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Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): an Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic

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Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): an Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2016 Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): An Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic Katherine Elizabeth McMillan University of Tennessee - Knoxville, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons Recommended Citation McMillan, Katherine Elizabeth, "Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): An Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2016. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/3725 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Katherine Elizabeth McMillan entitled "Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): An Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Anthropology. David G. Anderson, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Boyce N. Driskell, Kandace R. Hollenbach, Daniel Simberloff Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Technological Adaptations at Dust Cave, Alabama (1LU496): An Evaluation of Organizational Strategies from the Late Paleoindian to the Middle Archaic A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Katherine Elizabeth McMillan May 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A large part of the funding for this dissertation came from a Doctoral Fellowship granted by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (Award 752-2005-0492). I am grateful for their support, which allowed me to attend the University of Tennessee as an international student, and to pursue this research. A great debt of thanks is owed to my committee members, especially my co-chairs, Dr. David Anderson and Dr. Boyce Driskell. Their encouragment, incisive commentary, and support over the last several years has meant more to me than I can express. A special thanks is also due to Dr. Driskell for presenting me with the Dust Cave lithic anlaysis as a doctoral project. I cannot imagine a more extraordinary project with which to have been involved. Over the course of this project, I have received help from several people with some of the technical aspects, including training on the microscope, setting up computers for microphotography, and creating artifact plates. Dr. Driskell introduced me to the IL Microscope, and gave me a great grounding in use wear analysis. Howard Cyr deserves special mention for his assistance with the microphotography. In the middle of a busy siege at the ARL during which he was working hard on his own dissertation work, he made time to get the computers set up for microphotography in the lithics lab, and gave me a lesson on using the software. Finally, Clay Barry provided photographic help, including taking several artifact photos and being my resident Photoshop expert. I was fortunate to have gone through school with an incredible group of fellow grad students who provided challenges, inspiration, and, on occasion, much needed comic relief! One individual in particular deserves special mention, though: Clay Barry. I met Clay at the beginning-of-the-year party when I first arrived at UT. Little did I know at that time that I had just met my future husband. I’m not sure I will ever be able to express to him just how much his love and support have meant over the last several years. It’s been a roller-coaster ride, and one that would have been impossible without the support he provided. Finally, I must thank the rest of my family. My Mom and Dad are largely responsible for fostering my interest in archaeology. Their passion for history, natural history, science, archaeology, and travel fueled my own excitement for these subjects. And no matter how far apart we have been, geographically, they have never ceased to provide endless support and encouragement, even in the roughest times. When I married Clay, I gained another entire family’s worth of support. His children, parents, and siblings have been there to encourage, cheer, and babysit on more occasions than I can count. One last and very special thank you needs to be given to the beautiful little human who joined our family in 2014. To Oliver, thank you for being the best baby I could have asked for at this crazy time. We hit the jackpot with you! In addition to being the easiest baby/toddler ever, your sweet and funny nature has kept me smiling and laughing even through the roughest times. ii ABSTRACT Stone tools are one of the most common and lasting classes of artifacts in the archaeological record. Through the application of appropriate theoretical frameworks to the study of lithic assemblages, we may seek invaluable insights into the nature of human behavior in the past. In this study, I present a detailed analysis of the chipped stone tool assemblage from Dust Cave (1LU496), a stratified rockshelter site in northwestern Alabama. This site has preserved a record of nearly 7,000 years of human occupation, spanning the Pleistocene- Holocene transition, a period of great climatic and cultural change in North America. Through the application of the Technological Organization framework, I address changes in the lithic artifact assemblage that reflect shifting behavioral strategies in the context of a dynamic natural and social environment. This approach views technology as a set of behaviors that facilitate the interaction of people with their environments, allowing tool users to meet challenges and to take advantage of opportunities presented by the natural and social worlds. With its emphasis on efficiency and decision-making, I argue that Technological Organization articulates well with approaches within Behavioral Ecology. I therefore root my analysis of the lithic materials within the Behavioral Ecology-informed studies of subsistence behavior at Dust Cave presented by Hollenbach (2005) and Carmody (2009). Together, these subsistence and lithic studies provide insight into the decisions being made by foragers in the context of a changing natural and social environment. My technological and functional analyses reveal continuity in the range of activities represented in the toolkit, but profound changes in the position that Dust Cave occupied in the cultural system. My analysis of tool production strategies, toolkit diversity, and patterns of tool iii use and discard reveals a shift from a logistically provisioned central place within an overall more residentially mobile system in the earliest periods of occupation, to a logistical station in the Middle Archaic. The richness of the environment, even in the Late Pleistocene, and the ease of raw material availability in the region had profound effects on the nature of forager decision- making at Dust Cave. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: DUST CAVE IN ENVIRONMENTAL & ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXT .............................................................................................................11 Discovery and Initial Investigation ....................................................................................12 Dust Cave Chronology: Overview of Archaeological Components ..................................15 Quad/Beaver Lake/Dalton Component (12,650-12,000 cal BP) ...........................16 Early Side Notched Component (12,000-11,000 cal BP) ......................................19 Kirk Stemmed Component (8,900-8,300 cal BP) ..................................................20 Eva/Morrow Mountain Component (8,300-7,400 cal BP) ....................................21 Benton Component (6,500-5,600 cal BP) ..............................................................23 Physiographic, Environmental, and Archaeological Context of the Middle Tennessee River Valley .......................................................................................................................24 Geology and Physiography ....................................................................................24 Modern Ecological Setting ....................................................................................28 Paleoclimate and Paleoecology..............................................................................29 Archaeological Contex...........................................................................................36 CHAPTER 3: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................41 Human Behavioral Ecology ...............................................................................................42 Behavioral Ecology
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