus and Remus were twin sons of the war god Mars, suckled and looked-after by a she-wolf after being thrown in the river Tiber by their great-uncle Amulius, the usurping king of Alba Longa, and drifting ashore. Raised after that by the shepherd Faustulus and his wife, the boys grew strong and were leaders of many daring adventures. Together they rose against Amulius, killed him, and founded their own city. They quarrelled over its site: Romulus killed Remus (who had preferred the Aventine) and founded his city, Rome, on the Palatine Hill. 753 – Reign of Kings From the reign of Romulus there were six subsequent kings from the 509 BC 8th until the mid-6th century BC. These kings are almost certainly legendary, but accounts of their reigns might contain broad historical truths. Roman monarchs were served by an advisory senate, but held supreme judicial, military, executive, and priestly power. The last king, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, was overthrown and a republican constitution installed in his place. Ever afterwards Romans were suspicious of kingly authority - a fact that the later emperors had to bear in mind. 509 BC Formation of Tarquinius Superbus, the last king was expelled in 509 BC. -
Cicero and the Roman Republic Free
FREE CICERO AND THE ROMAN REPUBLIC PDF John Murrell | 192 pages | 31 Mar 2008 | CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS | 9780521691161 | English | Cambridge, United Kingdom Marcus Tullius Cicero | Biography, Philosophy, Works, & Facts | Britannica The period of Cicero and the Roman Republic history that we have the best records on is the final two decades of the Roman Republic, largely due to the survival of much of the work of the great lawyer, philosopher, politician and orator Cicero — 43 BC. During this time the state of Roman politics was unstable and in 59 BC the consulship was shared between three powerful generals: Crassus, Pompey Magnus and Julius Caesar. This shaky accord became known as the First Triumvirate. Over the next five years Caesar routed all adversaries and solidified his position as sole console. Already a hugely popular figure, Caesar won support in part by pardoning his former enemies. Members of the Senate and the general public generally expected him to bring back the political system to how it was during the Republic. Instead, in 44 BC, he was made life-long Cicero and the Roman Republic, which turned out to be a very short time, as he was murdered by his peers on the Senate floor only a couple of months later. Whoever says that this desire was honourable is a madman, since he approves of the death of the laws and liberty, and considers their hideous and repulsive suppression glorious. Though not an Emperor, Caesar set the tone for later rulers and was in style Cicero and the Roman Republic monarch with plenty of the symbolism and accoutrements that that entailed. -
The Concept of Freedom by the Founding Fathers 10-01-31-A.TG09
The Concept of Freedom by the Founding Fathers 10-01-31-A.TG09-33 / 1 The Battle of Carrhae: History Channel Video: “Crassus: Rick Man, Poor Man”; Political Background of Palestine: the Treaty between Rome & Parthia in 20 B.C. IX. Battle of Carrhae: DVD 1 Introduction: “Crassus: Rich Man, Poor Man” Marcus Licinius Crassus, surnamed Divez \dī-vēs\, i.e. the Rich. In 60 B.C. Crassus joined with Pompey and Julius Caesar in organizing the First Triumvirate of the Roman Empire as its financial backer. Triumvirate was a title granted for five years giving three men absolute authority, dictatorial in scope. The First Triumvirate was not formally created but an informal understanding among these three political leaders. Among the three, Crassus was the money man but at the same time a criminal and a gangster. At the time, he was fifty-five years old and rich as, well, as—Crassus. He was the Fire Chief of Rome and made most of his fortune by controlling all the fire departments. He would not let the fire department come to a fire until the owner paid at least half of all that he owned in slaves and money. Pompey was one of the greatest military tacticians of his day and Julius Caesar was the genius among the three. Both had been successful in accomplishing battlefield victories. Crassus had more money but he did not have the glory of a battlefield victory. Unfortunately for him, he chose to fix this deficiency against the Parthians. It was a bad idea and what we are about to see is his defeat at the hands of Surenas and the Parthian cavalry at the Battle of Carrhae. -
Julius Caesar
Working Paper CEsA CSG 168/2018 ANCIENT ROMAN POLITICS – JULIUS CAESAR Maria SOUSA GALITO Abstract Julius Caesar (JC) survived two civil wars: first, leaded by Cornelius Sulla and Gaius Marius; and second by himself and Pompeius Magnus. Until he was stabbed to death, at a senate session, in the Ides of March of 44 BC. JC has always been loved or hated, since he was alive and throughout History. He was a war hero, as many others. He was a patrician, among many. He was a roman Dictator, but not the only one. So what did he do exactly to get all this attention? Why did he stand out so much from the crowd? What did he represent? JC was a front-runner of his time, not a modern leader of the XXI century; and there are things not accepted today that were considered courageous or even extraordinary achievements back then. This text tries to explain why it’s important to focus on the man; on his life achievements before becoming the most powerful man in Rome; and why he stood out from every other man. Keywords Caesar, Politics, Military, Religion, Assassination. Sumário Júlio César (JC) sobreviveu a duas guerras civis: primeiro, lideradas por Cornélio Sula e Caio Mário; e depois por ele e Pompeius Magnus. Até ser esfaqueado numa sessão do senado nos Idos de Março de 44 AC. JC foi sempre amado ou odiado, quando ainda era vivo e ao longo da História. Ele foi um herói de guerra, como outros. Ele era um patrício, entre muitos. Ele foi um ditador romano, mas não o único. -
4-7 100-1 B.C. Political History
World History Chapter 4: 300-1 B.C. Section 7: 100-1 B.C. Political History By Dallin Hardy 1st Century B.C. 100-0 B.C. Rome 1st Century Rome Social War 91-88 B.C. Italian cities vs. Rome Sulla Roman General Marius Sulla Mithridatic Wars 88-63 B.C. Sulla’s March on Rome 88 B.C. First Mithridatic War 89-85 B.C. Marius’ March on Rome 87 B.C. Sulla’s Return 82 B.C. Second March on Rome Sulla 82-81 B.C. Dictator of Rome Proscription of Sulla 82 B.C. Third Servile War 73-71 B.C. Spartacus Led the slave revolt Marcus Licinius Crassus Roman general Gnaeus Pompey Roman general Crucifixion of Spartacus’ Army 71 B.C. Appian Way Suppression of Cilician Pirates 67 B.C. By Pompey Catiline Conspiracy 63 B.C. Cicero Roman statesman Defended Roman Republic Catiline Orations 63 B.C. By Cicero Battle of Pistoria 62 B.C. Roman Republic vs. Catiline Julius Caesar Roman politician & general First Triumvirate 60 B.C. Crassus Pompey Julius Caesar Gallic Wars 58-50 B.C. Rome vs. Gallic tribes Siege of Alesia 52 B.C. Vercingetorix Gallic chieftain Battle of Carrhae 53 B.C. Rome vs. Parthian Empire Dissolution of First Triumvirate 53 B.C. Crossing the Rubicon 49 B.C. Julius Caesar Caesar’s Civil War 49-45 B.C. Optimates vs. Populares Battle of Zela 47 B.C. Julius Caesar Veni, Vidi, Vici Battle of Pharsalus 48 B.C. Assassination of Pompey 48 B.C. Egypt Egypt Cleopatra 51-30 B.C. -
Debtor of the Mighty
Debtor of the mighty Caesar belonged to an ancient, though politically insignificant, family. Instead of relying on family relations, he trusted in heretofore unprecedented amounts of money to further his career. By borrowing the money from the most powerful politicians of his day, he ensured that they would support his political career, if nothing else to get their money back – with interest. Debtor of the mighty 01 The gens Julia Caius Iulius Caesar, who was to become one of the most famous dictators of all time, was born into the gens Julia. This ancient Patrician family produced only few consuls in the 5th and early 4th century before slowly fading into political obscurity. Bust of Caius Iulius Caesar, Altes Museum, Berlin. Photo: Wikicommons / Louis le Grand / http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- sa/3.0/deed.en Debtor of the mighty 02 Playing along – but not the first fiddle The time of Iulius Caesar hardly knew any significant members of the gens Julia. One major reason for this development was the fact that the last Julian consul had sided with Marius. After losing the civil war against Sulla, this was unfortunately the wrong side to be on. Speaking of which, Marius had also been married to Iulia, Caesar’s paternal aunt. Denarius of L. Iulius, 101. Obverse: Roma. Reverse: Victoria in biga. Debtor of the mighty 03 Aeneas – Rome – Caesar Caius Iulius Caesar nevertheless prided himself on his lineage. Even though distinguished military leaders or politicians were largely absent from the family tree, he still had an ace up his sleeve. -
Roman History the LEGENDARY PERIOD of the KINGS (753
Roman History THE LEGENDARY PERIOD OF THE KINGS (753 - 510 B.C.) Rome was said to have been founded by Latin colonists from Alba Longa, a nearby city in ancient Latium. The legendary date of the founding was 753 B.C.; it was ascribed to Romulus and Remus, the twin sons of the daughter of the king of Alba Longa. Later legend carried the ancestry of the Romans back to the Trojans and their leader Aeneas, whose son Ascanius, or Iulus, was the founder and first king of Alba Longa. The tales concerning Romulus’s rule, notably the rape of the Sabine women and the war with the Sabines, point to an early infiltration of Sabine peoples or to a union of Latin and Sabine elements at the beginning. The three tribes that appear in the legend of Romulus as the parts of the new commonwealth suggest that Rome arose from the amalgamation of three stocks, thought to be Latin, Sabine, and Etruscan. The seven kings of the regal period begin with Romulus, from 753 to 715 B.C.; Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, from 534 to 510 B.C., the seventh and last king, whose tyrannical rule was overthrown when his son ravished Lucretia, the wife of a kinsman. Tarquinius was banished, and attempts by Etruscan or Latin cities to reinstate him on the throne at Rome were unavailing. Although the names, dates, and events of the regal period are considered as belonging to the realm of fiction and myth rather than to that of factual history, certain facts seem well attested: the existence of an early rule by kings; the growth of the city and its struggles with neighboring peoples; the conquest of Rome by Etruria and the establishment of a dynasty of Etruscan princes, symbolized by the rule of the Tarquins; the overthrow of this alien control; and the abolition of the kingship. -
The Roman World • Lecture 6 • the End of the Republic: Julius Caesar
• MDS1TRW: The Roman World • Lecture 6 • The End of the Republic: Julius Caesar CRICOS Provider 00115M latrobe.edu.au CRICOS Provider 00115M The end of the Republic: 133-27 BCE 1. Poli=cal and civil conflict of late Republic 2. Julius Caesar http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jmarks/Caesar/Caesar.html 133 BCE • AEalus III of PerGamum • Tiberius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs) • veto power • T. Gracchus’ Land Bill http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html 123 BCE • Gaius Gracchus = Tribune of the People (plebs) – Grain price – Extor=on Courts • equites – Ci=zenship Bill http://sightseeingrome.blogspot.com.au/2010/10/portrait-of-gracchi-according-to.html Op=mates and Populares • Op=mates: senatorial • Populares: people • Lucius Cornelius Sulla http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Sulla_Glyptothek_Munich_309_white_bkg.jpg • Gaius Marius http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius GAIUS MARIUS • 105: Gauls • Army reform • Consul 107, 104-100, 86 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marius Rome vs. ItalY • Ci=zenship Bill • 91 Drusus murdered • 91-88 Social War • vs. socii http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_image.aspx?image=ps297454.jpg&retpage=17508 Rome vs. Pontus • Mithridates VI • Sulla… • Sulpicius: Marius Sulla vs. Marius • Proscrip=ons • Cinna consul 87 • Cinna & Marius 86 • Sulla dictator 82 • New cons=tu=on 81 Sulla dictator • New cons=tu=on 81 – Tribunes of the People lose veto – Council of People lose leGislave riGhts – doubles Senate – Extor=on court -> senate – -
Julius Caesar.Docx
Julius Caesar Julius Caesar was a renowned statesman, military leader and politician who ultimately became the linchpin for the Roman Republic's transition to the Roman Empire. His cognomen (third name) was subsequently adopted as a synonym for "Emperor"; the title "Caesar" was used throughout the Roman Empire, giving rise to modern cognates such as Kaiser and Tsar. The information from this article will be useful in the World History Segment of the IAS Exam Early Life of Julius Caesar Gaius Lulius Caesar was born on July 13 100 BC. His father was also Gaius Julius Caesar and his mother Aurelia Cotta. Julius Caesar was also the nephew of Gaius Marius, who was instrumental in reforming the Roman army Although Ceaser traced his family back to the mythical Aeneas, said to be the ancestors of Romulus and Remus (founders of Rome), his family was neither wealthy nor influential in Roman politics. His father died in 85 BC, which made Caesar the head of his family at the age of 16. It was at this time that his uncle was in a civil war with Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a dictator who ruled Rome. In 84 B.C., he married Cornelia, the daughter of an ally of Marius. Caesar and Cornelia had one child, a daughter named Julia. Sulla won the civil war in 82 BC and began to exact vengeance on whoever sided with Marius, including immediate family members. He ordered Caesar to divorce Cornelia. Upon Caesar's refusal, Sulla ordered his execution. Caesar's family intervened and pleaded for clemency. -
ROME FOUNDED Biographies, Discussion Questions, Suggested Activities and More ANCIENT ROME Setting the Stage
THIS DAY IN HISTORY STUDY GUIDE APR. 21, 753 B.C. : ROME FOUNDED Biographies, discussion questions, suggested activities and more ANCIENT ROME Setting the Stage Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Por- tuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion. After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s rise and fall in the fi rst century B.C. The long and triumphant reign of its fi rst emperor, Augustus, began a golden age of peace and prosperity. By contrast, the empire’s decline and fall by the fi fth century A.D. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization. About a thou- sand years after its founding, Rome collapsed under the weight of its own bloated empire, losing its provinces one by one: Britain around 410; Spain and northern Africa by 430. Attila and his brutal Huns invaded Gaul and Ita- ly around 450, further shaking the foundations of the empire. In September 476, a Germanic prince named Odovacar won control of the Roman army in Italy. After deposing the last western emperor, Romulus Augustus, Odovacar’s troops proclaimed him king of Italy, bringing an ignoble end to the long, tu- multuous history of ancient Rome.