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Durham E-Theses School board elections in north east England: a study in urban politics Redman, John Alexander How to cite: Redman, John Alexander (1982) School board elections in north east England: a study in urban politics, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7657/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk SCHOOL BOARD ELECTIONS IN NORTH EAST ENGLAND; A STUDY IN URBAN POLITICS John Alexander Redman, B.Ed.p M.A.(Ed.) A thesis presented to the School of Education of the University of Durham for the degree of Master of Education, December 1982 The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. CONTENTS Page a) Abstract i b) Acknowledgements iii c) List of Brief References iv d) List of Plates v Chapter 1. Introduction 1 Chapter 2. Factors Influencing School Board Elections 32 in Durham and the North East Chapter 3. Sectarianism at School Board Elections 66 Chapter 4. School Board Elections in the North East 113 Chapter 5. The Types of Candidates in the North East 148 Chapter 6. The Role of the Private Sector in Education 184 During the School Board Period Chapter 7. Elections to Durham School Board 227 Chapter 8. Elections to the School Board of Hedworth, 260 Monkton and Jarrow Chapter 9. Elections to Darlington School Board 295 Chapter 10. Conclusion. The Legacy of School Board 327 Elections Appendix I. Public and Private Provision of Schools in 373 Durham, Jarrow and Darlington Appendix II. School Board Bye-Laws for Durham, Jarrow 386 and Darlington Appendix IIa. Ways in Which the Bye-Laws for Jarrow 398 School Board and Darlington School Board Differed from Those of Durham School Board Appendix III. Results of the School Board Elections for 403 Durham Appendix IV. Results of the School Board Elections for 411 Hedworth, Monkton and Jarrow Appendix V. Results of the School Board Elections for 422 Darlington Appendix VI. Dramatis Personae - Durham School Board 433 Appendix VII. Dramatis Personae - Jarrow School Board 438 Appendix VIII. Dramatis Personae - Darlington School Board 444 Appendix IX. Elementary Education Act 1870, 1873 452 Bibliography 459 —ooOoo— - i - SCHOOL BOARD ELECTIONS IN NORTH EAST ENGLAND Abstract John A. Redman This thesis endeavours to explore the relationship between School Board elections and other strands of urban politics. The place of School Boards alongside Town Councils and Boards of Guardians, and their respective importance, is discussed. How widened political opportunities, especially for women and the work• ing classes, were opened up by the 1870 Education Act, and the effect of this on the future political scene through women's suf• frage, Trades Unionism and the developing Labour Party is developed. Urban and rural School Boards differed, and this is illustrated as well as how this affected educational development in different areas. Many educational innovations were introduced by School Boards and their influence on Central Government is shown. The fact that some School Boards went too far too fast contributed to their demise in 1902, but there was a lot of opposition to the 1902 Education Act from Board supporters because of the curtailment of educational and political opportunities for the working classes. School Board election issues, economics, compulsory education and religious education, are considered. The overriding issue was religion, and this gave rise to the sectarianism at School Board elections. The religious battle was fought first through national politics and then through local politics. An ironical outcome of this locally was the development of a degree of religious toleration and understanding. Understanding also arose from the intermingling of classes and sexes at School Board elections and on Boards them• selves. The future of society was greatly affected by this. All types of peoples rich and poor, stood for School Boards, showing the importance placed on education. However, the enthusiasm of working class parents, highlighted by their participation in or opposition to School Boards, as well as the reasons for this is also discussed. To show that Board School education was not all that was available for working class children, other educational agencies are looked at. Their importance and the effect of School Boards upon them are also followed up. One aspect of this, the rivalry between Voluntary and Board Schools, is seen throughout the period, and this played a part in influencing the events of 1902. The local element of School Board elections is considered by looking more closely at Durham, Hedworth, Monkton and Jarrow, and Darlington. The differences between these three Boards also helps to illustrate the differences between School Boards in general. The political opportunities made available in North East England by the 1870 Education Act and how the area was affected are thus seen. Acknowledgements This thesis would not have been possible without the patience and understanding of my wife, Ruth, so 1 should like to dedicate it to her. At the same time there are many other people whom I must thank for their interest, knowledge, advice and help. Mr. Raymond Pallister, of New College Durham, who first put the germ of an idea forward, along with his colleagues, Mr. Desmond Dalton and Dr. Stephen Newton, who offered scraps of information during germination and growth, each deserve thanks. The staffs of Durham University Library, Palace Green; Durham University Library, Education Section; Durham City Public Library; Darlington Public Library; South Shields Public Library, and Newcastle Public Library have all been very helpful, as have the archivists at Durham County Record Office and Tyne and Wear Record Office. Mr. Raymond Kitching, of Durham Univ• ersity School of Education, produced the illustrations most ably for me. My thanks also go to Kathy Gordon, of Durham University School of Education, who has proved to be an excellent typist, always quick to return the finished product. Finally, Professor Gordon Batho, who offered constructive criticism and constant encouragement, deserves thanks for his stamina over the years taken to reach completion. List of Brief References Advertiser The Durham County Advertiser B.J . E . S. British Journal of Educational Studies (Basil Blackwell and Mottp Oxford) Chronicle The Newcastle Daily Chronicle Cross The Report of the Royal Commis• sion on the Working of the Elementary Education Acts (1886 to 1888) D.R.R. Durham (later Durham and New• castle) Research Review (The School of Education, University of Durham and the School of Education, University of New• castle upon Tyne) Echo The Northern Echo Express The Jarrow Express and Tyneside Advertiser Guardian The Jarrow Guardian and Tyneside Reporter H.E.S.B* History of Education Society Bulletin H. of E. History of Education (Journal of the History of Education Society, David and Charles, Newton Abbott) J.E.A.H. Journal of Educational Adminis• tration and History (University of Leeds) Newcastle The Report of the Royal Commis• sion into the State of Popular Education in England (1858 to 1861) Nonconformist E. Miall (Ed.)„ The Nonconformist - V - LIST OF PLATES Page FRONTISPIECE Working-Men and the School Board. Vll Notice of meeting of Workmen's Committee, Darlington 1870. PLATE I. St. William's Roman Catholic School, 13 Barton Street, Albert Hill, Darling• ton (R. Kitching, 1982). PLATE II. Map of Durham, 1885 (Durham Public 49 Library). PLATE III. Handbill exhorting Darlington rate• 84 payers to vote for the Unsectarian candidates (Darlington Public Lib• rary). PLATE IV. Map of Jarrow showing Board Schools 139 1873 to 1894 (Adapted from W.M. Morley's, "The Development of Hed• worth, Monkton and Jarrow, Stanhope and Thornley School Boards, 1870- 1904" (Newcastle M.Ed. (1970)). PLATE V. Letter from the Education Department 169 to Hedworth, Monkton and Jarrow School Board noting the results of the 1876 Election (Hedworth, Monkton and Jarrow School Board Minute Book, Tyne and Wear Record Office, New• castle) . PLATE VI. South Street, Durham, showing numbers 210 44, 45 and 46. In 1855 Reverend J.C. Lowe used 44 as a private school; in 1856 he added 45, and then in 1860 he also took over 46 (R. Kitching, 1982). PLATE VII. Alderman William Boyd, Vice-Chairman, 242 Durham School Board 1871-1877. Det• ail from a portrait in Durham Town Hall, by kind permission of the Mayor of Durham (R. Kitching, 1982). PLATE VIII, Croft Terrace Board School, Jarrow 282 (R. Kitching, 1982). PLATE IX. Advice to voters in the North West 315 Ward of Darlington, 1883 (Darlington Public Library). - vi - List of Plates (continued) Page PLATE X. Clara Curtis Lucas, Darlington 342 School Board Member 1894-1897 and 1903-1904 (Darlington Public Library). PLATE XI. Map of Darlington showing Board 472 and Voluntary Schools, 1884 (Dar• lington Public Library). In back cover pocket. THE WORKING-MEN AND TIE SCIOBL map. Tt the Working-men who are Ratepayers In the Borough of Partington, FELLOW TOWNSMEN,— The Wortanon's Committoo,which wu appointod at the Mootin? hold in the Rail• way Inititute, North Rood, on Docember wra, 1Q70, to promoto the return of suitable eandidatee to represent you at the School Boa-d, -wore empowered to add to thoir numbers.
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