Change. Architecture. Discuss

Change. Architecture. Discuss. April 2016 A discussion paper on the future direction of architecture and the built environment sector in NSW and beyond Prepared by the NSW Architects Registration The Board wishes to thank those who helped to Board and released in 2016. The NSW Architects provide review and comment in the preparation Registration Board is an independent statutory of this document, especially Professor Roy Green, authority responsible for the administration of the Richard Thorp AM, Peter Salhani, Louise Cox AM, Architects Act 2003. The Board is fully funded by NSW Government Architect Peter Poulet, and Pro- the registration fees from individual architects, and fessor Gerard Reinmuth. We gratefully acknowl- architectural firms or corporations. The Board’s key edge those who contributed images including role is to protect consumers of architectural ser- Hassell, PTW, COX Architecture, Architectus, the vices by promoting a better understanding of ar- University of Sydney, and the University of New chitectural issues in the community; informing the South Wales. public about the qualifications and competence of individuals or organizations holding themselves Board Staff out as architects; accrediting architectural qualifi- Registrar and lead author, Tim Horton cations for the purposes of registration; ensuring Dep Registrar, Examinations, that architects provide services to the public in a Education & Scholarships, Mae Cruz professional and competent manner; and disciplin- Finance and Compliance Lead, Nadine Roberts ing architects who have acted unprofessionally or Projects and Communications Lead, Di Snape incompetently. Finance and Administration, Helen Eichperger Legal and Administration clerk, Gabrielle Shina Cover photo: The Goods Line, Ultimo designed by Aspect Studios with CHROFI Architects for the Level 2, 156 Gloucester St Sydney Harbour Foreshore Authority. Image: Pho- Sydney NSW 2000 tos by Boaz. Unless otherwise noted, photos by T. +61 2 9241 4033 Stephen Pierce or Tim Horton. architects.nsw.gov.au Contents

INTRODUCTION 1

THE SECTOR IN PROFILE 6

THE SECTOR IN CONTEXT 10

DESIGN AS THE FOUNDATION 29

DOMAINS OF CHANGE 36

CAPABILITIES FOR CHANGE 41

FIELDS OF GROWTH 49

WHAT’S OUR ROLE? 51

REFERENCES 63 1 Introduction

1 One thing we all know is that change structure is expected to occur in this is constant. Over time as our needs region in coming decades. The scale change, the environment we design of this need is driving the globali- and build for ourselves needs to sation of services skilled in design, change with us. Today, the greatest planning and development. change is coming from the speed with which we are urbanising. In Change in our own local communi- 1950, just 30% of the world’s popu- ties may be less dramatic, but still lation lived in cities. Just a hundred be familiar to all of us. We see it in years later, that will reverse, with the move to smaller homes for small- around 30% of the world’s popula- er families, or in single older people tion living outside of cities by 20501. who are living longer but looking for What’s more, the fastest growth is care and support as they age. Or in expected to occur in less developed taller buildings that can still promote nations, whose infrastructure needs close, healthy communities. This are greatest. Many of these are in change can be left to happen over our own region of the asia pacific, time, or be curated through design so it’s no surprise that around half of and with planning. Understanding the world’s investment in buildings, change helps us to better respond, transport, energy and other infra- plan and assist any transition. “...The current process of change has been called many things; the global economy, the information revolution, the age of complexity. Whatever we call it, this break with history has shaken the foundations of our economic and social lives, laid during the industrial revolution, and it has rendered vulnerable the various structures so carefully built upon those foundations, including the structures of the professions and the universities.”2

— PROFESSOR THOMAS FISHER —

2 McKinsey tells us that winning sup- the existing character of a place, port for change3 is part of making a close to where we live. Each of these city great. But architecture also of- artist impressions illustrate a precise, fers something more. It gives physical 3-dimensional form and scale. Unlike form to investment, planning policy the way we describe a new tax pol- and business models. And because icy, child care regulation or fisheries architecture uses visual means to initiative, the tools of communicating communicate, it is unique in its abil- change in the built environment en- ity to foster community confidence in sure it’s grounded in a place, and is the opportunity of change by show- anything but abstract. ing how we can do something better. Architecture’s tools of trade include But a better built environment is drawings, models, visualisations and about more than just how our build- simulation. All bring to life a kind of ings look. It includes better perform- positive progress in the world we ing workplaces that aim to be more build around us. We might see this productive, collaborative and inno- in the ‘artist impression’ prepared as vative; better public spaces that are part of a new light rail project; a re- safe, friendly, and vibrant; better hos- vitalised town centre, or a proposed pitals where we go to get well; better apartment building designed around homes more adapted to our needs. “..a better built environment is about more than just how our buildings look. It includes better performing workplaces that aim to be more productive, collaborative and innovative; better public spaces that are safe, friendly and vibrant; better hospitals where we go to get well; better homes more adapted to our needs”

3 As US architecture critic Paul Gold- good design, and support design berger says, “We build, in the end, be- quality. What’s more we understand cause we believe in a future - nothing the consequences of poor design, shows commitment to the future like and of standards poorly applied. architecture. And we build well, because we believe in a better future”4. This work explores how and where But do we? When Galaxy Research architecture is, can and might help polled 2,500 Australians aged 18-64 to transform our cities, towns and re- years in June 2015, almost 97% be- gions. It explores the social, techno- lieved that cities and towns are better logical and economic shifts that the to live in when public buildings and sector is exposed to; the policy con- public spaces are well designed. 96% text in which the sector is positioned; of us believe that homes and apart- and it offers some thoughts on where ments provide a better living expe- fields of growth for the sector may rience when they are well designed, lie. We explore some key drivers of and 66% believe it is very important change, look beyond current occu- that buildings of all kinds integrate pations in an attempt to define the with the community, particularly at underlying capabilities that are the the street frontage5. The research sector’s strengths, and sketch out an shows that Australians appreciate integrated strategy for transforming “When Galaxy Research polled 2,500 Australians aged 18-64 years in June 2014, almost 97% believed that cities and towns are better to live in when public buildings and public spaces are well designed.”

3 4 architecture for the future. We want its people. Governor Macquarie har- to better support growth in architec- nessed our natural capital; quarried tural services in the region, and fos- Sydney sandstone from under us, ter transformation in the domestic tested our clay to make bricks, and market, with new pathways for the ground our abundant harbour oys- next generation of architects, digital ters for lime mortar. He surveyed, and designers, coders and entrepreneurs set the standard for measurement of to shape where and how we live. In roads and our early land economy. short, this work seeks to leave the And, importantly, he harnessed the reader with a better understanding human capital needed to transform of architecture’s potential; now, and materials, exploit technologies, apply in the future. standards, build and develop. At the centre of his program, Macquarie ap- And why now? 2016 is a milestone pointed Australia’s first Government year in New South Wales. Two hun- Architect, Francis Greenway. Two dred years ago, we decided that wat- hundred years later, we ask; what’s tle and daub was no way to build a next, and are we ready for it? What nation. The early European settle- are the new standards, materials, ment in Sydney Cove was in decay, technologies, and capabilities need- and struggling to meet the needs of ed for the future we want? 5 Who is the client base for architectural services? The 2 client base is split between residential building (36.3%), commercial/industrial building The sector (37.3%), public works (18.8%) and non-building work (7.6%). in profile

— ARCHITECTS ACCREDITATION

COUNCIL OF AUSTRALIA —

5 Traditionally, the economic contribu- signed by US architect Frank Gehry in 6 tion of architecture has been based association with Daryl Jackson Robin on the construction value of a proj- Dyke, contributes around $46m annu- ect, or the property valuation of a ally to the local economy, and that na- built asset. It’s true that architecture tionally, “archi-tourism” can be valued is a value-add embedded in construc- at around $827m6. tion and property more generally. But new research also shows we can mea- You may be able to value an icon and sure the social value of architecture, the economic and social value it gen- as well as the contribution made by erates, but can you place a value on the sector to industry innovation and the sector that created the icon in the STEM education in the expanding first place? field of tradeable urban services. According to the NSW Government, A 2010 study found that an architect the NSW design sector - incorporating can add as much as 17% to the value of architectural and other design profes- a building, and around 5-7% to rental sions - is the second largest segment returns. More recently, research com- within the NSW Creative Industries, af- missioned by the ARB showed that the ter internet and digital services, and is Chau Chak Wing building at UTS, de- the largest design sector in any state7.

Left: Dr Matthias Haeusler (UNSW), Phillip Graus, Lachlan Abercrombie (Cox Architecture) REGISTER 4,930 Architects in New South Wales 50

Average age of a practising architect 26% 74% WOMEN MEN 90+ 6 80-89 14 66 85 70-79 180 19 226 431 60-69 693 64 22 210 989

Age 50-59 736 210 24 66 1,036 40-49 696 313 49 51 1,109 30-39 536 365 53 31 985 20-29 70 46 121

Practising Practising Non-Practising Non-Practising MALE FEMALE FEMALE MALE 98% architectural 1,344 businesses employ less Architectural than 20 ppl corporations & firms in NSW

25,734 directly employed in architectural services www.business.nsw.gov.au/7 AACA Industry profile9 Residential Commercial/ building industrial building 36.3% 37.3%

Where is the work? $27.3m ABS 2012-201310 university fees generated each yr at 4 NSW schools of architecture Non-building Public UTS research11 work works 7.6% 18.8% $6.4bn 8 Annual revenue of Australian practice

IBIS World figures12

17% $827m value added to a building if using an value of Australian architect ‘archi-tourism’ UTS research8 UTS research6 9 “I’m interested in how urban growth can be a means to 3 grow the human and natural capital as much as the financial capital of NSW. The sector Cities represent an important investment in our future”13 in context

— DOMINIC PERROTTET MP, MINISTER

FOR FINANCE, SERVICES AND

INNOVATION —

9 Australia’s built environment sector science and technology clusters, uni- 10 is a part of an integrated global value versities and market trading centres; chain that includes the fields of de- advanced prefabricated modular sign, architecture, planning, construc- building assemblies and more, using tion, engineering and development. multi-disciplinary expertise through Those involved in this value chain use local offices in Vietnam, Thailand, -In professional, technical skills to trans- donesia, Hong Kong, Singapore, China, form materials, products and tech- the middle east, UK and US. nologies to shape buildings and the spaces in-between them. So given the An international survey of 1,350 archi- field cuts across sectors, and portfolio tectural practices by the UK’s Building interests, where does architecture ‘fit’ Design Online ranked five Australian in to the public policy landscape? practices in the top 100. The majority of these firms are based in NSW, in- Australian design professionals and cluding Woods Bagot, Cox Architec- architectural practices are part of a ture, Bates Smart, Buchan Group, GHD globally-respected knowledge-based Woodhead.14 export market - designing cities, landscapes and infrastructure across the Understanding how architects, and world; including transport projects, those involved in the sector, can play

Left: Graduate exhibition, University of Sydney 2015 11 a greater role in this global value chain a means of making planning real. The can help grow the economic and so- sector delivers the practical end of cial contribution of architecture in a government goals for stronger, health- growing NSW economy, by fostering ier communities through good design local industry innovation that, in turn, that supports growth in the right way grows value for local communities too. and helps win support for change. Forecasts for the sector indicate a To understand how we can do this, growing appetite for integrated ser- we’ve mapped some of the key priori- vice models that include architecture ties of the Australian government, and as part of engineering or other skill- the government of NSW to align archi- sets, with annualised growth of 2.2% tecture with the funding and resource over five years from 2015-2020; lift- priorities of our civic leaders, policy- ing annual revenue to around $7.1bn. makers and decision takers. In 2012-2015, revenue was divided as follows; In global terms, we see architecture • 7.5% (pre design services) positioned as a professional services • 10.3% (schematic design) sector that exports local intelligence, • 14.7% (design development) as a value-add to infrastructure and • 29.4% (contract documentation) industry innovation, and - at home - as • 17.4% (contract administration) “China’s rapid urbanisation has led to 80 Australian architectural studios opening up in china, with a further 220 Australian firms winning work. A good example is Cox Rayner Architects which recently won a competition to design china’s 290m national maritime museum - beating a field of 80 of the world’s leading design firms in Tianjin”

— MALCOLM TURNBULL MP, PRIME MINISTER OF AUSTRALIA, 15 SEPTEMBER 2015 —

12 • 20.7% in architectural drafting workers do not work in design-relat- and other related services15 ed industries, but rather add value to How are NSW architects positioned other sectors of the economy such as to leverage this forecast growth? Are public administration, manufacturing architects integrating with other dis- and more.16 ciplines to provide an integrated service? And is the sector alone in de- Of all these sectors, the greatest in- veloping strategies to meet its export vestment surge is expected in urban potential? development, resulting from rapid urbanisation in the Asia Pacific region. Australia’s global position The volume and focus of investment in The Australian government places the cities - here and in the wider region - contribution of the professional, tech- will define the next two decades. It’s nical services sector at around $3.5bn. forecast that US$20 trillion will be in- Architectural services are included in vested in urban infrastructure by 2050 this - as well as being embedded in - around half of that will be in our own other sectors, including the largest region. services-related export sector; education. One of the key characteristics This throws the focus on the liveability of the industry is that many design of existing and new cities. It is driving 13 growth in tradeable urban services like Australian businesses operate in Asia planning, architecture, design, engi- now. It turns out Australian business neering, waste management, hous- invests more in New Zealand than ing development, water and energy. it does in China. Labour needs to be To this, we might add ‘big data’ han- mobile, and professional services are dling, the application of the Internet of integral to the new economy. ASEAN Things; and those involved in the shar- is looking to promote greater labour ing economy17. mobility between economies. But most of our businesses are focused on Architecture as a trade services export short term investment; including some Recent trade agreements negotiated architectural practices that chase the by the Australian government have project, without investing in presence. removed operating restrictions for Australian architects, engineers, ur- Investing in setting up a studio in an- ban planners and construction firms other country is significant. Partnering in Asia, and South America.18 In 2015, with a local practice is an option, but PwC published research on The Asian how do you do it when it’s ten hours Century. It showed that in ten years, flying time to meet? PwC shared 8 tips half of the world’s economic output relevant to architectural firms engag- will come from Asia. Yet only 9% of ing in the region, including; “I am a strong believer in the ability of innovation to improve the NSW economy as well as the wellbeing of people. A key part of this is innovation in our cities and built environment. Design puts people at the centre and architecture shapes the physical environment through which innovation can be brought to life. I am passionate about teaming ideas and investment to discover solutions to unmet needs.”

— VICTOR DOMINELLO MP, MINISTER FOR INNOVATION AND BETTER REGULATION —

14 • Lead with a strategy and take a • Proceed with caution - too often, ‘portfolio approach’. This might risks can be grossly over or un- mean; avoid setting up a studio derstated. overseas off the back of one proj- • Triangulate your information - ect win. transparency can be lacking so • Invest in learning the culture, and validate from as many sources as don’t assume all places and peo- possible ple are the same. • Go easy on the integration and re- • Don’t be fooled by ‘Guanxi’ - trust member the 80/20 rule (in other and relationships matter. Under- words, remember 80% of results stand how and where decisions from from 20% of effort) get made. But in summary, PwC advice for archi- • Understand ‘uniquely Asian’ mar- tectural firms came down to three im- ket dynamics, which can be com- portant factors; plex and not without risk 1. Take long term view • Keep timelines realistic and be 2. Have the backing of bigger, pa- patient - don’t be tempted to bail tient support too soon, and make sure you plan 3. Have a local presence - don’t FIFO beyond your own immediate pri- (Fly in, Fly out)19 orities

Left above: Alibaba headquarters, Hangzhou, Hassell. Image: Peter Bennetts “Liveable, vibrant cities are absolutely critical to our prosperity. Historically the Federal Government has had a limited engagement with cities and yet that is where most Australians live, it is where the bulk of our economic growth can be found. We often overlook the fact that liveable cities, efficient, productive cities, the environment of cities, are economic assets...We have to ensure for our prosperity, for our future, for our competitiveness, that every level of Government works together, constructively and creatively to ensure that our cities progress.”

— MALCOLM TURNBULL MP, PRIME MINISTER OF AUSTRALIA —

15 Government initiatives such as Aus- another $10m in research undertaken trade’s Export Management Develop- in the sector.21 ment Grants program help to assist a firm’s expansion overseas. Over the Australian schools of architecture of- last five years, more than 108 grants fer a consistent, high quality education totalling around $4m were awarded that is formally and independently ac- to architectural service firms. Howev- credited on a 5-yearly basis. In NSW, er the trend is down 28% since 2009, the ARB provides oversight to this with only 1% of these grants going accreditation framework; delivered in to architectural services firms20. So conjunction with industry via the Na- what’s going on? Has a vigorous local tional Standard of Competency for Ar- domestic market cooled our drive to chitects, developed by the Architects find those markets offshore? Accreditation Council of Australia.

Architectural education export This Standard acts as a consistent The Australian government values datum governing the education of education-related travel services at aspiring architects, registration as an around $14.5bn in 2013. Architectur- architect, and setting the standards al education in Australia generates at for architectural practice in Australia. least $126m alone in annual fees, and The Standard details the four units 16 of competency for architects in de- dual degree to be earned through time sign; documentation; project delivery spent in both Shanghai and Sydney.22 and practice management. As a result of these well crafted and accredited Taken in the context of the China Aus- standards, Australian schools of ar- tralia Free Trade Agreement, this dual chitecture are highly regarded in the degree may just be the incubator for Asia Pacific region. Capitalising on the next generation of bilingual, bicul- their leadership position, our local uni- tural graduates that move easily be- versities are increasingly teaming up tween China and Australia, and head with international partners to allow up a new generation of architectural students to move between countries practices that identify as local to both and gain valuable cultural experience countries. in the APEC region.

Signs of a closer, more shared model of exchange between China and Australian universities are reflected in programs like that launched by UNSW and Tongji University in 2014. The two universities have announced a 4 year

Above: graduating exhibition, UNSW Faculty Built Environment 2014 National policy

17 Australia’s national priorities both within NSW and beyond. Con- In September 2015, Prime Minster Mal- sider the downstream innovation ad- colm Turnbull stated that Australia’s vantage from internationally awarded cities and towns represented where buildings that are a ‘first’ such as30 most of us live, and where the bulk of The Bond for Lend Lease - the first 5 economic growth can be found. In ear- star Greenstar commercial building in ly 2016, the priorities of Cities and Dig- Sydney’s CBD resulting in 30% lower ital Transformation were brought in to carbon dioxide emission than a typi- the Prime Minister’s own department. cal office and using between 30 - 40% less power than today’s best-practice This focus on our investment in city buildings)23. Or 1 Bligh Street for DEX- planning and delivery is reflected in US Property Group, DEXUS Wholesale the announcement of a Greater Syd- Property and Cbus Property - the first ney Commission to better integrate 6 star high rise commercial building planning and design across metro- with a custom-designed naturally ven- politan Councils. As Australia’s largest tilated double skin glass facade, incor- state economy, architecture and con- porating 1,774 automated blinds and struction in NSW often drive innova- controlled by a system created for the tion in new materials, systems, assem- unique elliptical design of the build- blies and products from businesses ing24. 18 Innovative fire safety engineering in- ture plans and activities of govern- tegrated in to the design of the new- ments, the private sector, banks and ly opened Epping to Chatswood Rail other organisations. Link stations allowed a more open pe- destrian environment. As the site for a global hub, Sydney has the potential to develop and ex- Clearly, the built environment sector port global expertise in the design and in NSW plays an important part in delivery of major road and rail infra- achieving national priorities designed structure, urban regeneration projects, to build Australia’s innovation capacity transit-oriented developments as well for the infrastructure of the 21st centu- as airport logistics and infrastructure. ry, and local industry innovation. Architecture can play a part in this in- Sydney as a global infrastructure hub frastructure hub by pooling local ex- In October 2014, leaders of the twen- pertise and applying research in high ty largest global economies, the G20, performance commercial buildings agreed to establish a global infrastruc- that achieve worlds best practice in ture hub in Sydney, in order to increase energy efficiency and promote the -de global investment in infrastructure. velopment of local green technologies The Hub will coordinate the infrastruc- that compete globally; in the develop-

Above: 1 Bligh Street by Architectus + Ingenhoven Architects 19 “A Global Infrastructure Hub will collect and disseminate leading practices across the infrastructure life-cycle, with the objective of increasing the pipeline of bankable projects, improving the productivity of investments, and accelerating the development of infrastructure as an asset class”.25

— B20 PRESS RELEASE, G20 MEETING—

19 20 ment of high quality housing suited to ergy heating or cooling strategies; in- the diverse needs of communities; in telligent facades; integrated data and the design of international standard communication systems in transport transport infrastructure like heavy and and energy infrastructure; building light rail stations, bus transitways and and precinct information modelling ferry terminals; in medical research fa- that can more easily enable the in- cilities, hospitals, schools and public dustry-wide collaboration needed for spaces where resilient social networks innovation in procurement and deliv- are formed. ery. And because architects design the shape and form, select the mate- Industry innovation rials, and prepare the project specifi- With smart procurement and design cation for domestic housing, it’s not management, architecture can be a just our iconic buildings that can drive lead customer for locally-grown ma- demand for local industry innovation. terials, products and technologies that Our homes and apartments can act can be integrated in to high perfor- as a consistent marketplace for inno- mance buildings, precincts and large vative local products, mandated in to scale infrastructure. High performance use through smart design codes, stan- architecture refers to advanced clad- dards, and guides. ding and insulation materials, low en-

Left: Chatswood Interchange by Cox Architecture with Design Inc Image: Brett Boardman “We both see examples every day - of students experimenting with a new material to get the desired shape, of sound editors staying up to all hours mixing to get the desired impact, of web designers testing versions to get the most intuitive experience. The artists’ and designers’ passionate pursuit to express themselves - to make an impact - gives the technology in their hands purpose and makes innovation come alive. STEAM is gaining traction.”26

— JOHN MAEDA, RHODE ISLAND SCHOOL OF DESIGN, HUFFINGTON POST, 2012 —

21 Gaining STEAM Architecture is generally classified as a The Turnbull Government’s National capability within the STEM disciplines; Innovation and Science Agenda aims showcasing the value of creative think- to boost industry competitiveness into ing in complex problem solving result- the future by lifting our capacity in ing in tangible outcomes. In countries Science, Technology, Engineering and like the US, UK and China, STEM is also Mathematics in primary and second- being expanded to include an explic- ary schools. STEM skills are essential it statement on the role of art, design in creating and turning new ideas and and creativity in applying STEM in new inventions into lucrative, internation- ways to create value in the 21st cen- ally competitive Australian products, tury. Adding the ‘A’ in Arts and cre- services and exports. ative capacity to STEM is the basis of a worldwide interest in moving from STEM studies also develop generic STEM to STEAM. skills such as problem solving, critical thinking and creativity, which are used In the US, organisations like the Clin- in a wide range of environments and ton Global Initiatives, and performer occupations.27 Will.i.am are funding programs to build STEAM capacity in young people.28

Right: Architects of tomorrow, Sydney Architecture Festival, Customs House 2015 21 22 23 NSW state policy

24 NSW is Australia’s largest state econ- Architecture and design is implied in omy with housing, construction and any integrated approach to urban de- urban development a central part of velopment. Consider the work of GHD the state’s economic engine. NSW is and Aspect Studios in Sydney’s Inner the strongest State for new home con- West Light Rail project; Grimshaw’s struction, with starts more than 36% precinct planning work for Urban above decade averages. Construc- Growth NSW between Central to Ev- tion generally is rated at just over 15% eleigh or the collaboration between above decade averages.29 In 2015, the Hassell and Populous in designing the NSW Government released ‘A Plan for Sydney International Convention, En- Growing Sydney’, with an ambition for tertainment and Exhibition Precinct at 50,000 dwellings a year. In addition, Darling Harbour. Or in the knowledge the government announced a new au- share assumed in the text of the MoU thority to integrate planning across signed between NSW and the Indian Sydney’s metropolitan Councils; the government in January 2015 to advise Greater Sydney Commission. Clearly on smart city planning30. architecture plays a role in delivering better homes, schools and hospitals Together, these projects and programs for a growing Sydney. Can it also pro- help deliver on a wider state strategy, mote safer communities and make called NSW: Making it happen31. public transport even more appeal- ing? And if so, where’s the evidence?

Left: One Central Park, Sydney by Ateliers Jean Nouvel (design architect), PTW Architects (local collaborating architect) Image: Simon Wood courtesy of Frasers Property and Sekisui House “Studies have found that students with the most daylighting in their classrooms progressed between 20-26% faster on certain tasks over a one year period, and had 7-18% higher scores than those with the least daylighting”

25 NSW: Making it happen • Tackling childhood obesity The NSW: Making it happen plan sets • Improving education results the Government’s agenda for change • Protecting our kids in NSW. It is a plan informed by five • Reducing youth homelessness State priorities, including; • Driving public sector diversity • Strong budget and economy • Keeping our environment clean • Building infrastructure • Faster housing approvals • Protecting the vulnerable • Improving government services • Better services • Safer Communities Architecture isn’t only central to Build- ing Infrastructure, or in achieving Fast- We think architecture makes a con- er Housing Approvals, but also plays tribution to almost all the priorities in a role in tackling childhood obesity NSW: Making it happen. As an exam- through the planning and design of ple, we’ve mapped how architecture helps deliver against the Premier’s precincts and buildings that encour- own 12 priorities which include; age walking and biking to get around. • Creating jobs Research has found that children who • Building Infrastructure live in neighbourhoods with few parks • Reducing domestic violence and numerous junk food takeaways, • Improving service levels in hospi- have a higher chance of becoming tals obese than those who don’t.32 “[comparing] patients whose rooms had windows overlooking natural landscapes with patients who looked out onto a brick wall...found that the patients with open views had shorter post-operative stays – 7.9 days compared with 8.7 days, and had lower rates of minor post- surgical complica- tions”

26 So how can architecture improve edu- that the patients with open views had cation results? Studies have found that shorter post-operative stays – 7.9 days students with the most daylighting in compared with 8.7 days, and had low- their classrooms progressed between er rates of minor post- surgical com- 20-26% faster on certain tasks over a plications. 34 one year period, and had 7-18% higher scores than those with the least day- The point is that architecture is the lighting33. physical frame in which services are delivered, and where people connect. How can architecture help to improve Investing in good architecture and service levels and outcomes in hospi- urban design can avoid future costs tals? in remediation programs or repairs. Healthy, connected communities can A study in a suburban Pennsylvania more often provide the support and hospital examined the records of pa- services for themselves, avoiding the tients recovering from cholecystec- cost and resources of government. tomy. It compared patients whose Applying some design thinking can rooms had windows overlooking nat- help us address multiple priorities at ural landscapes with patients who once - physical, social, environmental looked out onto a brick wall, and found and economic. PLACE/POLICY PRIORITIES NSW: Making it happen NSW Premier’s personal priorities

Creating jobs

Building infrastructure

Reducing domestic violence

Improving service levels in hospitals

Tackling childhood obesity

Improving education results

Protecting our kids

Reducing youth homelessness

Driving public sector diversity

Keeping our environment clean

Faster housing approvals

Improving government services HOW ARCHITECTURE HELPS DELIVER How and where architecture makes its contribution to the priorities

Regional infrastructure and facilities based on local skills and materials that boosts cultural capital of regional communities and production of local trade and manufacturing innovation

Contribute to development of STEM and STEAM capabilities in our next generation of founders and job makers through schools and univeristy teaching and research.

World class rail, bus and light rail facilities suited to Austra- lian conditions; safe, bright and welcoming

Desirable, walkable precincts activated with people, business and culture to promote walking and biking as a preferred option. Design-in open stairs, green roofs and open sight lines in buildings to promote incidental exercise in the workplace.

Patient-centred hospitals and other health facilities to aid faster recovery; medical research institutes, laboratories and universities to promote discovery.

Accessible, inclusive and dignified housing, public space and community facilities suited to self-directed care and consistent with Liveable Housing Australia design standards

Continue to develop innovative affordable and social housing models that reduce up front & ongoing costs

Schools, VET & University campuses and buildings designed to promote new education standards and promote NSW as a smart education state. 28

Designing out crime through environmental design and informal street surveillance from active building frontages, technologies and community action.

Courts, remand & other justice facilities that balance the need for security with transparent and humane spaces for support and rehabilitation.

Precinct master planning that embeds principles of liveability and sustainability in buildings and the spaces between. Innovative buildings that retain and reuse water, generate power and reduce demand on the grid.

Precincts, apartment buildings & houses that promote strong healthy communities with strong social networks.

Buildings designed to allow adaption and use by community groups for gathering & social enterprise

Direct involvement by local communities in the design and planning decisions to ensure local knowledge and culture is retained and enhanced, and development is supported.

Design of facilities that integrate sport, culture, recreation and creative enterprise in innovative, well located and well used facilities, connected to public open space.

Visually-engaging, evidence based design collateral to communicate the opportunity of change through improving the environment we build around us.

Events, talks & festivals designed to inform, engage and educate the NSW community on the options and alternatives for our future built environment. 4 Design as the foundation

29 In every State and Territory of Aus- It’s a mantra to many of us, but it’s tralia, legislation limits use of the worth restating; good design is as title ‘architect’ to those registered much about how something works as with relevant Registration Boards. Of- how it looks. And despite the efforts of ten, this is viewed as making a value researchers, advocates, designers and judgement between design and archi- educators across the country, still the tecture. But has a distinction between myth prevails that design is a matter architect and non-architect inadver- of taste; superficial and subjective. tently put in to tension the relationship of architecture to design? To some, it’s about the ‘thing’; the object - not the learned method of inven- Put simply, architecture is a design tion, research, prototype, failure, and discipline whose aim is to apply de- success. For example, developing the sign and design thinking to the envi- Dyson vacuum cleaner famously in- ronment we build around us. So what volved over 5,000 prototypes35. In the is design? And do architects need to search for better pathways to inno- take another look at design thinking vation, competitiveness and growth, in order to creatively adapt to social, it’s only logical that what we produce economic and technological shifts in and how we produce it are connected. the sector, or their own business? This is where design as a way of think- Electrical Mechanical Engineering Cognitive Engineering Science Philosophy Psychology

Industrial Design Sociology Architecture Human factors & ergonomics Human Ubiquitous Computer Spatial Computing Interaction Experience Interactive Useability Engineering Interactive controls Environments Digital Signage Media installations Interaction Marketing Guidance Design Contextual Systems Requirements

Audio Scenario

Sound 29 Application Design Engineering 30 Design

Design

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Architecture Design User

Interface

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Adapted from The Disciplines of User Experience, Dan Saffer (2008) “Big challenges demand new partners and new perspectives. Smart businesses are inviting their workers to co-design strategy. Citizens are co-producing policy. Companies ask customers to help design new products. How are architects involving their clients?”

31 ing and doing makes ultimate sense. customers to help design new prod- We see it today reflected in the start ucts. The UK’s Sir George Cox says up movement - with a philosophy of that ‘design is what links creativity and ‘launch and learn’. Australia’s flirted innovation. It shapes ideas to become with the idea of design thinking for a practical and attractive propositions while. But for a long time, we didn’t for users or customers36.’’ Innovative really have a burning platform. We’d architecture does the same - bring- escaped the Global Financial Crisis, ing ideas to practical and attractive and enjoyed decades of unbroken propositions by combining the skills economic growth. But events change of communities and building owners, quickly. In more recent years, Austra- with engineers and planners, builders lians are facing some big challeng- and property development, trades and es. Post-mining boom, new ideas are suppliers. needed. Architecture synthesizes the often Big challenges demand new part- conflicting drivers and objectives of ners and new perspectives. Smart those involved in the development val- businesses are inviting their workers ue chain by using design as a means to co-design strategy. Citizens are to negotiate roles and responsibilities co-producing policy. Companies ask around a project in order to assem- “There will always be ‘starachi- tects’; but it seems the cult of the hero architect is on the way out. Our new role is still evolving. In addition to being ‘architects’ in the traditional sense, it will surely involve architects also being collabo- rators, strategic thinkers and facilitators”.38

— ANNABEL LAHZ, ARCHITECT —

31 32 ble something physical that resonates year project designed to promote the beyond function alone. Architecture integrative skills needed for collabo- combines design thinking with collab- ration between architects, designers orative effort and technical capabil- and engineers. We’re interested in ity. This integrative capacity is valu- how these changing conditions im- able. Listen to the conversations on a pact on architecture. We’ve identi- building site and you’ll wonder how fied three domains in which change anything ever gets built, as the build- is happening rapidly, and four ca- er and trades talk about how to con- pabilities for change as a way of struct something, the engineer about building our capacity to respond. how big it should be, and the client about what it will cost.37 Design thinking is broadly understood to be where design and strategy meet. Good architecture is about balanc- It’s the thinking and doing behind a ing these competing objectives. Our product or thing. And if design is the interest in the growth of integrative, engine, then architecture is one very collaboration skills is just one reason important vehicle that it powers. we’re a part of the MADE by the Op- era House initiative (Multidisciplinary And while architecture doesn’t have a Australian Denmark Exchange) - a 10 monopoly on design, Harvard, Stan- 33 ford and our own UTS are all busily web; adding to Australia’s industrial deciphering how design professionals design, architectural and product en- work to understand how new value is gineering capability. created – in new products and ways of working around barriers and blockag- Design thinking has brought back to es. life old techniques that are about understanding why people do what they There’s a hunch that design thinking do. Understanding how people behave can help businesses create value by is more likely to produce places and creating things people want, instead products people want but can’t de- of competing on lowest cost to shift scribe in advance. There are methods more units people are just happy to and techniques to do this. Designing put up with. Cochlear, Telstra, NAB with the user in mind - the user expe- and Westpac all use design thinking rience - combines field research and to develop services and products, and observation to understand people’s a really interesting new multi disci- behaviour with the use of ‘personas’ plinary design community is putting to give a human dimension to a design the end-user experience back in to fo- problem back in the studio. cus through new fields of service design, interaction design, product and “Design thinking is an intensely human process, which is why it is so culturally dependent – it progresses to technical and financial viability only after considering the human aspect”

— CATHERINE LIVINGSTONE, CHAIR TELSTRA —

33 34 The studio environment is where these Architects need to apply some cre- design capabilities come togeth- ative design thinking to the future of er - where the really important work its own profession if it is to remain of generating intelligent and inspired relevant in the context of enormous ideas, happens. The design studio fos- change. Research shows we must, ters a kind of open, inter-disciplinary and can, do better. Why? Barriers to collaboration that combines a soft growth and innovation include; form of team leadership with a demo- • a focus on design product as the cratic generating and testing of ideas only form of innovation against a problem. The studio works • a skills shortage in firms, neces- because it’s an environment in which sary to innovation through the a problem, and the design of a solu- entire value chain tion, is shared. As former Telstra Chair, • overwhelming predominance of Catherine Livingstone AO puts it; “De- firms as SME’s, with little revenue sign thinking is an intensely human to dedicate to R&D process, which is why it is so culturally • lack of strategic planning around dependent – it progresses to technical innovation and business develop- and financial viability only after con- ment sidering the human aspect”.39 • strong competitive environment preventing systemic collaboration

Above left: UTS U.Lab Bike Tank engaging Sydneysiders on public transport, 2013 35 “A forward thinking practice could mobilise outsourcing to 5 great effect by stripping down to a small number of core employees, with all other Domains work, particularly technical, being outsourced to a of change network of trusted consultants – becoming far more nimble and light on its feet. ”40

— BUILDING THE FUTURE, RIBA —

35 Architecture doesn’t exist in a vacu- We want to better understand some 36 um. It evolves in response to emerg- of the emerging forces influencing ing trends and technologies in fields the global economy and local culture that influence design professionals, today so that we can play our role in clients, owners and users, financiers, preparing the built environment sec- educators, builders and developers, tor for the change these forces may and policymakers. Clients and their bring. CSIRO has identified six trends architects, builders, trades and local impacting the world today. So what councils balance competing interests are they? while working within cost and time 1. More from less. The earth has limit- constraints. Complying with building ed supplies of natural mineral, energy, codes and licensing requirements, water and food resources essential for procurement systems, development human survival and maintaining life- consent and local consultation, prog- styles. ress payments and the demands of 2. Going, going...gone? Many of the financing are all a necessary part of world’s natural habitats, plant species bringing architecture to life. But with- and animal species are in decline or at out reserving some space to focus risk of extinction. on the future, we’re more likely to be 3. The silk highway. Coming decades blindsided by change when it comes. will see the world economy shift from

Left: Robotic milling of acoustic surface (Rienhardt, Jung, Cabrera) courtesy University of Sydney 2016 “To avoid obsolescence, architects need to increase demand for their skills by embracing emerging technologies that both stimulate and satiate consumer desires. For savvy architects with a dash of fortitude, revolutionary opportunities for creating enhanced predictability, complexity, branding, feedback, and economies of scale glimmer on the horizon.”41

- DAVID CELANTO -

37 west to east and north to south. Understanding these megatrends is 4. Forever young. The ageing popu- important as the pragmatic needs of lation is an asset. Australia and many the day, week or month can limit our other countries that make up the Or- field of view to the immediate. These ganisation for Economic Cooperation trends are complex, and global in and Development (OECD) have an their origin and they are not unique ageing population. to Australia or NSW. Megatrends can 5. Virtually here. This megatrend ex- drive change in the economy which, plores what might happen in a world in turn, impacts on an architect’s busi- of increased connectivity where indi- ness model; their client base, and the viduals, communities, governments decisions they make. The traditional and businesses are immersed into the concerns of architects - the scope of virtual world to a much greater extent agreed services, professional fees or than ever before. liabilities - can also be influenced by 6. Great expectations. This is a con- these trends. For example, thanks to sumer, societal, demographic and cul- the Silk Highway, NSW is experienc- tural megatrend. It explores the rising ing high inflows of capital from asian demand demand for experiences over markets. Architectural firms servic- products and the rising importance of ing this growing market can discover social relationships.42 they need new ways of communicat- 37 38 ing with off shore clients, in managing in DIY homes like the ‘WIki house’ and invoicing, intellectual property, agree- prefabricated homes increasing com- ments and expectations. petition - further challenging the traditional business model behind bespoke There’s trends, and then there’s disrup- design services. Those successfully tion - fast moving sources of change managing this disruption are using de- that surface quickly. Like Google’s sign intelligence to combine mass cus- SideWalk Labs - claimed to manage tomisation with modular construction. the largest pool of capital in the world focused on urban innovation. This new For us, the domains on the following initiative combines ideas, technologies page represent a set of connected and capital to concentrate funding challenges facing us all. And just as on new products, technologies and the exact nature of the challenges are solutions for a market that is rapidly still being determined, any coherent urbanising in increasing density. What response is still a work in progress. In impact might come from SideWalk many cases, these challenges have no Labs? New mobility options, home au- one ‘owner’ but are shared by a num- tomation or new housing forms? If so, ber of players in the sector. So it’s like- architects practising in the low cost ly any solution will come from shared housing market could find the growth and sustained effort.

Above: Researcher workbench, MIT’s Media Lab, Cambridge Mass., 2013 MEETING THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGE IN ARCHITECTURE WHAT WHY

Engage Citizens • Value of design to inform and Problem / potential engage through co-design methods Communities are seeking participation in • Leverage social networks development decisions • Catalyse social innovation Discussion on design is often about • Map consumer behaviour appearance, not performance • Design for the user experience Disconnect is growing between expert evidence vs public experience

Disconnect between emerging user needs and established development models

Develop new value chains • Develop & apply new materials from Problem / potential advanced manufacturing processes Regional economies are outpacing us in • Promote modular/ prefabricated in adopting new technologies; making (offsite) assembly mass production and mass customisation of housing assemblies fast and affordable • Integrate energy capture & storage (consider that China has successfully 3D • Explore application of biomaterials printed a house) • Apply 3D printing at scale • Prototype human-robotic fabrica- Local manufacturing and development is tion lagging in development of new materials, products and technologies; through closer collaboration across the development supply chain

Product development in mobile and distributed technology is leap frogging the traditional, centralised infrastructure that fuels our cities (consider the NEST ther- mostat, or Uber)

Invest in innovation • Develop knowledge exchange plat- Problem / potential forms Fragmentation and profit margins across • Foster feedback loops between prac- the industry constrains investment in re- tice, research and education spheres search and development • Accelerate new business model inno- Sector-wide deficiency in rigorous vation post-completion evaluation inhibits col- • Develop practice models that inte- lective learning and improvement grate with development, construction Shifting economic conditions, for example the sharing economy, is creating new value sets based on trust

Architecture may be a creative practice but many of the business models used represent conservatively structured work environments HOW

Foster a greater end-user focus for design communications to improve, include and inform (through data analysis, data visualisation, virtual reality and immersive environments, animation, simulation)

Document and share design technologies that inform, engage, educate and empower (eg: collaboration strategies, workshop design, models, prototypes) to move beyond design appearance, to design performance

Accelerate the uptake of digital platforms to share design process, practice and prototypes and that enables more seamless information exchange (eg: social and mainstream media, web)

Document and share techniques in field research and ethnography (eg: public engagement, user research and user experience; data collection, context mapping).

Promote methods and approaches that showcase multi-, inter-, and transdisciplinary collaboration within, and across sectors; that combines research with design practice in real world, real time projects

Support the adoption and use of integrative technologies such as building/precinct information modelling, enterprise resource planning, agent- based modelling, tailored coding and the like 40 Research, document and share models that showcase changing roles, responsibilities, risks and rewards in the sector through a strengths-based approach that is constructive, and not resistant to change.

Engage with those at the frontier of technology development to explore potential impacts and benefits. View projects as laboratories to prototype and commercialise products, materials or technologies.

Promote practice-based research methods to document and share project-based innovation through dedicated R&D and/or embedded researchers in business

Encourage post-completion evaluation of projects to measure, validate or improve on preliminary conceptual hypothesis

Research, document and share emerging or non traditional business models or procurement. For example, equity-share based reward for early-stage or first-to- market products, assemblies or technologies

Partner to invest in spin off products and intermediate goods from design practice Eg: bespoke software, plug ins or API’s. 6 Capabilities for change

41 We’ve explored the domains of ing needs of GAP’s customers. For An- change. So what capabilities are need- sett, this meant working across unions, ed to meet the challenge that change governments, suppliers, multinationals brings? We think design capacity is etc. Supply chains worked slowly. By underpinned by four core capabil- the time change happened, consum- ities; boundary spanning, integra- ers had moved on. So his challenge tion, visual thinking and studio culture was to move more quickly across his - capabilities that are at the heart of stakeholders. successful architecture that connects people with place. Ansett describes Boundary-spanners as ‘tempered radicals operating on the Boundary spanning fault lines’ of their own organisation.43 Boundary spanning is what Sean An- What’s great about them is they have sett calls the ‘gatekeeper of innovation a tendency to interact with others like in partnerships’. Sean Ansett was GAP them – also interested in the overlaps Clothing’s partnership director for 6 between organizations; forming new years. His work was about managing partnerships. GAP’s supply chain to meet consumer demand. His challenge was to rede- The ‘boundary spanner’ exists both in- sign his supply chain to suit the chang- side an organisation – and outside it. 42 Networks form around them, so they with the requirements of authorities can connect up people who might and building regulations, respect for not otherwise meet. They’re transla- neighbours and the environment, bud- tors – so they bridge and broker to get and program pressures with the create shared understanding. They desire to produce something of long influence, engage and educate so term, unique value. they bring stakeholders along. They’re multi channel thinkers so they crunch Integration verbal and non verbal data. They’re This is the ability to see many things emotionally intelligent so they have at once; even when they compete, and open minds, empathy and integrity. – importantly – to synthesise complex Boundary spanners are critical to de- and competing data into something sign thinking because they exist in better. many places at once. They’re diver- gent thinkers that are stimulated, not An essential part of the integrator’s stifled by vast sets of information. capability is holding back judgement while the fuzzy is coming in to focus. In architecture, we see boundary span- Integration is the ability to deal with ning as the means to connect up the ambiguity and opposing alternatives needs and interests of a client or user, without selecting one over the other, “In architecture, we see boundary spanning as the means to connect up the needs and interests of a client or user, with the requirements of authorities and building regulations, respect for neighbours and the environment, budget and program pressures with the desire to produce something of long term, unique value”.

43 but making a synthesis of the options are on busy roads, thanks to vehicle that’s superior. emissions. So where does the problem lie? With the child, the school yard, or Integration isn’t about simplistic re- the road? Should governments tackle duction. Integrators want to know that it through health, education or trans- the full range of factors are in front of port? When the question is complex, them. They want to know they’re ask- you need to invest in a complete ques- ing the right question so they can be tion if you have any hope of a com- sure they have the right entry point, plete solution. the right partners and the right tools to reach for. Especially when the prob- The integrator starts by actively seek- lem is a complicated one. ing the problem before seeking to solve the problem. This is why a proj- Like, how do you start solving a prob- ect brief and early design exploration lem like kids asthma at school? Easy in architecture is important - it’s a way – improve access to inhalers and of testing the boundaries and finding medical training for teachers. Only those special opportunities beyond it’s a bit more complex than this. Re- minimum standards alone. search shows an increase in incidence of asthma in kids where playgrounds

Right: design workshop, Sydney Architecture Festival 2012 44 Visual thinking up the board room, in to production Visual thinking is about thinking with or out to the client. An architect or in- your hands – converting concepts into dustrial designer will do this lightning ‘things’. fast as they continually overlay butter paper and redraw the object. Some It’s the ability to think visually that ul- architects insist this should continue timately distinguishes design thinking through construction since architec- from conventional analysis or scientific ture’s ultimate test is the experience enquiry. The ability to use an intuitive of standing in it, on it, or across the grasp of human factors makes it pos- street from it. sible for some to make that leap from problem seeking to problem solving. Røde microphones brought manufacturing back onshore to Silverwater, The tools of visual thinking include NSW not to save money, but to better drawing and model making which connect product design with proto- help rapidly prototype ideas for better, typing on the factory floor44. Universi- more complete decision making. The ty of Technology, Sydney’s ‘Bike Tank’ idea behind rapid prototyping is that it initiative invited the public, and pro- can quickly test and develop an idea. fessionals to share ideas for urban re- It can reveal glitches before it goes newal by making quick, cheap models “Sketching or making gives everyone a direct chance to solve the puzzle. It’s hard to collaborate if an idea remains in someone’s head. In really simple terms, thinking visually – sketching and making models – is a first premise for collaborating”.

45 of their solutions to encourage people mote the skills needed to think with to think with their hands.45 our hands; and in collaboration with Object: the Australian Centre for De- IDEO’s Tim Brown describes visual sign on Building Connections to build thinking as ‘seeing’ your way through capacity in spatial awareness, artmak- a problem. Brooklyn’s Makeshift So- ing and cultural capital. ciety describes it as ‘making with your mind, thinking with your hands’. Studio culture Sketching or making gives everyone a Finally, for business and government direct chance to solve the puzzle. It’s especially – there’s often a really im- hard to collaborate if an idea remains portant piece of infrastructure missing in someone’s head. In really simple which makes design thinking really terms, thinking visually – sketching hard. That’s the physical space where and making models – is a first premise this collaboration can happen. for collaborating. Because design thinking needs collab- This is why the Board has worked with oration, you need a place where col- the Visual Arts and Design Educators laboration can happen. Because de- Association on resources like ‘Trans- sign thinking has a practical focus, you forming the local’ for teachers to pro- need a place to make stuff. Because “What happens in the studio environment is an integral part of design-based innovation. And just as design thinking is being brought in to business and service delivery, so are some of the elements of the studio. The physical environment for collaboration is intrinsic to collaboration.”

46 design thinking is visual, you need a If capabilities underpin collaboration, place to hang, stick and post things. then the studio is where that collabora- This isn’t how much of Australia’s cor- tion often happens. Studios are where porate world is configured. the task takes the focus around the ta- ble; with drawing occuring rapidly as That’s why contemporary architecture options and alternatives are explored. is dissolving individual workstations It’s where experts mix with general- into open break out spaces, group ists, and disciplines share insights. It’s spaces and lock-away labs that teams where many disciplines share individu- can use to deep dive over the course al expertise for a common purpose. In of a few days or weeks, not just a 30 it’s best form, it’s where the client or minute meeting. What happens in the owner is a part of the design process. studio environment is an integral part of design-based innovation. And just We think these capabilities fuel suc- as design thinking is being brought in cessful architecture, and make more to business and service delivery, so are integrated decisions possible. They some of the elements of the studio. balance the value of specialist design The physical environment for collabo- expertise, with the ability to listen for ration is intrinsic to collaboration. the nuance of a client’s needs. Making design thinking work involves four essential capabilities, including;

1. the ability to span – inside and outside a problem, a business or an environment 2. the ability to crunch complex, competing alternatives in order to produce something better 3. the ability to generate an idea, solution or way to move around a problem, barrier or blockage; and finally, 4. a curated studio culture in an environment where it all comes together.

47 Balancing both is the secret to craft- Fostering these skills in the next gen- ing spaces and places that perform eration of architects, as well as aspir- beyond function alone but surprise, ing designers, software engineers or delight, engage, stimulate and invite scientists, teachers, doctors or, deci- community to form in and around sion makers is important if we want to them. improve the way we deal with shocks and disruption in the future, and use But are these capabilities sufficient- new tools to shape a better built envi- ly developed in our architects today? ronment for all of us. Has architectural process become so formulaic that a mindfulness of these underlying capabilities is being lost?

Do architects share an understanding of these capabilities with their clients? Do we need more public forums to showcase how these capabilities can be applied in practice?

Right: ArchiKidz, Customs House forecourt, Sydney Architecture Festival, 2012 48 7 Fields of growth

49 Just as the domains of change are not nancing or procurement model need- limited to defined sectors of the econ- ed to price in the R&D for low carbon omy, we think future fields of growth precincts? As digital fabrication and are likely to be found by looking be- robotics are more widely adopted in yond today’s individual tasks, jobs or design and construction, what impli- disciplines. We also know that most in- cations are there for skills develop- novative strategies or solutions rely on ment? Some of the fields in which we us standing back from a problem, and see potential for growth and innova- see past a symptom in order to iden- tion include; tify the cause. We can all think of ex- • robotic and automated advanced amples where progress is being made. construction assemblies The diagram opposite is our attempt • new forms of urban data capture, to show how individual exemplars can management and visualisation be classified, categorised or traced • health and sustainability of hu- back to a particular lens, a field or driv- man environments er. We also think it’s important to view • new forms of energy capture & these drivers together to understand storage the various wicked problems facing us. Any strategy to grow Australia’s built For example, without public sector environment sector needs to have this innovation, how do we change the fi- holistic view of industry drivers. Foresight Data driven Integration Characteristics Demonstration Supply chain Cross sectoral Mentorship Integrated ERP Transdisciplinary Procurement Client capability Boundary spanning Partnership Empathic Incentives System based Visual thinking Data enabled Industry Transparent baseline Industry Ethical Incubation Engaged users Capabilities Research-based Rapid prototype Innovation-facing Project based Evidence-based Co-designed Co-produced Data driven Design PS Diagnostics thinking & collaboration Service culture incubation Methods Data informed Design-led Ethnographic Studio-based Measurement Engaged public Knowledge Place-based Systems-based Practice-based Citizen Centred

Models Leadership Design

50 Values based Public Digital PS sector production & innovation Scale fabrication Technology Transforming Skills Collaborative Connective Integrative Responsive Knowledge-based Transparent Utilities: Integrated ERP Empathic source & Tech enabled networks Safe workplace ICT Just in time Developing platforms On site/offsite Distributed sector Renewable value chains Responsive Green Interoperable Metred tech Smart Mobile Digital construction Embedded Simulation-based Materials Low carbon Social Modelling products Renewable (Ageing) 3D printing Evaluative Smart Modular assembly Experiential Responsive Mass customised Adaptive Modular Embedded tech Assistive tech Regenerative Customisable Sensor based In-home services Bio-organic Pre Fabricated Zero waste Mobility Transportable Connectedness Recycled/Upcycled Wearable tech Assemblies Adaptable Products Appliances 8 What’s our role?

51 The NSW Architects Registration • Minster for Finance, Services and Board is a statutory authority respon- Property: procurement and public sible for registering architects, ap- works proving architectural education, con- • Minister for Innovation and Better ducting enquiries into the conduct of Regulation; architectural regula- architects, investigating misuse of the tion title Architect and promoting a better • Minister for Planning: design understanding of architectural matters quality in medium density devel- in the community. We think what we opment (SEPP65); and new pre- do makes a contribution to the quality cincts of the built environment in NSW. We • Minister for Trade and Investment: think standards matter. We think qual- architecture as a part of creative ity matters. And we think consumers industries, and industry develop- matter. We think architecture is cross ment cutting in its intersection with govern- • Minister for Environment: Adapt- ment and public policy; as illustrated ing or preserving our built heri- by the portfolios of government re- tage, and integrating renewable sponsible for the fields in which archi- energy technologies in to build- tects practice, including; ings and infrastructure. 52 The Board was founded in 1921 with jurisdictions to further a common and the first Act regulating architecture harmonious approach to the adminis- in Australia. Since this time the Board tration of legislation relating to archi- has undergone renewal and reform. tects, Our current focus is the result of a re- (f) the accreditation of courses of newed Architects Act, passed by the study in architecture, NSW Parliament in 2003. The Act put (g) the maintenance and operation of the consumer at the centre. the Architects Fund, (h) the promotion of community dis- The Act tasks the Board with the fol- cussion about architectural issues, lowing functions; (i) the provision of general advice to (a) the registration of architects, consumers of architectural services (b) the investigation of complaints with respect to the ethics and stan- against architects, dards of professional competence that (c) the taking of disciplinary action are generally expected of architects, against architects, (j) the provision of advice to the Min- (d) the investigation of matters re- ister with respect to any other matter ferred to it by the Minister for advice in connection with the administration and report in relation to the practice of this Act, of architecture (including codes of (k) such other functions as are con- professional conduct), ferred or imposed on the Board by or (e) co-operation with neighbouring under this Act or any other Act. 49 Consumer enquiries related to:

Design 14% Complaints received* 13

Documentation 28% Complaints dismissed 6

Project Delivery 13% Complaints upheld 1

Practice Management 45% Complaints avoided 39

*remainder ongoing

53 The Board develops initiatives and We protect Consumers resources to give consumers of archi- Architects maintain professional in- tectural services the information they demnity insurance and each year must need to make informed choices. Bet- undertake professional education ap- ter choices lead to better results and a propriate to the services they provide. better built environment for everyone. Registration ensures architect’s are ac- countable for their conduct by making How do we do this? them subject to disciplinary action for unsatisfactory professional conduct or professional misconduct. Architects who breach the Act may incur penal- ties including reprimand, fines of up to $11,000 for an individual, and $22,000 for an architectural firm, as well as possible suspension or cancellation of registration. www 1,515,667 sydneyarchitecturefestival.org 59k architects.nsw.gov.au Impressions on VISITS Twitter in 2015

VISITORS8.7k 1.2m HITS SYDNEY ARCHITECTURE FESTIVAL

53 54 The Board also investigates breach- We register Architects es of the Act by those who represent Architects are skilled and experienced themselves or others as an architect professionals. In order to be regis- or architect firm when they are not tered with the NSW Architects Reg- registered. To protect consumers, registration Board, a person must have istration differentiates those who are the prescribed university qualification entitled to use the title architect from in architecture, or other qualifications those who are not. Designers may of- that the Board deems equivalent. The fer design and drafting services but Board accredits approved courses in aren’t required to meet the standards architecture. In addition, applicants of professional service set out in the must have documented practical ex- Architects Act. They are not subject to perience, and pass the Architectural the disciplinary actions for breaching Practice Exam. In NSW, corporations the Act; nor do they necessarily pos- or firms offering architectural services sess the level of qualification, educa- must be registered with Board, and tion and experience required of archi- must nominate at least one architect tects. to supervise the provision of those services. 55 We inform the public needed to shape the world around The Board’s functions include a role them. These resources include; to promote discussion of architectural issues in the community. And because Spacewise: Designed for the year 7-8 architecture doesn’t exist in a vacuum, technology syllabus, students use it’s no surprise the Board doesn’t ei- graphics and model-making technol- ther. We partner with local councils, ogies to study their local neighbour- state agencies, professional organiza- hood and consider how it meets the tions and not for profit groups, local needs of the community. communities and businesses to explore the built environment by hosting Transforming the local: Designed for events, talks and festivals; preparing the NSW high school curriculum, this advice and publications intended to resource was developed in conjunc- equip people with the information tion with the Visual Arts Design Ed- they need to make the best choices. ucators Association and is intended Over the last ten years, the Board has for students to investigate works of also worked with architects and edu- contemporary architects through text, cators to develop a range of teaching images, clips and videos. aids and resources that engage the next generation, and develop the skills 55 56 Building the future: Designed for the We promote architecture NSW Design and Technology curricu- In order to promote a discussion of lum (and the NSW Sci/Tech syllabus), architectural issues in the community, students explore and map their local the Board commissions research; de- environment by understanding their velops teaching materials for school neighbourhood through walking and students in partnership with appropri- mapping; create a building or area of ate organisations; and provides sup- significance that illustrates the change port for relevant exhibitions, talks and they would like to see. events. We are a presenting partner in the Sydney Architecture Festival. Working with your architect We’re active on social media, and we The Board developed this consumer are a major sponsor of the graduating guide ‘Working with your architect’ to students’ exhibitions from each archi- introduce those thinking of engaging tecture school in NSW. an architect to what the architectural design process generally involves. To find out more, follow us and share your thoughts at: Facebook Twitter LinkedIn

Above: The Goods Line, Sydney Architecture Festival 2015

Meet the Board

59 President, Richard Thorp AM infrastructure for the Sydney and Beijing Olympic Richard Thorp is a distinguished Australian archi- Games. He is has been editorial chair of the Archi- tect. He was Project Architect for the New Parlia- tecture Bulletin, is an occasional juror at Sydney’s ment House in Canberra as Director of Mitchell/ architecture schools and currently sits on the Giurgola & Thorp, and was Managing Director of Dean’s advisory board for both UTS and Canberra Francis-Jones Morehen Thorp Architects until University. 2009. He has served on the NSW Planning Com- mission and is currently President of the Architects Nigel Bell Accreditation Council Australia. Nigel is principal of ECOdesign Architects + Con- sultants. He has been a registered architect for over Deputy President, Peter Poulet 30 years, with experience in heritage and housing. Peter Poulet is the NSW Government Architect; He is a noted champion of sustainability and com- providing independent advice to Government on munity engagement. Nigel is also an elected NSW the built environment through design review and Chapter Councillor of the AIA. project advice. He serves on the Sydney Opera House Trust Conservation Council, the Sydney Milly Brigden Olympic Park Design Review Panel, and the Sydney Milly Brigden is a Property Investment Specialist Opera House Eminent Architects Panel. and Licenced Real Estate Agent with expertise in identifying and assessing new opportunities for Joe Agius investment Australia-wide. She is the Co-Founder Joe Agius is a director of Cox Architecture and and Licensee-in-Charge at Property Investor Solu- the immediate past NSW Chapter President of the tions; providing investment-grade property oppor- Australian Institute of Architects. His work includes tunities to industry business partners. major university research institutions, and civic 59 60 Matthew Curll visiting scholar to the University of Virginia. Matthew is a director of Hall & Wilcox legal practice. He specialises in advising building industry Peter Salhani professionals in the management of risk through Peter Salhani writes about architecture and design non-standard contracts where a more complex al- for journals and magazines including Mezzanine, location of risk is involved, and brings experience in AR, Habitus, WISH and architectureau.com. He is a disciplinary matters. member of the NSW Architects Registration Board, representing the consumer interest. Sam Elmir Sam Elmir has over 14 years experience in con- Peter Sarlos struction and development across the commercial Peter Sarlos is an architect, lawyer, adjudicator and and residential spectrum. With an enthusiasm for mediator with 45 years’ experience across residen- urban growth, Sam finds delight in being able to tial, industrial and commercial projects. His inter- incorporate modern design whilst still maintaining ests include the forensic assessment of professional the integrity and characteristics of the surrounding and trade services in architecture and the building built and natural environments. industry,

Catherine Lassen Sue Weatherley Catherine Lassen is an architect and lecturer with Sue has comprehensive experience in senior level international experience in architectural design, ex- planning, management, and the direction of broad hibitions and teaching. Her work has been awarded, based directorates in medium to large local gov- published and exhibited in Australia and abroad. ernments in NSW and Queensland. Sue is current- She has taught architecture studios at the Univer- ly Group Manager Outcomes and Development at sity of Sydney and UNSW Masters Studio and is a Parramatta City Council.

Previous page: The Boilerhouse Precinct, Parramatta by Tanner Kibble Denton Architects. Image: Michael Nicholson 9 References

63 1. UN, World Urbanization Prospects, The 2014 13. Speaking at the launch of the Sydney Architec- Revision, http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/highlights/ ture Festival, Sydney Opera House 31 October 2014 wup2014-highlights.pdf 14. The world’s top 100 architecture firms for 2015, 2. Prof Thomas Fisher, In the Scheme of Things: sourced from the UK’s Building Design weekly alternative thinking on the practice of architecture http://architectureau.com/articles/the-worlds-top- University of Minnesota Press p.1 100-architecture-firms-for-2015/ 3. McKinsey & Company, How to make a city great, 15. Geraldine Chua, ‘Architectural industry to 2013 p.27 expect significant growth as non-residential market 4. Paul Goldberger, Does Architecture Matter? recovers’ http://www.architectureanddesign.com. Thoughts on Buildings, Design, and the Quality of au/news/architectural-industry-to-expect-signifi- Life, Fixed Income Forum, Chicago, 2004 cant-growt 27 Feb 2015 5. Galaxy Research for AACA, Benefit of design, 16. The importance of services trade to Australia 2015, excerpts published at http://www.aaca.org. http://www.dfat.gov.au/trade/negotiations/ser- au/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REPORT-Bene- vices/overview_trade_in_services.html fit-of-Design-FINAL-REPORT-28-July-2015.pdf 17. Inspired by Dr Tim Williams, CEO, Committee for 6. UTS for the NSW Architects Registration Board, Sydney, speaking on World Architecture Day, 2015 Measuring up: architecture and the value add for 18. http://dfat.gov.au/trade/agreements/tpp/Docu- innovation, 2015 (unpublished) p.38 ments/outcomes-professional-services.pdf 7. https://www.business.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/ 19. Clare Sowden, Director of Property, PwC, speak- pdf_file/0015/30174/Creative-Industries-Econom- ing on World Architecture Day 2015 ic-Profile.pdf p30 20. Figures taken from Kate Doyle, CEO, Architects 8. UTS for the NSW Architects Registration Board, Accredtiation Council of Australia, speaking on Measuring up: architecture and the value add for World Architecture Day 2015 innovation, 2015 (unpublished) p.12 21. See 7, p.41 9. AACA, ‘Industry Profile: the profession of archi- 22. See UNSW website https://www.be.unsw.edu. tecture in Australia’ (IBISWorld figures), 2015, p.7 au/undergraduate-degrees/unswtongji-dual-de- 10. AACA, ‘Industry Profile’, (ABS figures) p.8 gree-architecture/about#sthash.LaIIW9hf.dpuf 11. UTS for the NSW Architects Registration Board, 23. Green Building Council of Australia http:// p.40 www.gbca.org.au/docs/case%20study%2030%20 12. AACA, ‘Industry Profile’, p.2 The%20Bond.pdf 63 64 24. Facade Technology Innovation, Architecture 35. Dyson website frontpage http://www.dyson. Australia http://architectureau.com/articles/fa- com.au/community/about-james-dyson.aspx cade-technology/ 36. http://www.queenslandersign.com.au/index. 25. http://www.trade.nsw.gov.au/invest-in-nsw/ php/sir-george-cox-and-the-uk-experience/ news-and-events/news/g20-leaders-establish-syd- 37. Fisher, In the Scheme of things, p104 (adapted) ney-as-global-infrastructure-hub 38. Opinion piece written by Annabel Lahz (Lahz 26. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jon-kamen/ Nimmo Architects) for Parlour, http://archiparlour. stem-to-steam-art-is-key-_b_2123099.html?ir=Aus- org/the-future-is-what-we-make-of-it/ tralia 39. Livingstone, http://www.uts.edu.au/about/uts- 27. http://www.dpmc.gov.au/sites/default/files/ business-school/news/design-thinking-drives-inno- publications/IICA_fact_sheet_STEM.pdf vation. This article first appeared in the magazine 28. http://iamangelfoundation.org/programs/i-am- of the Australian Academy of Technological steam/the-princes-trust/ Sciences & Engineering 29. State of the States, CommSec https://www. 40. http://www.buildingfutures.org.uk/assets/ commsec.com.au/content/dam/EN/campaigns/ downloads/The_Future_for_Architects_Full_Re- stateofstates.pdf?icid=123848:commsec:m:public:- port_2.pdf Public_Home:::State_of_the_States:Download_Top 41. Innovate or Perish: New Technologies and Archi- p6 tecture’s Future - David Celanto 30. https://www.nsw.gov.au/media-releases-pre- 42. CSIRO Our Future World: Global megatrends mier/urban-planning-experts-nsw-assist-india-de- that will change the way we live, http://www.csiro. veloping-smart-cities au/Portals/Partner/Futures/Our-Future-World.aspx 31. https://www.nsw.gov.au/making-it-happen 43. Sean Ansett, Boundary Spanner: gatekeepers 32. http://www.heinz.cmu.edu/news/news-detail/ of innovation in partnerships, http://www.green- index.aspx?nid=1059 leaf-publishing.com/content/pdfs/af06anse.pdf 33. Heschong Mahone Group. 1999. Daylighting 44. Dan Hill, Rode and the new manufacturing, in schools: an investigation into the relationship http://www.cityofsound.com/blog/2009/04/ between daylighting and human performance. røde-and-the-new-manufacturing.html California Board for Energy Efficiency Third Party 45. UTS Bike Tank website http://www.biketank.org Program. California. 34. CABE, Value of Good Design, 2002 A

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