DOCSLIB.ORG

1983: Unstructured Individual Interviewing

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
1983: Unstructured Individual Interviewing UNSTRUCTURED INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEWING Anitra Rustemeyer Streett, U.S. Department of Energy Introduction were they covered by insurance, other family members, charity, etc.? Sometimes a questionnaire designer is required to develop a questionnaire on a Since household fires are fairly rare topic which he knows little about, and events in the general population, some about which little information related of the households selected for the to questionnaire design exists from unstructured interviews were chosen from previous surveys. In this situation, fire department records, so that between the development of a questionnaire can one-third and one-half were known to benefit from the use of "unstructured" have reported a fire within the pre- interviews with members of the intended ceding 6 to 9 months. The other respondent universe. The term households were selected from Census "unstructured interview" is used here to address lists; to reduce the amount of describe a discussion of the proposed driving done by interviewers, addresses survey topics between a member of the were chosen that were within 2 or 3 target survey population and the blocks of the households identified questionnaire designer, which is guided in the records of a fire department. by a topic outline rather than a set of Interviewers were not told which specific questions. When sufficient households had reported a fire to the numbers of such interviews are conducted fire department. with a set of respondents who are fairly representative of the target population, The team leader was a senior member the technique can provide ideas and of the survey methods research group; insights about how best to structure the others on the interviewing team were questionnaire before the first draft is junior professionals from the research written. and operations offices who would work on the final survey. The team of 5 worked The following example provides an singly and in pairs and, with permission overview of the technique. In 1973 the of the respondents, tape recorded some Bureau of the Census (where the author interviews. was then employed) was asked to deter- mine the incidence and characteristics The team began with a list of topics of household fires in the United States. to be covered and a thorough briefing on It was decided that a few "screener" and discussion of the survey objectives. questions should be added to the They met daily to share with each other (monthly) Current Population Survey to what they had learned. Each interviewer determine if a fire had occurred in the conducted about 4 interviews per day for household within the preceding few 5 days. They met together with the team months. If a fire had occurred, a leader each morning to discuss new separate questionnaire would be ideas. administered to gather more detailed information, including extent of damage, After 3 days patterns of questioning death or injury to household members, respondents had developed and these were and financial loss attributable to the discussed. At the end of 5 days of fire. unstructured interviewing it was fiarly easy to draft a questionnaire that could The study directors and sponsors be endorsed by all team members as agreed to unstructured field inter- suitable to meet the study objectives views as a means of drafting a ques- and workable with respondents. A tionnaire, because they needed definition of a fire was developed which answers to several questions, includ- included short lists of things to ing what definition of fire should be include and exclude. The questionnaire used, and whether or not people would developed in this process was used later call things like the following a fire: in an informal test and was judged to a grease fire while cooking, a smolder- work very well. ing mattress caused by a cigarette, a small fire ignited by a child, a fire in Personnel and Skill Requirements an automobile engine, and a chimney fire. They also wanted to know if it would be A key concept in the successful use feasible to ask questions about injuries, of unstructured interviewing is flexi- loss of life, and whether or not the fire bility. The questionnaire designer was caused by carelessness. Another area functions as a researcher during this of uncertainty dealt with economic loss process, and must keep the objectives of and who paid to restore the damage: did the study firmly in mind, while dis- people know the dollar value of the missing any fixed ideas about how to losses due to fire and to what extent structure the questionnaire. 661 Best results are achieved when rather than systematic sampling. several people work together as a team. Although rigorous scientific selection The team should include interviewers as procedures are not necessary, respon- well as data processing and subject dents should be members of the popula- matter specialists. This allows diverse tion to be surveyed and should be fairly ideas and insights to be used in the representative of that population. refinement of the survey instrument. The characteristics of people asked to Persons selected to conduct be respondents for unstructured unstructured interviews should have interviews may depend on the survey interviewing experience and be capable topic. For example, in developing a of understanding the broad perspective questionnaire dealing with saving habits of the research project for which the to be administered to a national cross- questionnaire will be designed. This sectional sample, the initial round of type of interviewing requires skills developmental work may include inter- different from those for structured views with people from a variety of interviewing (i.e., interviewing in demographic population subgroups. which questions are read verbatim from a During additional interviews, however, questionnaire), and only some inter- different classifications of savings viewers on a regular field staff are habits may emerge, and it may be likely to possess those skills. necessary to locate and interview persons who are members of specific Interviewers selected for this type categories. Thus, the "sampling" of of assignment should feel comfortable respondents is an iterative process "thinking on their feet" as they will too--as is the questioning of those not have a questionnaire script to use respondents. In some cases, respondents as a crutch; if they are easily may be located by contacting community flustered or confused, they may give or business organizations, or by respondents the impression that they are selecting residential areas. incompetent or that the study is unimportant. Members of the inter- The Interviewing Process viewing team need sufficient experience in unsturctured interviewing to be Interviewers may begin each interview sensitive to the effects of wording by explaining that they are working on a changesand to recognize responses that very early phase of preparing a new indicate potential problems with survey. They should emphasize the question wording or order. In addition, reasons for and importance of talking to interviewers should be able to tolerate people before a questionnaire is long pauses while the respondent thinks prepared. or looks for answers, have the ability to probe nondirectively in order to get In unstructured interviewing, the the respondent's ideas, and have a interviewer should follow up on answers thorough understanding of potential or comments that seem to have a bearing problems in questionnaire design which on how a concept is interpreted by the can affect the achievement of the survey respondent or how a sequence of ques- objectives. tions should be ordered. The interview should have a conversational flavor Unstructured interviewing is actually rather than the question-and-answer a combined data collection and analysis format of a formal interview. Inter- process. In addition to the inter- viewers should understand that their viewing skill necessary for successful objective is not to collect data in the results, a "coder," who is capable of usual sense--rather it is to become making independent judgments, is an aware of any difficulties that are essential part of the process. This likely to arise when the survey is person should be able to analyze and conducted. tabulate results of the previous day's work while the interviewers are in the During each unstructured interview, field conducting additional interviews the interviewer should record how each and then meet with them to explain how key inquiry was phrased, as well as the they are failing to meet survey objec- wording used by the repondent in tives. The simultaneous conduct of answering the question. The interviewer these two tasks speeds up the question- should record what effect topic order naire development process. Subject had on the flow of the interview, the matter specialists can provide valuable respondent's reaction to specific insights at the frequent meetings of the questions of interest, and the apparent team. level of difficulty of the inquiry for the respondent. Selection of Respondents Tape recording, with the respondent's Respondent selection for unstructured permission, can be useful as long as interviews generally involves purposive 662 time is available to listen to the tapes otherwise be the case, because the and to extract information from them. knowledge gained from the unstructured interviews can be quickly incorporated As experience using the topic outline into the questionnaire. is gained, interviewers will develop their preferred question wording for Cost Requirements topics. They should exchange those wordings during their meetings and then The monetary costs associated with try the wordings used by others in the use of unstructured interviews are successive iterations of interviewing. essentially limited to the salaries of the personnel who are members of the The input of the coder is beneficial team. Depending on the number of people in noting ambiguities or superficiality involved as team members, the number of in the responses obtained in previous interviews conducted, and the amount of interviews which require further time spent in analyzing the interviews, clarification before the response can be these costs could vary considerably.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Research Methods in Anthropology Is the Standard Textbook for Methods Classes in Anthropology Programs
    ANTHROPOLOGY • RESEARCH METHODS Bernard H. Russell Bernard Research Methods in Anthropology is the standard textbook for methods classes in anthropology programs. Written in Russ Bernard’s unmistakable conversational style, this fourth edition continues the tradition of previous editions, which have launched tens of thousands of students into the fieldwork enterprise with a com- bination of rigorous methodology, wry humor, and commonsense advice. The author has thoroughly updated his text and increased the length of the bibliogra- phy by about 50 percent to point students and researchers to the literature on hundreds of methods and techniques covered. He has added and updated many RESEARCH examples of real research, which fieldworkers and students can replicate. There METHODS IN FOURTH is new material throughout, including sections on computer-based interviewing ANTHROPOLOGY methods; management of electronic field notes; recording equipment and voice EDITION recognition software; text analysis; and the collection and analysis of visual FOURTH materials. Whether you are coming from a scientific, interpretive, or applied EDITION anthropological tradition, you will learn field methods from the best guide in both qualitative and quantitative methods. RESEARCH H. Russell Bernard is professor of anthropology at the University of Florida. He is also the editor of Handbook of Methods in Cultural Anthropology, the METHODS IN author of Social Research Methods, and the founder and current editor of the journal Field Methods. ANTHROPOLOGY For orders and information please contact the publisher QUALITATIVE AND ISBN 978-0-7591-0868-4 QUANTITATIVE A Division of Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 1-800-462-6420 APPROACHES www.altamirapress.com Research Methods in Anthropology Fourth Edition Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches H.
    [Show full text]
  • Moving Minds What Shapes Students’ European Identity and How Does European Identity Influence Students’ Future Intra-European Mobility?
    Moving Minds What shapes students’ European identity and how does European identity influence students’ future intra-European mobility? Source: Murray (2019) Regional development, urban renewal and population dynamics Dieuwke Elzinga S3000516 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. D. Ballas Abstract In this day and age, much of the decision-making lies with decisionmakers on European scale. Therefore, it is to be expected that “feeling European” rather (just) your own nationality becomes more and more common. But what does the term “European identity” entail exactly and which role does this change in mindset entail for migration streams of students? The aim of this thesis is to comprehend what shapes students’ European identity and how this influences their willingness to migrate within Europe in the future. In order to do so it will look in detail at how students define European identity, what personal factors influence students’ reasons for future mobility and whether they are likely to move in the future and whether their European identity differs with national numbers. In order to do this, data has been collected from students from Leeds, Groningen, and Athens. Subsequentially, tests were run on this data in order to assess whether European identity is of influence on future mobility behaviour as well motivations for moving. Furthermore, focus groups were held in order to gain more insight into what students’ European identity and whether this differs between countries. In general, European identity seems to not be of influence on one’s moving behaviour, however, this could be due to small sample groups. Age seems to have a significant influence on future mobility within some groups, which is in line with other literature.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
    Chapter 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Research Description Based on the formulation of the researcher’s problem, the research method conducted was descriptive qualitative which requires the researcher to conduct advanced activities in order to understand and describe the problems that were focused on this research. Based in the theory of Corbin and Strauss (2013) a methodology that described as qualitative is a form of research in which the author interprets data and make the researcher involved in a part of research process as the parties and the data they provide. Since the type of approach used in this research was descriptive, the researcher could explained the problem solving based on interview. 3.2 Research Object and Subject Purposive sampling is a sampling technique with a certain considerations of data sources. Certain considerations, such as the person understand most of the knowledgeable about what they expect, or maybe the person involved is a conqueror that will allow researchers to explore objects or social situations under investigation and the subject was chosen for specific reasons (Sugiyono, 2013). Researcher used purposive sampling method because researcher would like to learn more about consumer’s want and needs and to get exact data for research. In this research, the object used are consumers who frequently purchased Soseji’s product as in regular customers, the researcher would like to interview one current customer of Soseji and two experts. Table 3.1 Informants Requirements Categories Requirements Current Customer - Have tried both old and new products of Soseji. - Have purchased Soseji’s product minimum three times. - Domiciled in Surabaya.
    [Show full text]
  • Practitioner Resistance to Structured Interviews: a Comparison of Two Models
    PRACTITIONER RESISTANCE TO STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS: A COMPARISON OF TWO MODELS Samantha Nesnidol A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2019 Committee: Scott Highhouse, Advisor Stefan Fritsch Graduate Faculty Representative Richard Anderson Michael Zickar ii ABSTRACT Scott Highhouse, Advisor Despite the superior reliability and validity of structured interviews over unstructured interviews for selecting employees, human resource (HR) practitioners’ resistance to structured interviews is a documented phenomenon in organizational research. Research examining theoretical models of reasons for this resistance, however, are limited (Dipboye, 1994, 1997; van der Zee, Bakker, & Bakker, 2002). Using a sample of 227 Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) workers with previous hiring experience in their current organizations, the current study compares the ability of the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991) and the technology acceptance model (Davis, 1986; Davis et al. 1989), to explain resistance to using structured interviews for employee selection. Results of structural equation modeling using robust maximum likelihood estimation found the technology acceptance model to be a better explanation for the data compared to the partially supported theory of planned behavior. Both the theory of planned behavior and the technology acceptance model predicted roughly the same amount of variance in structured interview use behavior, 42% and 40% respectively. Implications as well as both theories ability to stimulate further research on acceptance of structured interviews for employee selection, and inform the development of strategies to overcome this resistance is discussed. iii Dedicated to my partner, family, and academic advisor for their continual support.
    [Show full text]
  • Unstructured Interviews
    Unstructured Interviews by Yan Zhang and Barbara M. Wildemuth There is no such thing as a worthless conversation, provided you know what to listen for. And questions are the breath of life for a conversation. --James Nathan Miller, 1965 Ideal conversation must be an exchange of thought, and not, as many of those who worry most about their shortcomings believe, an eloquent exhibition of wit or oratory. --Emily Post, 1922 Introduction Interviews are a widely used tool to access people’s experiences and their inner perceptions, attitudes, and feelings of reality. Based on the degree of structuring, interviews can be divided into three categories: structured interviews, semi-structured interviews, and unstructured interviews (Fontana & Frey, 2005). A structured interview is an interview that has a set of predefined questions and the questions would be asked in the same order for all respondents. This standardization is intended to minimize the effects of the instrument and the interviewer on the research results. Structured interviews are similar to surveys (see the later chapter on survey research), except that they are administered orally rather than in writing. Semi-structured interviews (see the later chapter on this method) are more flexible. An interview guide, usually including both closed-ended and open-ended questions, is prepared; but in the course of the interview, the interviewer has a certain amount of room to adjust the sequence of the questions to be asked and to add questions based on the context of the participants’ responses. This chapter will focus on unstructured interviews as a qualitative research method for data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Unstructured Methods of Asking Questions
    UNIT I I ASKING QUESTIONS 3 How well (I.e. how non-d~rect~vely)does the ~ntew~ewerreply to the respondent's query 'I've got to choose one of these?' when offered two statements on a show card? 4 Note down one example each of good ~nterv~ewerpract~ce and of bad mtervlewer practice. 5 F~nally,how well do you thlnk th~sstructured lntewlew represents the respondent's Images of soc~alclass? Compare your notes w~thmlne at the end of th~sun~t. 4 UNSTRUCTURED METHODS OF ASKING QUESTIONS Many soc~alscientists have long held doubts about the validity of highly structured methods of social investigation and data collection. The attempt to study the atti- tudes, beliefs, and perceptions of respondents using artificial, unnaturalistic, pro- cedures is held to entail an unacceptably high degree of reactivlty, no matter how well ~t is done And to reduce what the respondent says in reply to a question to one of a set of pre-determined answer categories is unnecessarily constraming of the respondent who may well not feel that his or her 'real' opmions have been correctly represented. Clearly, office coding of responses to open-ended questions goes some way to meet these criticisms, but there still remains the artificiality of structured methods of data collection and the procedural reactivity which such methods entail. Procedural reactivity means that the very artificiality of highly structured methods leads to the respondents withdrawing from the situat~onsin which they normally act As Hammersley (1979) puts it 'This [highly structured method1 results in the suspension of the relevances and constraints embedded in those situations, which may be important in structuring people's everyday activi- ties, and in their replacement by rather unusual relevances and constraints.' And he goes on to say, 'We must ask, therefore, what the relationship is between what people do and say in these "artificial" situations and what they do and say in everyday life.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Interviews in a Research Project
    The NIHR Research Design Service for Yorkshir e & the Humber Using Interviews in a Research Project Author Nick Fox This Resource Pack is one of a series produced by The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / The NIHR RDS for Yorkshire and the Humber. This series has been funded by The NIHR RDS EM / YH. This Resource Pack may be freely photocopied and distributed for the benefit of researchers. However it is the copyright of The NIHR RDS EM / YH and the authors and as such, no part of the content may be altered without the prior permission in writing, of the Copyright owner. Reference as: Fox, N: Using Interviews in a Research Project The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber 2006 Dr Nick Fox School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield Last updated: 2009 The NIHR RDS for the www.rds-eastmidlands.nihr.ac.uk East Midlands Division of Primary Care, Leicester: [email protected] 14th Floor, Tower building University of Nottingham Nottingham: [email protected] University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD Tel: 0115 823 0500 The NIHR RDS for www.rds-yh.nihr.ac.uk Yorkshire & the Humber ScHARR Sheffield: [email protected] The University of Sheffield Leeds: [email protected] Regent Court York: [email protected] 30 Regent Street Sheffield S1 4DA Tel: 0114 222 0828 © Copyright of The NIHR RDS EM / YH (2009) The NIHR RDS for the East Midlands / Yorkshire & the Humber 2009 2 Using Interviews Table of Contents Page 1.
    [Show full text]
  • UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH Interviews
    2 UNDERSTANDING RESEARCH interviewS INTRODUCTION The aim of this chapter is to introduce readers to the different types of interviews that can be conducted in organizational and management research; to introduce a framework which can be used to differentiate the different types of interviews in use; and to highlight what influences the choice of one interview design over another. We start with a consideration of some of the different conceptualizations of the interview within the business and management literature and then consider the different types of interview a researcher can use. HOW CAN WE UNDERSTAND INTERVIEW VARIATION? Within the organizational literature, there are numerous typologies of research interviews. These focus on the dimensions or continua along which interviews dif- fer. Here, we consider two ways of characterizing different types of interviews. The first relates to the epistemological commitments that underpin the interviewer’s research. These are important in that they frame how a researcher interprets the researched and the research process more generally. The second concerns the level of structure in the interview, which is a key feature discussed in much of the litera- ture on interviewing. 02_Cassell_Ch 02.indd 9 1/19/2015 5:35:25 PM 10 Conducting research interviews for BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT students PHILOSOPHICAL APPROACH An important factor that influences the nature of the research interview is the under- lying philosophical assumptions of the researcher. For example, the standardized or more structured interview is likely to be informed by positivist epistemological com- mitments, where the emphasis is on generating objective data which represents some truth about the interviewee’s world.
    [Show full text]
  • Methods of Data Collection- Observation, Interview & Focus Group Discussion
    Methods of Data Collection- Observation, Interview & Focus Group Discussion Dr. M. Vijay Kumar Sharma, Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, Bihar– 848401. SWRK5001 Unit-IV, Data Collection, Data Analysis & Report Writing Topic- Methods of Data Collection- Observation, Interview & Focus Group Discussion Contents • Introduction of Data • Purpose of Data Collection • Methods of Data Collection • Types of Data • Observation • Interview • Focus Group Discussion • Differences between Primary & Secondary Data Introduction •Data can be defined as the quantitative or qualitative values of a variable. •Data is plural of datum which literally means to give or something given. •Data is thought to be the lowest unit of information from which other measurements and analysis can be done. •Data can be numbers, images, words, figures, facts or ideas. • Data in itself cannot be understood and to get information from the data one must interpret it into meaningful information. •Data is one of the most important and vital aspect of any research studies. Contd… Contd… • Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and collecting data. • Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various sources, that has been systematically observed, recorded, organized. • Data are the basic inputs to any decision making process. Purpose of Data Collection ❖ To obtain information ❖ To keep on record ❖ To make decisions about important issues ❖ To pass information on to others Factors to be Considered Before Collection of Data (plan) o Objectives and scope of the enquiry (research question). o Sources of information (type, accessibility). o Quantitative expression(measurement/scale). o Techniques of data collection.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evaluation of Qualitative Methods Selection in the Field of Design and Emotion
    The evaluation of qualitative methods selection in the field of design and emotion Cara Wrigley, Rafael Gomez, Vesna Popovic School of Design, Faculty of Built Environment and Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia. Abstract : The aim of this paper is to aid researchers in selecting appropriate qualitative methods in order to develop and improve future studies in the field of emotional design. These include observations, think-aloud protocols, questionnaires, diaries and interviews. Based on the authors’ experiences, it is proposed that the methods under review can be successfully used for collecting data on emotional responses to evaluate user product relationships. This paper reviews the methods; discusses the suitability, advantages and challenges in relation to design and emotion studies. Furthermore, the paper outlines the potential impact of technology on the application of these methods, discusses the implications of these methods for emotion research and concludes with recommendations for future work in this area. Key words: emotion design methodologies, emotional design, interaction design. 1. Introduction Emotions are an integral part of people’s interactions with everyday products. Designers understand that opportunities for innovative products lay in better understanding people, their experiences and how they connect with products on an emotional level. But how do designers begin to uncover and understand this knowledge? The authors propose that applying appropriate qualitative research methods and techniques will lead to a better understanding of people, their experiences and what they value emotionally. Thus, for designers and design researchers it is imperative to identify the effectiveness of particular methods so as to optimize their usefulness in design and emotion research.
    [Show full text]
  • The Employment Interview: a Review of Recent Research and Recommendations for Future Research
    THE EMPLOYMENT INTERVIEW: A REVIEW OF RECENT RESEARCH AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH Timothy A. Judge Chad A. Higgins University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA Daniel M. Cable University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA The past decade has seen continued interest in the employment interview, with several changes in research emphasis. The present review is a comprehensive examination of interview research conducted since Harris last reviewed this literature. We begin with a review of the traditional areas of interview research: reliability, validity, structured interviews, inter- viewer differences, equal employment opportunity issues, impression management, and decision-making processes. Next, we review and discuss more recent developments in interview research such as the use of the interview as a means of assessing person±organization (P±O) fit and applicant reactions to the employment interview. Throughout the review, suggested topics for future research are discussed. There is perhaps no more widely used selection procedure than the employ- ment interview. Despite decades of research questioning the validity of the interview and the reliability of interviewers, most organizations still include some type of interview in their selection process. Recent research has inves- tigated a number of different aspects of the interview in an attempt to elucidate the reasons behind their continued use. In addition, several recent studies have presented new psychometric evidence that provides support for the continued use of the employment interview. Our review of this recent research will bring together a wide variety of studies which, when considered together, may provide a better picture of the employment interview and provide us with avenues for future research.
    [Show full text]
  • Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires
    CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES CambridgeDownloaded Books from Online University © Publishing Cambridge Online. This isUniversity copyrighted material Press, 2009 http://ebooks.cambridge.org/undefined/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511518201 CambridgeDownloaded Books from Online University © Publishing Cambridge Online. This isUniversity copyrighted material Press, 2009 http://ebooks.cambridge.org/undefined/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511518201 CONSTRUCTING QUESTIONS FOR INTERVIEWS AND QUESTIONNAIRES THEORY AND PRACTICE IN SOCIAL RESEARCH William Foddy Department of Anthropology and Sociology, Monash University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CambridgeDownloaded Books from Online University © Publishing Cambridge Online. This isUniversity copyrighted material Press, 2009 http://ebooks.cambridge.org/undefined/ebook.jsf?bid=CBO9780511518201 PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, VIC 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa http://www.cambridge.org © Cambridge University Press 1993 This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 1993 Reprinted in paperback 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001 National Library of Australia Cataloguing in Publication data Foddy, William H. (William Henry). Constructing questions for interviews and questionnaires: theory and practice in social research. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Questioning. 2. Questionnaires. 3. Interviewing. I. Title. 302.22 Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Foddy, William, 1942- .
    [Show full text]