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Evaluation of the Activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Soil and Associated Radiological Parameters of Shanono and B

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Evaluation of the Activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Soil and Associated Radiological Parameters of Shanono and B PRINT ISSN 1119-8362 Full-text Available Online at J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Electronic ISSN 1119-8362 https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jasem Vol. 23 (9) 1655-1659 September 2019 http://ww.bioline.org.br/ja Evaluation of the Activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Soil and Associated Radiological Parameters of Shanono and Bagwai Artisanal Gold Mining Areas, Kano State, Nigeria *1BELLO, S; 2NASIRU, R; 2GARBA, NN; 3ADEYEMO, DJ 1Department of Physics, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina, Nigeria. 2 Department of Physics, 3 Center for Energy research and training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]; Tel: +2348166791940 ABSTRACT: Mining in the studied area is carried out without any precautionary measure. The radiological implication of this activity was reported in this work. Soil samples were collected from the gold mines and analyzed for activity concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) using NaI (Tl). The average specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40K were 62.73, 90.66 and 411.27 Bq/kg respectively. The radiological parameters D (nGy/h), AED (mSv/y) and Raeq had average values of 100.89, 0.13 and 224.04 respectively. Furthermore, the radiological hazard indices Hex, Hin, Iγ and Iα had average values of 0.61, 0.78, 0.86 and 0.31 respectively, which were lower than the United Nations Scientific Committee on effects of atomic radiation (UNSCEAR) recommended limit of unity. Finally, the total cancer risk due to NORMs in soil was 7.35 × 10 for the whole populations which was within the USEPA acceptable range of 1.00 × 10 to 1.00 × 10. Therefore, the gold mining activity poses no significant radiological hazard to the members of the public. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v23i9.8 Copyright: Copyright © 2019 Bello. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CCL), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Dates: Received: 07 August 2019; Revised: 15 September 2019; 23 September 2019 Keywords: Kano, gold mining, radiological hazard, effective dose Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs) on surface water, wells and boreholes as their sources refers to all the radionuclides that exist in the of water in addition to farming being their major environment naturally, they are the primordial occupation. Mining in the studied area is carried out radionuclides 40K, 232Th and 238U, and their decay by illiterate artisans across all the age range. The crude products which are present in varying amounts within methods of obtaining the minerals may expose the the earth crust (UNSCEAR,1993). In most cases, the miners, immediate and adjourning environments to concentration of NORMs in any substance in the high levels of radionuclides. The miners brought soil environment is negligible, but disposal of large and stones rich in gold mineral to the surface for quantities of certain minerals (mining) containing 40K processing, the tailings generated are exposed to wind and other radionuclides in the decay series of 232Th and and the prevailing weather conditions resulting in 238U from the earth crust results in the radionuclides transportation of the particles containing radionuclides concentrations becoming elevated (Shorabi,1998). In to once uncontaminated areas. The populace relies on the studied area, miners and the members of the public untreated ground water (shallow wells and boreholes) may be exposed to radiation during extraction, for drinking and other household activities which may transportation and processing of the mineral ores, they contain high radon concentrations (UNSCEAR, may also experience internal exposures from radon, 2008). This work may call the attention of the and its short-lived decay products that are airborne or stakeholders to give more attention to the ingestible dust from their surroundings environmental impacts of NORMs and motivate (UNSCEAR,2010). Reconnaissance survey indicated further research into controlling NORMs radiation that there was high incidence of small-scale artisanal levels in the country. Therefore, this study will also gold mining activities in some villages under Shanono allow us to analyze how much health hazards the and Bagwai local governments of Kano State. The natural radionuclides the gold mining poses to the mine operates within the Alajawa, Kundila and Dutsen public and the environment. The results of this study –Bakoshi villages of Shanono Local government and will benefit academicians, the local community, Ginzo village of Bagwai Local Government, Kano regulatory authorities, health sector, water treatment State. The communities surrounding the mines depend agencies, mining industry, environmental protection *Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]; Tel: +2348166791940 Activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th….. 1656 agency and geological survey sectors. The objective of for the acquisition and analysis of the gamma spectra. the present paper is to report the evaluation of the The detector was calibrated with the prepared IAEA activity concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th in Soil reference materials RGK-1, IAEA-448 and RGTh-1 and associated radiological parameters of Shanono for the quantitative determination of 40K, 238U and and Bagwai artisanal gold mining areas, Kano State, 232Th respectively in the soil samples. Each of the Nigeria. prepared samples was counted for 30,000seconds in the outlined detector geometry in order to mitigate the MATERIALS AND METHODS influence of background radiation from radioactive Sample collection: Reconnaissance survey indicated contaminants within the shielding materials of the that the artisanal gold mining activities within detector assembly. The obtained data in counts per Shanono and Bagwai local Governments of Kano state second were converted to conventional units of Bq/kg were carried out in four villages namely; Alajawa, using calibration factors to determine the activity Kundila, Dutsen Bakoshi (under Shanono) and Ginzo concentration of 226Ra (238U), 232Th and 40K. village (under Bagwai). The selection of the sampling locations was based on the accessibility to the public Assessment of annual effective doses: Absorbed dose and proximity to the mine. The sampling strategy that rate in the air (D) in nGyh-1 at 1 meter above the was adopted for the samples collection was random ground surface was calculated from the mean (ASTM, 1983, 1986; IAEA, 2004 and USEPA, 1989). radioactivity concentrations of the 226Ra (238U), 232Th Forty (40) soil samples were collected from within the and 40K (Bqkg-1) in the soil samples using equation 1 mines area, farm lands and residential villages. Each (UNSCEAR, 2000). The annual effective dose due to sample was sealed in a polyethylene bag, firmly tied external gamma radiation (AEDγ) from 226Ra (238U), and labelled to avoid cross contamination. The 232Th and 40K was computed using equation 2 by samples were transferred to the Radiation Biophysics employing dose conversion coefficients (0.7 Sv. Gy-1) laboratory at Centre for energy research and training, and outdoor occupancy factor (0.2) (UNSCEAR, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. 2000). The annual effective dose () from ingestion of 226Ra (238U), 232Th and 40K through soil, Sample preparation: The samples were spread on was estimated from the mean activity concentrations cardboard sheets and all foreign materials were of each individual radionuclides using equation 3 removed, they were then oven dried at a temperature (UNSCEAR, 2000). The total effective dose to of about 110˚C for 12-18hours. The samples were then individual members of the public was calculated using grinded into a fine powder and sieved using 2mm ICRP dose formula (ICRP, 2012). sieve. The homogenized samples were filled into 25g plastic containers (7.2cm diameter by 6cm height) ℎ = 0.462 + 0.604 + 0.0417. 1 which were hermetically sealed with the aid of PVC 222 220 tape to prevent the escape of airborne Rn and Rn . AEDγ µ = D x 8760h x0.2 ∗ x 10 2 from the samples. The dimensions of the plastic containers were chosen in such a way that it suited the optimal soil mass of 350g for analysis of bulk samples. ( ) = ∑ 3 The samples were sealed and stored for over 24 days to allow secular equilibrium to be reached between Where, , and A are the activity concentration radon and its daughters. The IAEA reference materials k of 226Ra (238U), 232Th and 40K, respectively. The dose for gamma spectrometry (RGK-1, IAEA-448 and coefficients in units of nGyh-1per Bq.kg-1 were taken RGTh-1) were prepared in the same manner as the from the (UNSCEAR, 2000). A = the mean activity samples. R concentration of radionuclides in a sample (Bq/kg); IR = the soil, consumption rate per year which had a Sample analysis: The samples were analysed using ing value of 100kg/year (DEA, 2010). DCF = the NaI(Tl) detector situated at low background laboratory ing effective dose coefficient in Sv.Bq-1 for the ingestion of center for energy research and training, Ahmadu of natural radionuclides 226Ra (238U), 232Th and 40K Bello university, Zaria. The detector has a 6cm thick with values of 4.50 × 10, 2.30 × lead shield, cadmium lined assembly with copper respectively (ICRP, 2012). sheets for the detection of background radiation. The 10 6.20 × 10 detector has pulse resolving time of about 0.25s, an incorporated preamplifier and a 1kV external source which permits its use for high counting rates. The detector was coupled to a computer based multichannel analyser Maestro program from ORTEC BELLO, S; NASIRU, R; GARBA, NN; ADEYEMO, DJ Activity Concentration of 40K, 226Ra and 232Th….. 1657 Assessment of radiation hazard indices: Radium equivalent HR = total AED (Sv) ∗ HNR factor…10 activity (Raeq) was used as a common radiological index to provide the actual activity level of NORMs in Where: FCR = fatality cancer risk; CNR: Cancer the sample due to their non-uniform distribution.
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