International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2002), 52, 179–186 Printed in Great Britain

Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov., Gram- negative, oxidase-positive rods that cause endocarditis of cotton-topped tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)

1 Laboratorium voor Anne Willems,1 Helga Gilhaus,2 W. Beer,3 Henriette Mietke,4 Microbiologie, Faculteit 5 3 3 3 Wetenschappen, H. R. Gelderblom, Ba$ rbel Burghardt, W. Voigt and R. Reissbrodt Universiteit of Gent, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium Author for correspondence: R. Reissbrodt. Tel: j49 3943 679 258. Fax: j49 3943 679 207. e-mail: reissbrodtr!rki.de 2 Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Kellnerweg 4, D-37077 Go$ ttingen, Germany A Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bacterium isolated from the heart of a cotton-topped tamarin was characterized by 16S rDNA sequence 3 Robert Koch-Institut, Wernigerode, Burgstr. 37, analysis, SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins, fatty acid analysis and biochemical D-38855 Wernigerode, tests. Outer-membrane proteins, iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins, Germany lipopolysaccharides and siderophore production were studied. On the basis of 4 Sa$ chsische Landesanstalt the results, the organism belongs to the β-Proteobacteria where it forms a fu$ r Landwirtschaft, Gustav- separate line of descent, for which a novel genus and species are proposed, Ku$ hn-Str. 8, D-04159 T T T Leipzig, Germany Brackiella oedipodis (LMG 19451 l DSM 13743 l NCIMB 13739 ). Nearest phylogenetic neighbours of the new genus are Taylorella, Pelistega, Bordetella, 5 Robert Koch-Institut Berlin, Nordufer 20, D-13353 Alcaligenes and Achromobacter. Berlin, Germany

Keywords: Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov., new genus, endocarditis

INTRODUCTION ences; even minor environmental changes may cause transient diarrhoea. The most dramatic diseases of The German Primate Center Go$ ttingen (GPC) was captive cotton-topped tamarins are mucoid colonic established in 1978 as a biomedical institute for cancers and chronic colitis, both of unknown cause. research on non-human primates. The centre is also Like all callitrichids, they are prone to mesangioproli- engaged in the breeding and preservation of certain ferative nephropathies. Remarkable bacterial infec- highly endangered primate species that are not in- tions of the GPC cotton-topped tamarin colony in the tended for experimental use. One of these endangered past have been repeated clusters of Bordetella bron- species is the cotton-topped tamarin (Saguinus oedi- chiseptica bronchopneumonias, occasional Erysipelo- pus), a small neotropical primate of approximately thrix rhusiopathiae septicaemias or Yersinia pseudotu- 300–400 g body mass. The natural habitat of this berculosis intestinal infections. primate is in the secondary forests of north-western Colombia. Habitat destruction by extensive defor- During a routine post-mortem necropsy investigation estation has resulted in the dramatic decline of the wild of the heart of a cotton-topped tamarin, which had S. oedipodis populations. suddenly died during a tooth extraction, an unknown Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bac- Since 1978, the GPC has housed a colony of approxi- terium was isolated. The captive-bred male tamarin mately 60 cotton-topped tamarins with satisfactory had not previously displayed any obvious signs of breeding success. The animals are kept strictly indoors disease when it died aged 10 years, 4 months and 12 d. in small family groups for breeding purposes. Cotton- It had lived behind a barrier system at 25–27 mC and topped tamarins are very sensitive to outside influ- 70% humidity and was fed on a diet of commercial marmoset pellets, enriched by cream cheese and a ...... variety of fruits depending on the season. During its Abbreviations: FT-IR spectra, Fourier-transform infrared spectra; IROMP, iron-regulated outer-membrane protein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; OMP, life, it suffered from several bouts of diarrhoea, outer-membrane protein. common with all tamarins. When such infections were The EMBL accession number for the 16S rDNA sequence of Brackiella shown to be associated with Giardia lamblia or oedipodis LMG 19451T is AJ277742. Campylobacter, they were successfully treated with

01670 # 2002 IUMS 179 A. Willems and others antibiotics or probiotics (Symbioflor 1; Symbio- suspended in distilled water. Negative staining of the pharm). The monkey sired several offspring, the last bacteria followed routine techniques using 400 mesh copper ones being 40 d before its sudden death. grids, covered with Pioloform, reinforced with a 15 nm layer of carbon and made hydrophilic before use by a glow The bacterium isolated from the heart tissue could not discharge (Gelderblom et al., 1985). Cells were adsorbed be assigned to any of the known bacterial species or from a 50 µl droplet of the bacterial suspension on the grids genera. In this paper, isolation and characterization and negatively contrasted using 1% uranyl acetate and of this organism by 16S rDNA analysis, analysis evaluated at 80 kV under a Zeiss EM 10 A transmission of whole-cell proteins by SDS-PAGE, fatty acid ana- electron microscope. Measurements were made on the lysis, characterization of the outer-membrane pro- electron microscopy negatives using a 10-fold magnifying lens. teins (OMPs), iron-regulated outer-membrane proteins (IROMPs) and siderophore production as well as Phenotypic characterization. Physiological and biochemical lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) and Fourier-transform IR characteristics were investigated by classical methods (FT-IR) spectra are reported. Based on these findings, (Murray et al., 1999; Vandamme et al., 1998) by the Biolog creation of a novel genus and species for this organism, identification system (Micro-Station system release 3.50; GN MicroPlate) and by the 47 biochemical reactions of the Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov., in the β- Bactid-Identification system for Enterobacteriaceae kindly Proteobacteria is proposed. provided by J. J. Farmer, III, Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA. For all test systems, METHODS bacterial strains that are known to give either positive or negative reactions were included to verify test conditions. Isolation of the organism. Dissection of the dead cotton- The tests were repeated at least twice. topped tamarin was performed immediately after its sudden Analysis of proteins by SDS-PAGE. Bacteria were grown on death according to the standardized GPC protocol. In this buffered nutrient agar at 37 mC for 48 h. Cellular protein case, bacteriological examination was limited to the heart extracts were prepared as described previously (Pot et al., only, because the abdominal cavity was opened without 1994). SDS-PAGE, digitization, normalization and numeri- sterile precautions assuming an intestinal neoplastic con- cal analyses of the protein patterns were performed with dition from the colony and individual anamnesis. That  4.0 software (Applied Maths, Kortrijk, Belgium) assumption, however, was not confirmed by the necropsy as described by Pot et al. (1994). results. Instead, at thoracotomy, cardiomegaly and chronic epicarditis were evident with at least the latter requiring Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA. A bacteriological examination. The cardiac surface was heat- large part (corresponding to positions 39–1521 of the E. coli sterilized immediately following thoracotomy, the left ven- rDNA) of the 16S rRNA gene sequences was amplified by tricle was opened using a sterile scalpel and a loop of cardiac PCR using conserved primers 5h-CTGGCTCAGGAYGA- blood was streaked onto the surface of a Columbia agar ACGCTG (19–38) and 5h-AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCCG- plate for initial cultivation and purification. Cultivation CA (1522–1541). The PCR product was purified using a under aerobic conditions was at 37 mC for 24 h. Qiaquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen) and sequenced using conserved primers and a BigDye Dideoxy Terminator Cycle Bacterial strains. Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylo- Sequencing kit (PE Biosystems) and an ABI 310 Genetic soxidans DSM 2402T, Alcaligenes defragrans DSM 12141T, T Analyzer (PE Biosystems) according to the manufacturer’s Bordetella avium DSM 11332 , Bordetella parapertussis instructions. The consensus sequence was constructed using DSM 13415T, Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis DSM T T the  software (PE Biosystems). A  30030 and Taylorella equigenitalis DSM 10668 were search was performed to identify the sequences most similar purchased from the Deutsche Sammlung fu$ r Mikro- to the new data. Sequences of related taxa were retrieved organismen und Zellkulturen (DSMZ), Braunschweig, Ger- from the EMBL database for comparison. Sequences were many. The siderophore indicator strains Escherichia coli AB aligned using the program  of the GCG software 2847, Salmonella typhimurium enb-7, E. coli LG 1522, (Devereux et al., 1984) and phylogenetic analyses were Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 6609 and Microbacterium performed using the  package (Van de Peer & De (formerly Aureobacterium) flavescens JG-9 were taken from Wachter, 1994). Distances were calculated using the Kimura the stock collection of the Robert Koch-Institut Werni- correction and clustering was performed with the neighbour- gerode. joining algorithm. Bootstrap analysis was performed using Bacterial growth and growth media. To examine bacterial 500 replications. growth, the isolate was inoculated onto and into different Siderophore production. Production of siderophores was bacteriological growth media (e.g. tryptic soy agar, nutrient verified by cross-feeding tests using the siderophore-in- agar, sheep blood agar, tryptic soy broth) and incubated dicator strains E. coli AB 2847 and S. typhimurium enb-7 under various oxygen conditions (aerobic, microaerophilic, (phenolate- and hydroxamate-type siderophores), E. coli anaerobic) and at different temperatures between 4 and LG 1522 (aerobactin), Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 6609 42 mC. The pH was maintained at 7n0–7n4. Where other (phenolate- and hydroxamate-siderophores, pyoverdins, media were used for particular tests, these are listed with pyochelin) and M. flavescens JG-9 (hydroxamate-type side- each test below. rophores, α-keto-\α-hydroxy acids) according to Reissbrodt et al Light microscopy. Overall cell morphology was examined by . (1993, 1997). A suspension of the isolate was iron- phase-contrast microscopy (Nikon Optiphot 2) with an oil- starved in Tris-succinate buffer, pH 7n3, and placed onto the immersion objective lens and by Gram-staining. surface of the controlled cross-feeding plates mentioned above. These plates were incubated at 30 mC(M. flavescens Electron microscopy. After 2 d growth, a few colonies were JG-9, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO 6609) or at 37 mC(E. removed from the surface of the blood agar plate and gently coli and S. typhimurium strains) for 48 h in a candle jar.

180 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov.

Antibiotic susceptibility testing. The susceptibility of the isolate to antimicrobial agents (minimum inhibitory con- centration) was investigated according the methodology of the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (1998). Analysis of OMPs and IROMPs by SDS-PAGE. Bacteria were grown on tryptic soy agar (Becton-Dickinson) for OMP analysis and on the same medium containing 0n4mM ethylene-di-(o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) for IROMP analy- sis at 37 mC for 48 h in a candle jar. Protein extracts and SDS-PAGE were prepared according to Lugtenberg et al. (1975). The molecular mass standard was from the LMW electrophoresis kit 17-0446-01 (Amersham Pharmacia Bio- tech)...... Analysis of LPS pattern. Bacteria were grown on tryptic soy Fig. 1. Electron micrograph of the new isolate after negative staining showing coccoid cells without flagella surrounded by agar at 37 mC for 24 h and the LPS were isolated as described abundant fimbriae. Bar, 1 µm. by Achtman et al. (1983). Electrophoresis was carried out according to Lugtenberg et al. (1975). Gels were stained with an alkaline AgNO$ solution according to Tsai & Frasch (1982). Additionally, the gels were scanned using an imaging densitometer GS 700 (Bio-Rad) at 550 nm. logically, this was seen as a diffuse, advanced chronic- Fatty acid profile. The isolate was grown on tryptic soy agar purulent epicarditis and thrombo-embolic endocar- at 37 mC for 24 h. Bacterial cells (about 40 mg) were ditis. Cardiac lesions were accompanied by scattered harvested from the third quadrant of a four quadrant alveolar heart-failure cells and a marked alveolar streaking pattern with a 4 mm loop and placed in culture oedema of the lung. All other organic lesions (mes- tubes. Saponification took place on heating in aqueous angioproliferative nephropathy, extramedullary hae- methanolic 15% sodium hydroxide, methylation in aqueous matopoiesis) were less conspicuous, since they are methanolic 6n0 M hydrochloric acid and extraction in common in all Callitrichidae. hexane\methyl tert-butyl ether according to the protocol given in Technical note 101 of the MIDI microbial identifica- tion system. GC was performed with a Hewlett-Packard Morphological and phenotypic characterization HP5890A and an HP3392A integrator. Peaks were cali- brated and named using the external calibration mixture HP Cells were non-motile and appeared as Gram-negative 19298-60500 (Hewlett-Packard). Evaluation and matching were performed using the aerobe (TSBA) and the clinical coccoid rods by light microscopy. By transmission aerobe database of the MIDI system (version 3.8). electron microscopy, individual cells appeared slightly ovoid and measured 0n9i1n1 µm, whereas growing FT-IR measurements. Bacteria were grown for 24 h at 37 mC cells immediately before division measured up to on caso agar plates (Merckoplate; Merck). From the 1n8 µm in length. Bacteria did not show any flagella, confluent growth of the third quadrant of a four-quadrant but were surrounded by densely studded fimbriae streaking pattern, 1 loopful (1 mm in diameter; " 200 µg) was suspended in 80 µl distilled water. A portion (35 µl) of 280 nm in length (Fig. 1). this suspension was transferred to a preformed sample area The isolate grew on blood agar (e.g. tryptic soy agar on a zinc selenite optical plate of a multisample cuvette and dried in vacuo at about 3 5 kPa to get a transparent film. with 5% sheep blood) under aerobic conditions. n " Spectra were taken at 4000–500 cm− using the FT-IR Growth was better in a candle jar, but the isolate spectrometer IFS-28\B (Bruker) and recorded in absorbance would not grow under anaerobic conditions. Growth units (A). A total of 128 interferograms per sample was was observed at incubation temperatures in the range added together and averaged for each spectrum. The spectral 30–37 C, but no growth was seen at 4, 20 or 42 C. " m m resolution was 6 cm− . All recordings were performed using After 24 h incubation, two types of colonies were three individual samples and subsequently averaged after observed: a small type (colony diameter up to 0n5 mm) minimum-maximum normalization between 0 and 2 A of the and a large type (colony diameter up to 1 mm). After spectra. Cluster analysis was performed using the first 2 d growth, colonies of both types attained diameters derivative. The specific information content in the spectral " of 1–2 mm. No haemolysis of sheep blood erythrocytes windows of 3000–2800 cm− [weighting (W) 1 0; fatty acid " l n region I], 1200–900 cm− (W 3 0; polysaccharide region) was noticed. Colonies appeared greyish-white, slightly " l n and 900–700 cm− (W l 1n0; true ‘fingerprint’ region) was crumbled and brittling during inoculation procedures. used in ‘Ward’s’ algorithm (Helm et al., 1991). Results of the biochemical reactions tested are given in the species description and Table 1. Utilization of RESULTS different C sources was checked by the Biolog identi- Necropsy observations fication system (GN MicroPlate, release 3.5) and according to the Biolog system database, the species The most conspicuous finding at necropsy was a most similar to the new isolate was Comamonas distinctively enlarged heart with left-sided dilatation terrigena. A detailed list of carbon sources used is and right-sided ventricular hypertrophy. Histopatho- provided in the species description. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 181 A. Willems and others

Table 1. Selected differential characteristics of Brackiella Table 2. Fatty acid profile of the new isolate evaluated oedipodis and its nearest neighbours by the MIDI system ...... Strains: 1, Brackiella oedipodis;2,Bordetella avium;3, Closest match to Oligella ureolytica GC subgroup B Bordetella parapertussis;4,Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. (similarity index 0.363, clinical aerobe database v. 3.8). faecalis;5,Achromobacter xylosoxidans subsp. xylosoxidans; 6, Oligella urethralis;7,Taylorella equigenitalis;8,Pelistega Peak name Equivalent chain Fatty acid amount (%) europaea. j, More than 90% of strains positive; k, less length (measured in triplicate) than 10% of strains positive; d, strain-dependent reactions. Unknown 10n622 0n78 Characteristic 12345678 13:1 12n934 1n86 14:1 iso 13n387 0n22 Growth at 42 C d m kjkj jjj 14:0 14n000 3n80 Motility kjkjjkkk 14:0 3-OH 15n487 5n48 Urease d kkjkkkk 16:0 16n000 23n51 NO− 4 NO− $ # jkkkjkkk 16:0 3-OH 17n518 8n02 Utilization of acetate d  k kjjjj 18:1 ω7c 17n823 31n45 18:1 ω5c 17 918 0 48 , Not determined. n n 18:0 17n999 2n13 19:0 cyclo ω8c 18n901 22n29

Analysis of 16S rDNA The newly determined 16S rDNA sequence consisted of 1473 nt. A  search in the EMBL nucleic acid sequence database revealed the organism to be a ...... member of the β-Proteobacteria. Its closest neighbours Fig. 2. SDS-PAGE protein profiles of the two colony types of were the genera Taylorella, Pelistega, Alcaligenes, the new isolate. MWM, Molecular mass markers. Achromobacter and Bordetella. The new sequence showed 92–93% homology to sequences of members of these genera retrieved from the EMBL database. A Analysis of proteins by SDS-PAGE dendrogram showing the phylogenetic position of the isolate among these and related organisms is shown in Protein extracts were prepared from the two colony Fig. 3. types of Brackiella oedipodis and comparison of their SDS-PAGE profiles (Fig. 2) revealed that these were Siderophore production identical. However, comparison of the protein patterns with those previously determined for various Coma- The isolate grew well on all of the cross-feeding plates monas strains (Willems et al., 1991) revealed little tested but did not produce any growth zone of similarity with these organisms (data not shown). siderophore-indicator strains.

...... Fig. 3. Neighbour-joining dendrogram showing the position of the new isolate among its nearest neighbours in the β-Proteobacteria. Bootstrap values were expressed as a percentage of 500 replications and only values above 70% are shown at the branching points.

182 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov.

...... Fig. 4. Dendrogram showing the position of the isolate among its nearest neighbours using FT-IR spectroscopy.

Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents possessed further bands at 10 and 12 kDa and ad- ditional minor bands in the range 21–26 kDa. The isolate was susceptible to all of the following anti- microbials tested: amikacin, ampicillin, cefotaxime, cefotiam, cefoxitin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, Fatty acid profile ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, kanamycin, mezlocillin, No significant similarity to a known bacterial taxon mezlocillin\sulbactam, nalidixic acid, tetracycline, could be detected using the libraries of the MIDI streptomycin, sulfamerazine and trimethoprim\sulf- system to evaluate the fatty acid profile of the new amerazine. isolate (Table 2). The closest match was Oligella ureolytica (similarity index 0.363, clinical aerobe li- Analysis of OMPs and IROMPs brary), pointing to the genera Oligella, Taylorella, The new isolate produced one major OMP of 45 kDa Alcaligenes or Bordetella (Rossau et al., 1987). and a further three minor OMPs of lower molecular masses. Production of OMPs was reduced under iron- FT-IR spectra depleted conditions; formation of higher amounts of three IROMPs of the typical molecular mass range FT-IR spectra were recorded for several bacterial (69–92 kDa) was observed. In contrast, Alcaligenes strains representing taxa shown to be relatives of the faecalis subsp. faecalis DSM 30030T produced signifi- new isolate by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Cluster cantly different OMPs and IROMPs compared to the analysis using the first derivatives of the FT-IR spectra new isolate. The major OMP exhibited a molecular is shown in Fig. 4. Results point to significant mass of 38 kDa and at least five IROMPs of the typical differences between the taxa studied. molecular mass range could be detected. DISCUSSION Analysis of the LPS pattern A Gram-negative, oxidase-positive, rod-shaped bac- The LPS pattern of the new isolate was different to that terium was isolated from the heart of a cotton-topped of Alcaligenes faecalis subsp. faecalis DSM 30030T. tamarin that had died suddenly. Clinically relevant Both species produced a ladder exhibiting repeating cardiac diseases are generally quite rare in non-human units of polysaccharide structures, but the patterns primates, although age-related myocardial fibrosis can differed, particularly in the range 13–21 kDa. Ad- be found and, in general, cardiopathology is frequently ditionally, the LPS pattern of Alcaligenes faecalis found in macaques as a result of experimental human\ subsp. faecalis DSM 30030T differed in the presence of simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Bacterial one strong band at 8n4 kDa, whereas the new isolate infections of the heart are, however, rarely observed in formed two bands in this region. The new isolate non-human primates. http://ijs.sgmjournals.org 183 A. Willems and others

Upon isolation, two colony types on culture plates shown that two other genera, Oligella and Taylorella, were obtained, but these were shown to represent the are neighbours of the family Alcaligenaceae (Rossau et same strain by SDS-PAGE analysis of proteins (Fig. al., 1987). Oligella strains appear as small, fastidious 2). Also, in biochemical tests both colony types rods which only use a few organic and amino acids and behaved identically. The initial identification of the are otherwise biochemically rather inert. Oligella isolate by the Biolog system as C. terrigena (similarity urethralis strains are mainly isolated from human 83n2%) was not satisfactory for two reasons: i) a urine; their pathogenicity is unknown (Rossau et al., reliable species identification would need much greater 1987). T. equigenitalis is the causal agent of endo- similarity (& 95%); and ii) C. terrigena has not been metritis and cervicitis in mares. Pelistega europaea, the reported to be a causative agent of endo- or epicarditis. main causative agent of infections of the respiratory SDS-PAGE protein analysis also revealed no signifi- tract of pigeons is a close phylogenetic neighbour of T. cant similarity with Comamonas strains (data not equigenitalis. Pelistega europaea differs significantly shown). Therefore, the nearly complete 16S rDNA from Brackiella by 16S rDNA analysis (Fig. 3) and by sequence of the isolate was determined. Phylogenetic the characteristics listed in Table 1. Dyson et al. (1999) analysis revealed that the organism belongs to the β- summarized 128 cases of endocarditis in humans. Proteobacteria and is related to the genera Alcaligenes, Members of the Alcaligenaceae or related genera were Achromobacter, Bordetella, Taylorella and Pelistega. not detected in any of these. Therefore, Brackiella The sequence similarity with these taxa was 91n9– oedipodis is the first member of this phylogenetic group 93n3% and, therefore, the new isolate forms a separate to be associated with endocarditis. Its source and route line of descent within this group (Fig. 3). of transmission are unknown at present. Distinctiveness of the new isolate from related mem- bers of the β-Proteobacteria is further corroborated by Description of Brackiella gen. nov. phenotypic and fatty acid analyses (Tables 1 and 2) Brackiella (Brahcki.ella. L. n. Brackiella in honour of and FT-IR spectroscopy (Fig. 4). Creation of a new Manfred Brack, German pathologist, head of the genus and species, Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. Department of Pathology of the Deutsches Primaten- nov., is therefore proposed for the tamarin isolate. It zentrum GmbH, Go$ ttingen, from 1978 to 1999). can be distinguished from its closest relatives by a number of basic phenotypic characteristics as listed in Cells are coccoid, 0n9i1n1 µm and surrounded by Table 1. Furthermore, production of acid from malt- densely studded fimbriae 280 nm in length. They are ose and -mannose by Brackiella oedipodis is also a non-motile, Gram-negative and oxidase-positive. significant difference. Achromobacter xylosoxidans Aerobic to microaerophilic, as shown by improved subsp. xylosoxidans species utilize -glucose and growth in the atmosphere of a candle jar. Chemo- -xylose (Kersters & De Ley, 1984). In contrast, organotrophic. Good growth at temperatures of 30– Brackiella oedipodis, as well as the other taxa listed 37 mC. Catalase-positive, urease-negative, nitrate re- in Table 1, do not use these carbohydrates. duced to nitrite. Major fatty acids found are palmitic acid (16:0), vaccenic acid (18:1), lactobacillic acid Characterization of OMPs, IROMPs and LPS patterns (19:0 cyclo) and 3-hydroxypalmitic acid (16:0 3-OH). clearly separate Brackiella oedipodis from Alcaligenes Brackiella belongs to the β-Proteobacteria and is faecalis, Bordetella pertussis, pseudomonads and En- related to the genera Alcaligenes, Achromobacter, terobacteriaceae (Agiato & Dyer, 1992; Anwar et al., Bordetella, Taylorella and Pelistega. Phenotypic fea- 1991; Griffiths & Williams, 1999; Hitchcock & Brown, tures for the discrimination of these taxa are given in 1983). Although Brackiella oedipodis produced typical Table 1. Type species is Brackiella oedipodis. IROMPs responsible for transport of siderophores, no siderophores (catecholate-type, hydroxamate-type si- Description of Brackiella oedipodis sp. nov. derophores or α-keto-\α-hydroxy acids tested) could be detected by the cross-feeding tests. The common Brackiella oedipodis (oe.di.pohdis. N.L. gen. n. oedi- siderophore-indicator strain Pseudomonas aeruginosa podis referring to the first isolation source, the tamarin PAO 6609, additionally indicating pyoverdins and Saguinus oedipus). pyochelin produced from pseudomonads, also did not The description of Brackiella oedipodis is the same as indicate any siderophore-mediated growth. that given for the genus. Colonies on tryptic soy blood The Alcaligenaceae–Oligella–Taylorella rRNA cluster agar are greyish-white, slightly rough with a diameter belongs to the β-Proteobacteria. The family Alcali- of 1–2 mm after 2 d growth at 37 mC with no hae- genaceae consists of the genera Alcaligenes and Borde- molysis. Similar growth observed on tryptic soy agar tella (De Ley et al., 1986). Bordetella pertussis and (light-white colonies of the same size), bile-chrysoidin- Bordetella parapertussis are the causal agents of whoop- glycerol agar according to Ziesche! et al. (1985) (green- ing cough in humans. Bordetella bronchiseptica, the blue colonies of about 1 mm in diameter), King A agar causative agent of kennel cough in dogs, also causes (no pigmentation and no fluorescence under UV bronchopneumonias in callitrichids, including cotton- 365 nm), Tween 80 agar, gelatinase agar, starch agar, topped tamarins. Bordetella avium is the causal agent CDM-H agar (a chemically defined medium; Floss- of rhinotracheitis in turkey poults (Kersters et al., mann et al., 1984). Good growth in nutrient broth and 1984). Extensive phenotypic and genotypic data have in tryptic soy broth at 37 mC for 24 h. No growth on

184 International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 52 Brackiella oedipodis gen. nov., sp. nov.

MacConkey agar, King B agar, cetrimide agar, aceta- brane proteins of chemostat-grown biofilm cells of Pseudomonas mide agar, milk agar or in 6n5% NaCl broth. Grows aeruginosa. Can J Microbiol 37, 737–743. at temperatures of 30–37 mC, but not at 4, 20 or De Ley, J., Segers, P., Kersters, K., Mannheim, W. & Lievens, A. 42 mC. The following biochemical tests are positive: - (1986). Intra- and intergeneric similarities of the Bordetella alanine aminopeptidase, methyl red, ornithine decar- ribosomal ribonucleic acid cistrons: proposal for a new family boxylase, hydrolysis of starch, and production of acid Alcaligenaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36, 405–414. from -mannose and maltose. The following bio- Devereux, J., Haeberli, P. & Smithies, O. (1984). A comprehensive chemical characteristics are negative: indole produc- set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. 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