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1 Open Source Systems Bring Web 2.0 to Special Libraries Edmund Open source systems bring Web 2.0 to special libraries Edmund Balnaves Don Keast Prosentient Systems Department of Rural Health Sydney, Australia Sydney University Broken Hill, Australia Abstract The library management systems market place has been transformed by two innovations: Web 2.0 and open source systems. Open source developers have been quick to implement Web 2.0 functionality in their systems, making it possible for special libraries to be early adaptors of new technology that supports community networking with their members. These services are particularly important for special libraries, who can have disparate, often widely separated, patrons and who can benefit greatly from the library 2.0 community networking innovations. Their free source code base and help bring web-based functionality to small (and often isolated) libraries whose budget does not measure up to conventional vendor-based systems. The experiences of implementing the open source Koha library management system will be explored in the context of the Greater Western Area Health Service network. Introduction Special libraries providing health services are characterised by a community of library users that are often highly engaged with electronic services and have critical requirements for information discovery. Health libraries have therefore been enthusiastic adopters of Web 2.0 technologies to enhance their communication with a disparate user base. The Greater Western Area Health Service (GWAHS) has an added need for effective communication with their user base given the wide dispersal of their client population, with libraries situated in Dubbo, Bathurst, Orange, and Newcastle being dispersed over a region of more than 800 kilometres. In this context there is an emerging revolution in the ways in which library clients engage with library systems. The Web 2.0 phenomenon has combined with enthusiastic adoption of open source systems to provide new frameworks for the delivery of library systems. Background to Open Source The "open source" movement emerged as a systematic method of distributing software in full source code in a manner that ensured it's ongoing availability in open source. The success of this movement has hinged on the ease of collaborative programming in an Internet environment, and service-based and reputation-based business models for software development. 1 Libraries themselves have an established history in systematic development of standards and the implementation of data interchange systems. The MARC (MAchine Readable Cataloguing) standard has been a critical pre-XML standard for open interchange of bibliographic data. The Z39.50 standard has enabled open inter-networking of library catalogues. The first comprehensive suite of software released in open source for libraries was the Koha Library Management system. It has an active developer community internationally and has been translated for a variety of languages. (1) The first experiments in open source library management systems have also helped evolve the sophisticated database schemas supporting current open source library management systems such as Greenstone, Evergreen and Koha 3(2). Even before this there have been numerous supporting tools developed by library institutions. These include open source modules for: • text indexing and searching • barcode generation Software provided with source code is not new (for example the release of the IBM operating system source code in the 1960's as a result of anti-trust action in the US). However a long-term model for sustaining software development and improvement in an open source framework is new. The concept of open source has its origins in the evolution of the Internet and the Unix operating system - all on a C programming language base and often in the collegial environment of the University. Low cost access to personal computers and networking has inspired a new generation of computer users engaged in “social networking” and “social media”, and capable of building and contributing to their own systems, and mashups of other systems. Open Source library management systems have been available for nearly a decade now. Reviews of open source systems have moved from cautious (3) to optimistic (4). During this time they have gradually evolved in both functionality and stability to the point where they are credible alternatives to commercial systems and in some cases provide a framework for earlier adoption of Web 2.0 features than might be otherwise available through commercial products(5). The evolution of open source Library Management has been energised by the Library 2.0 era. Other software that facilitates communication between librarians and their clients has emerged with the second generation of internet software - the Web 2.0 and Library 2.0. Web 2.0 capitalises on the internet framework to provide means for online collaboration, networking and communication. This communication is facilitated by the availability of tools which make sharing and distribution of content and information easier, including community and tagging systems, and mashups using web services. One of the challenges in implementation of open source is the selection of a sustainable support model. This involves the scrutiny of the levels of professional support available internally and externally to support an open source implementation. 2 There is also a range of tools that are freeware, shareware or low cost which are not addressed in this article. They include MARC Edit (software for MARC data conversion) and EzProxy (widely used for single sign-on to database services). Koha Koha is only one of several established open source library management systems. There are already over 20 open source library management systems projects of varying sizes visible through SourceForge (http://sourceforge.net). It is not uncommon for OSS projects to last a few years only and falter either for lack of ongoing patronage or lack of take-up. Systems such as Koha and PMB have a strong presence in Europe. Evergreen, one of the newest OSS entrants, has been built from ground up for scalability in large networks of libraries. Being the oldest multi-branch open source LMS, the latest version of Koha (version 3) has a rich set of features The architecture, based on PERL, MYSQL and Apache is stable in a Linux environment, and the recent release of Koha3 brings a more stable framework for Windows also. The Koha development community is active, and this is reflected in solid wiki resources for developers and strong development and code management guidelines. Several commercial services provide implementation and ongoing support(6). Koha also has a diversified installed base, which gives an assurance of ongoing viability. The concerns regarding scalability of Koha Version 2 (when addressing catalogues of hundreds of thousands of items) have been reduced with the integration of a scalable search engine using Zebra. The release of version 3.0 looks to address many cross-platform issues and better multi-lingual support. The new version extends the use of Web 2.0 features, and the adoption of Zebra to enhance searching using facets. The Perl language base may not be popular in the long term among developers and implementers of the system, but the system has a healthy developer community. GWAHS blogging and remote patrons. Prominent in Library 2.0 adoption is the use of blogging to extend the exchange of ideas and news between library. Even before implementing Koha 3, the GWAHS has been exploring Web 2.0 communication methods to keep contact with its diverse client base (see Figure 1). The GWAHS Libraries Blog was commenced in February 2007 as a way to use the Internet as an alternative method of disseminating information, rather than rely on an overloaded Intranet. Library clients from co-partner organizations could also be reached on the Internet, whereas they were not always reachable by internal means. The blog focuses on resources which may be useful to health staff in rural locations. There is an emphasis on free material available both on the web and elsewhere (although other material is included when relevant). The blog is not a “what’s happening in the library” exercise : it is about disseminating useful information, often to clients who are 3 never able to physically visit a library. There is an emphasis on rural health and indigenous health matters. Staff of all 5 libraries are authors. Tagging & Virtual shelves The opening of the catalogue to library client participation is a phenomenon of Web 2.0 more specific to the library environment. The ability for end users to create "virtual shelves" in Koha, and the extension to enable features such as tagging and to create user- generated RSS feeds based on library catalogue data is part of a general trend to "open up" the catalogue to end user participation. Open source, Library 2.0 & special libraries Curiously, the one thing that open source does not offer in most cases is zero cost software. Software, whether free, open source, shareware or proprietary/licensed must still be maintained to be useful in an operational context. Organisations implementing open source systems still need to source a support framework for ongoing management of the software and its infrastructure. However, while not zero cost, open source can provide an entry point to highly functional library solutions that are well in advance of the field in exploring innovations in Library 2.0. What open source does offer libraries is rich functionality without necessarily being locked in to a particular proprietary framework. Most open source systems leverage existing work in open data and networking frameworks. The nature of open source is to encourage innovation off an existing base. Library 2.0 is an umbrella term for innovations in library the library interface with library clients through the new Web 2.0 mediums of social networking, social media and mash- ups. W h ere large library institutions face considerable inertia in implementing such innovations in the context of their existing proprietary systems, open source software developers can move quickly to integrate such innovations in their own systems.
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