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Hallowell, Maine: the Historical Landscape

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Hallowell, Maine: the Historical Landscape HALLOWELL, MAINE: THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE OF A NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Janet M. Pelletier June 2005 This thesis entitled HALLOWELL, MAINE: THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE OF A NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE BY JANET M. PELLETIER has been approved for the Department of Geography and the College of Arts and Sciences by Timothy G. Anderson Associate Professor of Geography Leslie A. Flemming Dean, College of Arts and Sciences PELLETIER, JANET M. M.A. June 2005. Historical Geography Hallowell, Maine: the historical landscape of a northern New England village (pp.118) Director of Thesis: Timothy G. Anderson This study aims to more fully understand early settlement and growth in northern New England through an analysis of the historical geography of Hallowell, Maine. Located at the head of navigation on the Kennebec River, Hallowell played a significant role in Maine’s development due especially to its location along the Kennebec River and its function as an important early trans-shipment node. Due in large part to its optimal location along a major waterway, Hallowell circumstantially benefited from early trade in the region. Hallowell’s rich history is punctuated by substantial early economic growth and success, followed later by setbacks leading to economic decline and a loss of regional economic significance. The first 200 years of Hallowell’s history has been rather well documented, but its later history has heretofore not been adequately studied. This thesis addresses how Hallowell was first settled and flourished, and what grew out of the decline in Hallowell’s initial prosperity. Approved: Timothy G. Anderson Associate Professor of Geography Acknowledgements I would like to thank Dr. Tim Anderson for his assistance and advice in directing this thesis. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Chris Boone and Dr. Geoff Buckley for assisting towards the completion of this thesis. I would like to thank my various graduate colleagues for their encouragement and advice. I thank Carolyn Rizzuto for providing me with needed encouragement and humor while working on this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Wayne and Laverne Pelletier, for their constant support and belief in me. 5 Table of Contents Page Abstract............................................................................................................................................ 3 Acknowledgements.......................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ................................................................................................................................... 7 List of Figures.................................................................................................................................. 8 Chapter 1: Introduction.................................................................................................................. 10 1.1 The Study ................................................................................................................... 10 1.2 Research Questions.................................................................................................... 11 1.3 Literature Review....................................................................................................... 11 1.4 Data Sources .............................................................................................................. 15 1.5 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter 2: Hallowell Prior to 1762................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Discovery of the Kennebec River Region................................................................... 17 2.2 Initial Development within the Kennebec Region...................................................... 17 2.3 Second Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region...................................... 19 2.4 Third Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region ........................................ 21 2.5 The Emergence of a Gateway Pattern of Development .............................................. 21 Chapter 3: Hallowell, 1762-1840................................................................................................... 24 3.1 From Settlement to Incorporation............................................................................... 24 3.2 From Incorporation to Division into Three Parishes................................................... 25 3.3 From Parish Divisions to 1840.................................................................................... 27 3.4 Economics................................................................................................................... 30 3.5 Population ................................................................................................................... 34 Chapter 4: Hallowell, 1840-1920................................................................................................... 35 4.1 Hallowell, 1840-1880 ................................................................................................. 35 4.2 Hallowell, 1880-1920 ................................................................................................. 37 4.3 Hallowell’s Economy.................................................................................................. 38 4.4 Population in Hallowell .............................................................................................. 45 Chapter 5: Hallowell, 1920 to the Present ..................................................................................... 52 5.1 Hallowell, 1920-Present.............................................................................................. 52 5.2 Hallowell’s Economy.................................................................................................. 53 5.3 Population in Hallowell .............................................................................................. 57 5.4 Hallowell Today.......................................................................................................... 58 Chapter 6: Conclusions.................................................................................................................. 63 References...................................................................................................................................... 66 6 Appendix A: 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census A .......................................................................... 69 Appendix B: 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census B........................................................................... 82 Appendix C: Vessel Valuation, 1859........................................................................................... 108 Appendix D: Augusta, Hallowell, and Gardiner Directory, 1867................................................ 110 Appendix E: Board of Trade Journal, March 1908...................................................................... 111 Appendix F: Manning’s Hallowell Classified Business Directory, 1948.................................... 112 Appendix G: Row House historic walking tour........................................................................... 114 Appendix H: Hallowell Area Board of Trade Directory, 1996-1997 .......................................... 118 7 List of Tables Table Page 3.1 Frequency Distribution from the 1798 Direct Tax Census A .................................................. 32 8 List of Figures Figure Page 1.1 A surveyed map of New England in 1789 ............................................................................... 12 1.2 Gateway City settlement structure ........................................................................................... 16 2.1 The Kennebec River Region.................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Granted area of trade................................................................................................................ 20 2.3 Settlement areas of New England by 1700 .............................................................................. 23 3.1 Area of the Kennebec Purchase ............................................................................................... 27 3.2 Map of the Principle Streets in Hallowell, Maine 1822........................................................... 29 3.3 Old South Congregational Church prior to 1878..................................................................... 30 3.4 The Hallowell House, 1855 ..................................................................................................... 34 4.1 North on Water Street with Wilder’s Point in the Background, 1880 ..................................... 36 4.2 South on Water Street with Shepherd’s Point in the Background, 1880 ................................. 36 4.3 Della Collins Steamboat at the Kennebec Wharf, 1885 .......................................................... 37 4.4 Bodwell House, 1885............................................................................................................... 38 4.5 Cotton mill, 1875 ....................................................................................................................
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