DOCSLIB.ORG

Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Cellulose Fiber-Reinforced High-Density Polyethylene JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE Article MATERIALS Journal of Composite Materials 2017, Vol. 51(13) 1807–1815 ! The Author(s) 2016 Cellulose fiber-reinforced high-density Reprints and permissions: sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav polyethylene composites—Mechanical DOI: 10.1177/0021998316665241 journals.sagepub.com/home/jcm and thermal properties Daniella R Mulinari1, Herman JC Voorwald2, Maria OH Cioffi2 and Maria LCP da Silva3 Abstract In this investigation, the thermal and mechanical properties of cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse reinforced with high density polyethylene composites were evaluated. Cellulose fibers were modified with hydrous Zr oxide to clean the fiber surface and improve the fibers–matrix adhesion. Composites were manufactured using a thermokinetic mixer process and the fiber content was responsible for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40wt% in the composition. The chemical modification of the cellulose fibers with zirconium oxide was verified by FTIR analysis and the fibers’ morphological aspects by SEM. After the chemical modification, the FTIR results showed reduction of OH bonds. SEM characterization showed that the modification changed the morphology of fibers. The results show that composites reinforced with modified cellulose fibers have an improvement in the thermal and mechanical properties, when compared to the non-cellulose fibers. In addition, an enhancement on the mechanical properties of composites was found, i.e. a gain of 122.4% compared to neat polymer at 40wt.% fiber loading in Young’s modulus. The thermal properties show a slight decrease with increase of modified cellulose. Keywords Sugarcane bagasse, cellulose, composite, ZrO2.nH2O, thermal properties, mechanical properties 6 Introduction Barari et al. studied that the plant-derived cellulose nano-fibers (CNFs)/bio-based epoxy composites were Many questions on sustainable development have manufactured using the Liquid Composite Molding emerged due to the risk of exhaustion of non-renewable (LCM) process and the results indicated that the man- raw materials, and emissions of greenhouse gases. So, ufactured composites showed improved mechanical natural fibers have been evaluated as environment- and tribological properties when compared to the friendly materials. Thus, the interest in composite pure epoxy samples. Brazil has a large range of natural materials reinforced with natural fibers increased con- resources, including natural fibers from several sources, siderably due to new environmental legislation and con- such as banana, coconuts, sugarcane bagasse, cotton, sumer pressure has forced manufacturing industries to sisal, and curaua.7–9 search materials that can substitute conventional non- Natural fibers, compared with glass fibers, exhibit renewable materials such as glass and carbon fibers. In better specific mechanical properties, such as stiff- recent years, interest in natural fibers has increased ness, impact resistance, flexibility and modulus.10–12 worldwide due to their characteristics.1–4 5 Omrani et al. reported on natural fiber-reinforced 1Department of Mechanical and Energy, FAT/UERJ, Brazil composites with special reference to the type of fibers, 2Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP/FEG, Brazil matrix polymers, treatment of fibers, and test param- 3Department of Chemical Engineering, EEL/USP, Brazil eters, and the results show that composites reinforced Corresponding author: with natural fibers have an improvement in tribological Daniella R Mulinari, Department of Mechanical and Energy, FAT/UERJ, properties and their properties are comparable with Resende/RJ, Brazil. conventional fibers. Email: [email protected] 1808 Journal of Composite Materials 51(13) Other desirable properties, related to processing, microscope, operated at 15 kV. Prior to SEM evalu- include lower equipment abrasion and lower energy ation, the specimen was coated using gold sputtering. consumption. In addition, natural fibers are biodegrad- able and some can be produced on a large scale without Composites preparation displacement of other crops. For these reasons, natural fiber composites have been used in many applications Cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse modified and such as architectural materials and in the automotive non-modified were mixed with the HDPE in a thermo- industry.13 kinetic mixer, model MH-50H, with speed rate main- However, they also present disadvantages such as tained at 5250 r/min, in which fibers were responsible incompatibility between fibers and polymer matrices, for 5, 10, 20, 30, and 40 wt% in the composition. After the tendency to form aggregates during processing, pro- the mixture, composites were dried and ground in mill. cessing permissible temperature which does not collab- Composites and pure HDPE were placed in an injector orate to reinforce the polymer and the poor resistance camera at 165C and 2C minÀ1 heating rate in a to moisture, reducing the use of natural fibers as required dimension pre-warm mold to obtain tensile reinforcement in polymers. The incompatibility of com- specimens. ponents is responsible for poor thermal and mechanical 14 properties. Mechanical properties However, many studies have been aimed to improve the adhesion between fibers and matrix, such as bleach- Composites were analyzed in an ‘‘EMIC’’ universal- ing, acetylation, etherification, estherification, alkali testing machine (model DL10000) equipped with treatment and others.15–19 pneumatic claws. For tensile tests, five specimens of Another important point is the processing tempera- composites were analyzed, with dimensions in agree- ture, which must be maintained below 200C to avoid ment with the ASTM D 638 standard: 19 mm width, negative influence on properties due to the natural 165 mm length and 3 mm thickness at 2 mm minÀ1 fibers’ degradation.20 High density polyethylene, with cross-head speed. melting point of about 120–140C can be processed at In the flexural tests, a load was applied on the spe- temperatures in the range of 140–200C.21 The thermal cimen at 1.3 mm minÀ1 crosshead motion rate. Five dimensional stability of a material is a desirable prop- specimens were analyzed with dimensions in agreement erty in many applications, especially when combining with the ASTM D 790 standard: 25 mm width, 76 mm different materials.22 length, and 3.2 mm thickness. The adopted flexural test In this study, cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse was the 3-points method. modified with zirconium oxide and reinforced with high Impact test of the composites were analyzed in a density polyethylene were selected to improve their ‘‘pantec’’ machine (model 30), and five specimens of thermal and mechanical properties. This type modifica- composites were analyzed, with dimensions in agree- tion made in the cellulose fibers have also been used for ment with the ASTM D 6110 standard: 12 mm width, specific applications such as: TiO2 for bactericidal 55 mm length and 6 mm thickness. activities and reinforcement in polymers matrixes, ZrO2 for retention and analysis of Cr(VI) and for Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA and DSC) adsorption of sulfate ions.23–26 Samples used for the thermogravimetric analysis were Methods cut from the mixture materials in order to have a weight of 10 mg. Furthermore, specimens were dried in an Cellulose fibers from sugarcane bagasse were obtained oven for 1 h at 100C. TGA was carried out using a 26 according to Mulinari and Da Silva. The length SHIMADZU (TGA-50) instrument, in N2 atmosphere and diameter values are 100–500 mm and 10–30 mm, at 10C minÀ1 heating rate, from 30 to 650C. respectively. The chemical structure of cellulose fibers and cel- lulose fibers modified with hydrous Zr oxide from Results and discussion sugarcane bagasse was evaluated by FTIR spectropho- Fibers analysis tometer (Perkin Elmer). The samples were prepared by mixing the materials and KBr in the proportion 1:200 Infrared spectra of cellulose fibers from sugarcane (w/w). For all spectra, 16 scans were accumulated with bagasse without and with modification are displayed a4cmÀ1 resolution. SEM micrographs of non-modified in Figure 1. and modified cellulose fibers were obtained using Table 1 summarizes higher bands observed in the a JEOL JSM5310 field emission scanning electron FTIR spectrum of cellulose fibers from sugarcane Mulinari et al. 1809 Figure 1. FTIR spectra of sugarcane bagasse (wavenumber 4000–400 cmÀ1): non-modified cellulose (a) and modified cellulose fibers (b). Table 1. Infrared main transitions for sugarcane bagasse. values are 100–500 mm and 10–30 mm, respectively. In the modification of fibers, it is noted a large area Wavenumber and roughness on the surface according to Figure 3. (cmÀ1) Vibration Source 3300 O–H linked shearing Polysaccharides Thermogravimetry analysis 2885 C–H symmetrical stretching Polysaccharides 1650-1630 OH (water) Water The thermogravimetric results of HDPE, and modified 1335 C–O aromatic ring Cellulose and non-modified cellulose fibers show distinct process 1162 C–O–C asymmetrical Cellulose of weight loss occurring at different temperatures. stretching Figures 4 to 6 show TGA curves of HDPE, modified 670 C–OH out-of-plane bending Cellulose and non-modified cellulose fibers, and cellulose fibers/HDPE composites (5 and 40 wt%). For HDPE, there is only one-step decomposition process, while the cellulose fibers and composites show two-step bagasse and their assignments to chemical group vibra- processes. tions and molecules. From the TGA curves, it is possible to observe the The most visible differences between the spectra of starting of modified and non-modified
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout
    English by Alain Stout For the Textile Industry Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Compiled and created by: Alain Stout in 2015 Official E-Book: 10-3-3016 Website: www.TakodaBrand.com Social Media: @TakodaBrand Location: Rotterdam, Holland Sources: www.wikipedia.com www.sensiseeds.nl Translated by: Microsoft Translator via http://www.bing.com/translator Natural Materials for the Textile Industry Alain Stout Table of Contents For Word .............................................................................................................................. 5 Textile in General ................................................................................................................. 7 Manufacture ....................................................................................................................... 8 History ................................................................................................................................ 9 Raw materials .................................................................................................................... 9 Techniques ......................................................................................................................... 9 Applications ...................................................................................................................... 10 Textile trade in Netherlands and Belgium .................................................................... 11 Textile industry ...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Morphology and Mechanical Behavior of a Natural Composite
    16 TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS MORPHOLOGY AND MECHA NICAL BEHAVIOR OF A NATURAL COMPOSITE: THE FLAX FIBER Charlet Karine*, Jernot Jean-Paul*, Gomina Moussa* Baley Christophe**, Bizet Laurent***, Bréard Joël*** *CRISMAT, Caen, France, **L2PIC, Lorient, France, *** LMPG, Le Havre, France Keywords : flax, morphology, mechanical properties, natural composite material, microfibril angle Abstract this fiber as a reinforcement for composite materials, its microstructural and mechanical properties have to In this paper, we present some relationships be well understood. between the tensile mechanical properties and the After a brief description of the flax fiber microstructural features of a natural composite structure, its mechanical properties are given in the material: the flax fiber. The beginning of the stress- first part of the paper. Then, the relationships strain curve of a flax fiber upon tensile loading between the mechanical properties and the appears markedly non-linear. The hypothesis of a microstructure are discussed in the second part. progressive alignment of the cellulose microfibrils with the tensile axis provides a quantitative 2 Structure of flax explanation of this departure from the linearity. This The multilayer composite structure of the flax hypothesis is confirmed by a similar analysis of the fiber is presented in figure 1. The fibers are located behavior of cotton fibers. Besides, it has long been within the stems, between the bark and the xylem. recognized that the natural character of flax fibers Around twenty bundles can be seen on the section of induces a large scattering of their mechanical a stem and each bundle contains between ten and properties. This scattering is shown not to be forty fibers linked together by a pectic middle ascribed to the pronounced cross-section size lamella.
    [Show full text]
  • New Synthetic Fibers Come from Natural Sources by Maria C
    %" m •*^.. ? •^^:; m^ "•~.y.-, .-,. Id X LCI New Synthetic Fibers Come from Natural Sources By Maria C. Thiry, Features Editor n the beginning, textile fibers of applications for synthetic fibers able properties, such abrasion resis- came from the natural world: and their increasing popularity. Cot- tance, stain repellency, and wrinkle animal skins, hair, and wool; silk ton producers decided to fight back. resistance. In addition, according to from silkworms; and plants like Cotton Incorporated's famous market- Wallace, genetic research has gone into a flax, cotton, and hemp. For ing campaign is credited for bringing improving the quality of the fiber it- Icenturies, all textiles came from fibers the public's attention and loyalty self—qualities such as increased that were harvested fron:i a plant, ani- "back to nature." length, and improved strength of the mal, or insect. Then, at the beginning "Cotton is the original high-tech fiber over the last 30 years. "In the of the 20th century, people discovered fiber," says the company's Michelle marketplace, it is important to have a that they could create textile fibers of Wallace. The fiber's material proper- differentiated product," notes Cotton their own. Those early synthetic fibers ties, such as moisture management, Incorporated's Ira Livingston. "We are still originated in a natural source— comfortable hand, and wet tensile continually looking for ways to intro- cellulose from wood pulp—but soon strength contribute to its appeal. The duce cotton that surprises the con- enough in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s, a development of various finishes has sumer. One of those ways is our re- stream of synthetic fibers came on the given cotton fabrics additional favor- search into biogenetics, to enhance scene that owed their origins to chemical plants instead of plants Cotton's Share of Market that could be grown in a field.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.458,297 B2 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Oct
    USOO9458297B2 (12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 9.458,297 B2 Miller (45) Date of Patent: Oct. 4, 2016 (54) MODIFIED FIBER, METHODS, AND 4,898,642 A 2f1990 Moore SYSTEMS 4,900,324 A 2f1990 Chance 4,935,022 A 6, 1990 Lash (71) Applicant: WEYERHAEUSERNR COMPANY., 4,936,8651538 A S366, 1990 WelchWE Federal Way, WA (US) 5,049,235 A 9, 1991 Barcus 5,137,537 A 8, 1992 Herron (72) Inventor: Charles E. Miller, Federal Way, WA 5,5,160,789 183,707 A 11/19922f1993 BarcusHerron (US) 5, 190,563 A 3/1993 Herron 5,221,285 A 6/1993 Andrews (73) Assignee: WEYERHAEUSERNR COMPANY., 5,225,047 A 7, 1993 Graef Federal Way, WA (US) 5,247,072 A 9/1993 Ning et al. 5,366,591 A 11, 1994 Jewell (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 3.222 A 8.32 Shiki patent is extended or adjusted under 35 5,496.476 A 3/1996 Tang U.S.C. 154(b) by 0 days. 5,496.477 A 3/1996 Tang 5,536,369 A 7/1996 Norlander (21) Appl. No.: 14/320,279 5,549,791 A 8/1996 Herron 5,556,976 A 9, 1996 Jewell 1-1. 5,562,740 A 10, 1996 Cook (22) Filed: Jun. 30, 2014 5,698,074. A 12/1997 Barcus 5,705,475 A 1, 1998 T (65) Prior Publication Data 5,728,771 A 3, 1998 E. 5,843,061 A 12/1998 Chauvette US 2015/0376347 A1 Dec.
    [Show full text]
  • Hybrid Composites: Combining Cellulose Fibers and Wollastonite Mineral Fibers Into a Nylon 6 Matrix
    The Seventh International Conference on Woodfiber-Plastic Composites ~ Hybrid Composites: Combining Cellulose Fibers and Wollastonite Mineral Fibers into a Nylon 6 Matrix Rodney E. Jacobson and Daniel F. Caulfield Abstract The objective of this research was to develop a tion. Attempts to maximize the composite proper- high purity cellulose/wollastonite pellet that could ties were not the focus of this research. Stable, then be accurately metered and feed into a labora- controllable processing characteristics and re- tory scale twin-screw extruder and compounded peatability of the twin-screw extrusion trials was with a nylon 6 resin. The major focus was targeted the goal. It is the authors’ opinion that this goal on a 20 percent cellulose/20 percent wolla- was accomplished. Future research will focus on stonite/60 percent nylon 6 composite. Limited re- maximizing composite properties and determin- search with nylon 6,6 resins was also attempted ing if cellulose fibers alone or in combination with and will be discussed briefly. A process for devel- mineral fibers can be compounded on larger com- oping a cellulose/wollastonite pellet was success- mercial scale equipment. Extreme care and pre- ful and 100 Kg were produced for twin screw ex- cise processing knowledge is needed to develop a trusion processing with nylons. The 100 Kg of commercial scale process that works. If this can- pellets were then compounded via a “low temper- not be accomplished, then cellulose fibers as rein- ature compounding” technique as discussed in de- forcement in any of the high melting point engi- tail elsewhere (1). Further information can be ob- neering thermoplastics may remain as a lab- tained in U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 8 (Synthetic Fibers)
    CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology Lecture 12 Chapter 4 Synthe2c fibers Balasubramanian S Assistant Professor (OG) Department of Chemical Engineering Balasubramanian S 1 Overview of topics Chapter 4 Synthe2c Fibers 1 Acrylics 2 Polyamides 3 Polyesters 17/02/11 Balasubramanian S 2 Synthetic (or man-made fibers) What are Synthe2c Fibers? The clothes that we wear are made up of fabrics Fabrics are made up of fibers Depending on the sources the fibers are classified in two types 1. Natural and 2. Synthe2c Natural fibers are the fibers which are obtained from plants and animals e.g. silk and wool Synthe2c fibers are made by human beings or also called as man- made fibers Nylon, Polyester, Rayon etc. Balasubramanian S 3 Synthetic (or man-made fibers) Natural Fiber, Silk wool Balasubramanian S 4 Synthetic (or man-made fibers) Synthe2c Fibers Nylon Polyester Balasubramanian S 5 Synthetic (or man-made fibers) The first synthe2c or man-made fiber is cellulose nitrate and the next synthe2c fiber is regenerated cellulose or viscose. Some of the man-made fibers emerged aer 1940’s were acrylics, polyamides, polyesters and polyolefin. The uses of man-made fibers depend upon the nature of the individual fiber. Clothing, Carpets, and Upholstery are all made largely, or wholly, of synthe2c fibers. Balasubramanian S 6 Acrylics Acrylic fibers are synthe'c fibers made from a polymer (polyacrylonitrile) with an average molecular weight of ~100, 000 about 1900 monomer units The Dupont Corporaon created the first Acrylic fibers in 1941 and trademarked them under the name “Orlon” Balasubramanian S 7 Polyamide (Nylon fiber) Production Adipic Acid Water Hexamethylene diamine Process Ace2c acid Polyamide (Nylon) Nitrogen Air Steam Balasubramanian S 8 Polyamides A polyamide is a polymer containing monomers of amides.
    [Show full text]
  • Surprise!Surprise! Is Never Surprised by the Things That a Message from Leave Us Anxious and Worried
    NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF CHURCH FACILITIES MANAGERS The answer depends largely on your perspective, but we know that God Surprise!Surprise! is never surprised by the things that A MESSAGE FROM leave us anxious and worried. NACFM PRESIDENT PATRICK HART Do not be anxious about anything, but in every situation, by prayer and petition, with thanksgiving, present your requests to God. And the peace of God, which transcends all understanding, will guard your hearts and your minds in Christ Jesus. – Philippians 4:6-7 The Lord has gone before us and has a plan. The board will meet this Recently, we purchased a new car, a Fiat 500X, for my wife, Amy. She drove it month for our annual national con- home from the dealership on Saturday evening. On her way to work a few days ference planning meetings. We will later the car stalled out and couldn’t be restarted…surprise! That’s not supposed be discussing in depth and praying to happen with a brand new vehicle! After waiting four hours for the tow truck hard about where the Lord is leading and getting the car to the dealership, we were told that no loaner vehicles were the NACFM during this time. He has available…surprise! The next day I received a call from the dealership Service this and that should be no surprise. Center and was told that they needed to order parts for our new car. The parts We would appreciate your prayers would have to be shipped from Italy, so it might be a few weeks before it would for the board as we gather to chart be repaired…surprise! Oh, but they did have a loaner car available…a Fiat 500 a course for the future and finalize convertible (a very tiny car, by the way)…surprise! national conference details.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Fibers and Fiber-Based Materials in Biorefineries
    Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 This report was issued on behalf of IEA Bioenergy Task 42. It provides an overview of various fiber sources, their properties and their relevance in biorefineries. Their status in the scientific literature and market aspects are discussed. The report provides information for a broader audience about opportunities to sustainably add value to biorefineries by considerin g fiber applications as possible alternatives to other usage paths. IEA Bioenergy Task 42: December 2018 Natural Fibers and Fiber-based Materials in Biorefineries Status Report 2018 Report prepared by Julia Wenger, Tobias Stern, Josef-Peter Schöggl (University of Graz), René van Ree (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Ugo De Corato, Isabella De Bari (ENEA), Geoff Bell (Microbiogen Australia Pty Ltd.), Heinz Stichnothe (Thünen Institute) With input from Jan van Dam, Martien van den Oever (Wageningen Food and Bio-based Research), Julia Graf (University of Graz), Henning Jørgensen (University of Copenhagen), Karin Fackler (Lenzing AG), Nicoletta Ravasio (CNR-ISTM), Michael Mandl (tbw research GesmbH), Borislava Kostova (formerly: U.S. Department of Energy) and many NTLs of IEA Bioenergy Task 42 in various discussions Disclaimer Whilst the information in this publication is derived from reliable sources, and reasonable care has been taken in its compilation, IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors of the publication cannot make any representation of warranty, expressed or implied, regarding the verity, accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of the information contained herein. IEA Bioenergy, its Task42 Biorefinery and the authors do not accept any liability towards the readers and users of the publication for any inaccuracy, error, or omission, regardless of the cause, or any damages resulting therefrom.
    [Show full text]
  • Cellulose Nanofibers and Its Applications for Resin Reinforcements
    Chapter 14 Cellulose Nanofibers and Its Applications for Resin Reinforcements Mariko Yoshioka, Yoshiyuki Nishio, Satoru Nakamura, Yoshiyuki Kushizaki, Ryo Ishiguro, Toshiki Kabutomori, Takeo Imanishi and Nobuo Shiraishi Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55346 1. Introduction It is widely recognized that technologies that can convert biomass resources into commercially viable materials are needed. Cellulose is a candidate among biomass due to its abundance in nature. The characteristics of cellulose, which include no thermoplasticity and being insoluble in ordinary solvents, have limited its applications. With the aim of widening its application possibilities, several works have been documented on mechanochemical treatments of cellulose in the dry state and in the wet states.[1-6] Endo et al. [1-4] developed novel cellulose composites by ball milling mixtures of cellulose and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The composites are reported to have formed by insertion of PEG molecules among the cellulose molecular chains. [3,4] Works of Kondo et al. [5] and ours [7] appeared as patent publications. In the former case, fine cellulose powder (average powder length and width: 28 and 11 μm, respectively) was pulverized in aqueous suspension by counter collision at a pressure of 200 MPa, being done once or repeatedly up to 60 times or more, using an ultra high-pressure homogenizer, Star Burst System HJP-25005( Sugino Machine Ltd.). In our case [7], cellulose micronized powder (KC flock W-400G, average particle size 24 μm) was used in the same way at a pressure of 245 MPa, being done once or repeatedly up to ten times, using a Star Burst System HJP- 25080.
    [Show full text]
  • Investigating the Mechanical Properties of Polyester- Natural Fiber Composite
    International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYESTER- NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITE OMKAR NATH1, MOHD ZIAULHAQ2 1M.Tech Scholar,Mech. Engg. Deptt.,Azad Institute of Engineering & Technology,Uttar Pradesh,India 2Asst. Prof. Mechanical Engg. Deptt.,Azad Institute of Engineering & Technology, Uttar Pradesh,India ------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract : Reinforced polymer composites have played an Here chemically treated and untreated fibres were mixed ascendant role in a variety of applications for their high separately with polyester matrix and by using hand lay –up meticulous strength and modulus. The fiber may be synthetic technique these reinforced composite material is moulded or natural used to serves as reinforcement in reinforced into dumbbell shape. Five specimens were prepared in composites. Glass and other synthetic fiber reinforced different arrangement of natural fibres and glass fiber in composites consists high meticulous strength but their fields of order to get more accurate results. applications are restrained because of their high cost of production. Natural fibres are not only strong & light weight In the present era of environmental consciousness, but mostly cheap and abundantly available material especially more and more material are emerging worldwide, Efficient in central uttar Pradesh region and north middle east region. utilization of plant species and utilizing the smaller particles Now a days most of the automotive parts are made with and fibers obtained from various lignocellulosic materials different materials which cannot be recycled. Recently including agro wastes to develop eco-friendly materials is European Union (E.U) and Asian countries have released thus certainly a rational and sustainable approach.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduction to Nfrc and Review of Mechanical
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 8, Issue 3, March-2017 ISSN 2229-5518 318 Introduction to natural fiber reinforced polymer composites and review of mechanical properties of hemp fibers and hemp/PP composite: effects of chemical surface treatment Shaikh Sameer Rashidkhan,1 H. D. Sawant,2 1Final year student, Department of mechanical engineering, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, A. I. Abdul Razzak Kalsekar Polytechnic, New Panvel. 2 I/C Professor, Department of mechanical engineering, Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, A. I. Abdul Razzak Kalsekar Polytechnic, New Panvel. Abstract—This review article introduced about natural fiber reinforced composite (NFRC) and also study of mechanical INTRODUCTION TO NFRC properties and effect of surface treatment on hemp fiber and hemp PP composites. In this article we studied about natural The natural fiber material are environmentally friendly fiber, their properties, composition and application in automobile materials compared to synthetic fiber. It is defined as fiber as well as hemp fiber’s properties and properties after chemical which are not manmade or synthetic is called natural fiber (1, surface treatment. 2, 3). It comes from both renewable and non-renewable resources. Because of good properties fiber polymer matrix Keywords -- low density, high strength, recyclability got considerable attention in various application. Natural renewable, biodegradable, fiber gives superior advantages over synthetic fiber like relatively low weight, low cost, less damage to processing INTRODUCTION equipment, good relative mechanical properties such as Synthetic polymer composite materials are currently used in tensile modulus and flexural modulus, improved surface industries to meet light-weight and high strength finish of molded parts composite, biodegradability and less requirements (4, 5, 6).
    [Show full text]
  • Review on Natural and Carbon Fiber Filled Hybrid Composite
    Special Issue - 2016 International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 ETMET - 2016 Conference Proceedings Review on Natural and Carbon Fiber Filled Hybrid Composite Sandhya Rani B A. Hareesh Dr. A. Ramesh Mechanical,Gates it,Gooty, Mechanical,K.S.S.E.M, Mechanical,Principal BITS, Anantapur Bangalore Hindupur Abstract: During the past 10 years, a lot of fundamental and Resistance, Chemical Resistance are Excellent and young’s applied researches have been carried out in polymer matrix modulus is 125-181. [7] Nano composites. Due to the molecular size and their The general class of Hybrid composite developed by reinforcement, polymer Nano composites offer ample possibility combining natural fiber and synthetic fiber or natural fiber or to develop new material with un- usual properties. Thermo set synthetic fiber with epoxy, polyester, phenolic, poly vinyl polymers have been widely used for engineering components, adhesives and matrix for fiber reinforced composites due to their ester, poly urethane resins, etc., [8]. good mechanical properties compared to those of thermoplastic polymers .Carbon Fiber having strength 4127, laminate strength II. PROPERTIES OF FIBERS 1600, Density 1.58,Stength to weight 1013,Youngs Modulus 125 to 181 .Carbon fibers with diameters in the range of 6-10 μm A. Source, and Classification of Lignocellulose Fibers posses’ high elastic modules. In this paper an attempt is made to discuss behaviour of composites and hybrid composites of short sansevieria trifasciata Lignocellulose fibers are natural fibers. Natural fibers are the carbon fiber in a polyester matrix under thermal, mechanical, most copious and renewable bio-based materials source in structural, chemical and physical conditions with the nature.
    [Show full text]