Hallowell, Maine: the Historical Landscape
HALLOWELL, MAINE: THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
OF A NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE
A thesis presented to
the faculty of
the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University
In partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
Master of Arts
Janet M. Pelletier
June 2005 This thesis entitled
HALLOWELL, MAINE: THE HISTORICAL LANDSCAPE
OF A NORTHERN NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE
BY
JANET M. PELLETIER
has been approved for
the Department of Geography
and the College of Arts and Sciences by
Timothy G. Anderson
Associate Professor of Geography
Leslie A. Flemming
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
PELLETIER, JANET M. M.A. June 2005. Historical Geography
Hallowell, Maine: the historical landscape of a northern New England village (pp.118)
Director of Thesis: Timothy G. Anderson
This study aims to more fully understand early settlement and growth in northern New
England through an analysis of the historical geography of Hallowell, Maine. Located at the head
of navigation on the Kennebec River, Hallowell played a significant role in Maine’s development
due especially to its location along the Kennebec River and its function as an important early
trans-shipment node. Due in large part to its optimal location along a major waterway, Hallowell
circumstantially benefited from early trade in the region. Hallowell’s rich history is punctuated
by substantial early economic growth and success, followed later by setbacks leading to economic
decline and a loss of regional economic significance. The first 200 years of Hallowell’s history
has been rather well documented, but its later history has heretofore not been adequately studied.
This thesis addresses how Hallowell was first settled and flourished, and what grew out of the
decline in Hallowell’s initial prosperity.
Approved:
Timothy G. Anderson
Associate Professor of Geography
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Dr. Tim Anderson for his assistance and advice in directing this thesis. I would also like to thank my committee members Dr. Chris Boone and Dr. Geoff
Buckley for assisting towards the completion of this thesis. I would like to thank my various graduate colleagues for their encouragement and advice. I thank Carolyn Rizzuto for providing me with needed encouragement and humor while working on this thesis. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, Wayne and Laverne Pelletier, for their constant support and belief in me. 5
Table of Contents
Page
Abstract...... 3
Acknowledgements...... 4
List of Tables ...... 7
List of Figures...... 8
Chapter 1: Introduction...... 10 1.1 The Study ...... 10 1.2 Research Questions...... 11 1.3 Literature Review...... 11 1.4 Data Sources ...... 15 1.5 Conclusion ...... 16
Chapter 2: Hallowell Prior to 1762...... 17 2.1 Discovery of the Kennebec River Region...... 17 2.2 Initial Development within the Kennebec Region...... 17 2.3 Second Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region...... 19 2.4 Third Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region ...... 21 2.5 The Emergence of a Gateway Pattern of Development ...... 21
Chapter 3: Hallowell, 1762-1840...... 24 3.1 From Settlement to Incorporation...... 24 3.2 From Incorporation to Division into Three Parishes...... 25 3.3 From Parish Divisions to 1840...... 27 3.4 Economics...... 30 3.5 Population ...... 34
Chapter 4: Hallowell, 1840-1920...... 35 4.1 Hallowell, 1840-1880 ...... 35 4.2 Hallowell, 1880-1920 ...... 37 4.3 Hallowell’s Economy...... 38 4.4 Population in Hallowell ...... 45
Chapter 5: Hallowell, 1920 to the Present ...... 52 5.1 Hallowell, 1920-Present...... 52 5.2 Hallowell’s Economy...... 53 5.3 Population in Hallowell ...... 57 5.4 Hallowell Today...... 58
Chapter 6: Conclusions...... 63
References...... 66
6
Appendix A: 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census A ...... 69
Appendix B: 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census B...... 82
Appendix C: Vessel Valuation, 1859...... 108
Appendix D: Augusta, Hallowell, and Gardiner Directory, 1867...... 110
Appendix E: Board of Trade Journal, March 1908...... 111
Appendix F: Manning’s Hallowell Classified Business Directory, 1948...... 112
Appendix G: Row House historic walking tour...... 114
Appendix H: Hallowell Area Board of Trade Directory, 1996-1997 ...... 118 7
List of Tables
Table Page
3.1 Frequency Distribution from the 1798 Direct Tax Census A ...... 32 8
List of Figures
Figure Page
1.1 A surveyed map of New England in 1789 ...... 12
1.2 Gateway City settlement structure ...... 16
2.1 The Kennebec River Region...... 18
2.2 Granted area of trade...... 20
2.3 Settlement areas of New England by 1700 ...... 23
3.1 Area of the Kennebec Purchase ...... 27
3.2 Map of the Principle Streets in Hallowell, Maine 1822...... 29
3.3 Old South Congregational Church prior to 1878...... 30
3.4 The Hallowell House, 1855 ...... 34
4.1 North on Water Street with Wilder’s Point in the Background, 1880 ...... 36
4.2 South on Water Street with Shepherd’s Point in the Background, 1880 ...... 36
4.3 Della Collins Steamboat at the Kennebec Wharf, 1885 ...... 37
4.4 Bodwell House, 1885...... 38
4.5 Cotton mill, 1875 ...... 39
4.6 Cotton mill machinery operator, 1870 ...... 39
4.7 Vaughan Stream, area of several industries, 1865...... 40
4.8 Johnson Brothers shoe factory, 1903 ...... 41
4.9 Shops along the east side of Water Street, 1900...... 42
4.10 Granite production, 1890 ...... 43
4.11 Ships docked along the Kennebec River, 1890...... 43
4.12 Ice harvesting on the Kennebec River, 1890 ...... 44
4.13 Lumber outside of Milliken’s sawmill, 1885...... 45
4.14 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 46 9
4.15 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 47
4.16 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 48
4.17 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 49
4.18 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 50
4.19 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889...... 51
5.1 Barge waiting to ship granite, 1920 ...... 55
5.2 Row houses historic walking trail of Hallowell’s south end...... 59
5.3 Row houses historic walking trail of Hallowell’s north end...... 60 10
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Study
This study seeks to gain a better understanding of settlement and growth in northern New
England by explaining the historical geography of Hallowell, Maine. Hallowell can be compared to many other communities that were settled during the same time period. The one important difference, however, is the prime geographic location along a waterway and how large of a role this location played in the town’s past economies; Hallowell was located at the head of navigation on the Kennebec River and was an important gateway as a trans-shipment node (Figure 1.1).
Hallowell’s history offers an exceptional opportunity to analyze the settlement of a New England
Village. With its optimal location along a waterway, Hallowell circumstantially benefited from economic growth and trade. Conceptualizing Hallowell as a Gateway City will offer a new perspective with regard to its historical importance in northeastern New England.
Presently, downtown Hallowell is a historic district is in its initial stages with regard to community involvement in the retention of its historical and structural integrity. At this stage in its development Hallowell seems to be focused on marketing itself as an aesthetically pleasing place to draw visitors. There is a heritage trail which focuses on specifically preserved architecture within the community as well as a brochure that offers some history of the sights.
While Hallowell does offer the history of an elitist construct through architectural examples there are very few surviving landscape imprints that illustrate the middle and lower class laborer. It is interesting to note how the romanticized notions of settlement that stemmed from an elitist ideal in Hallowell’s past are being continued through the perceptions of the middle class laborer of today within this community. The urban aesthetic of this community apparent in the minds of its inhabitants and who are invested in being there is one of a quaint New England community that has a distinctive beauty and charm. The present notions of Hallowell in the minds of its citizens seem to be focused on a glamorized past that is ultimately inaccurate. 11
The magnificent industrial history of Hallowell is misrepresented. There is a lack of the
notion that this place was once a crucial location for supplying the surrounding areas with
necessary goods, or the fact that Hallowell had a world-renowned granite industry, as well as
several other notable industries. There are no museums that focus upon Hallowell’s actual past,
which may constitute a potentially lucrative tourist draw.
1.2 Research Questions
This study addresses the nature of the pre-and-post settlement characteristics of
Hallowell, Maine over the past 250 years. Does Hallowell represent a distinctive historical settlement pattern compared to the typical New England village of northern New England? As a historic district how well does Hallowell represent its rich history through the present efforts of preservation and revitalization?
1.3 Literature Review
Gateway Cities and Central Place Areas
A contrary view of settlement is that of the gateway city. The gateway city is
conceptualized as a corridor into and out of an area that offers an outlet between a tributary and
outside areas. The gateway is located toward one end of a settlement area and encompasses a
fan-shaped service area that reaches outward from a core area of economic and administrative
activities (Figure 1.2) (Burghardt 1971).
The gateway city is usually located in an area that has fluctuating levels or types of
production. It allows for long distance trade connections rather than a reliance strictly or mainly
on local connections. The gateway city may be a more advanced area for transportation and
commerce; the gateway city can be considered to be the entrance to a production area (Burghardt
1971).
According to Burghardt, a gateway city develops under different conditions. It may
develop from moving settlements along a frontier or along different areas that have different 12 production levels and types. A typical gateway city grows rapidly in a first stage, followed by a second stage in which central places emerge with differing productivity due to competition throughout the area. As continued settlement occurs there a new gateway city may emerge, also
Figure 1.1 A surveyed map of New England in 1789. Source: Ulrich 1991.
13 called a twin city, which might cause the first gateway city to lose its economic dominance, reducing it to a relict city (Burghardt 1971).
The gateway city is argued to be the first stage of settlement; with continued development, central places emerge. The central place and the gateway city are classified through a hierarchy which is determined by the distance and productivity between areas. Central places are located more at the center of a tributary area offering compact services. Central places can be explained as occupying the center of a circle where similar production types and local trade networks supply surrounding areas (Burghardt 1971).
Preserved Heritage Areas
Some heritage preservation theories have been based on historical communities similar to Hallowell that have integrated their history to construct an image for its community character, as well as to boost their economy. It is a reality that historic areas which are restored will lose some of their original qualities during such a process. It is not expected in most circumstances that every aspect that has characterized an historic area’s past can be included during representation. Historic communities collectively represent portions of the people and the activities that have set it apart from other places. Historic sites generally have a specific socio- economic representation that may mask the true historical and cultural identity of the area. Often the true societal and cultural definition of an area’s lower class is left out in favor of a more elitist perspective (Grimwade and Carter 2000).
The action behind preservation within a community should initially be on maintaining the historical integrity of a place first and then a concern for economic gain which is likely to naturally correspond. The main goal in preserving an area is in explaining the significance and meaning of that area through research, planning, and having a particular group to target. The efforts behind heritage preservation should be as accurate as possible in portraying the 14 community so as to create an appreciation and knowledge of a past that has influenced a present
(Grimwade and Carter 2000).
Cities have a specific set of settlement processes that indicate their origin, such as its socio-economic conditions which established certain economic endeavors, the geographic circumstances that helped define the area, that development was a long process over time, and that specific actions that had taken place were based on decisions made during that time under different conditions. It is imperative to review the changes in technology, changes in population, and specific changes based on a shift in social and economic situations with the area of study
(Morrill 1963).
Aesthetics of Urban Areas
The idea behind urban aesthetics is to evoke sensory and visual stimulation within people
during interaction with an area. A city may be defined by an unapparent history that is being
interpreted by the visitor and viewer which forms an individually derived aesthetic. This may
occur from the architecture of the area which leads to an interpretation; it may also be derived
from prior memory. An overall aesthetic is from a viewer’s time and familiarity with a place that
leads to an image (Burchard 1957).
A misleading or inaccurately portrayed image of an historical area can lead to the loss of the true history of that area. Tearing down some of the history within an urban historic area can erase important aspects of the history or people that came before. The elements of nature through which a city developed are also important to represent formation of that area. There are attractive elements within the city that can create a particular perception of the area, such as its market place (Burchard 1957).
Authenticity of Heritage
Authenticity is generally fabricated from a visitor or resident’s notion of the history of an area. Landscape and the written history of a place are used to determine authenticity. Each 15 viewer’s historical understanding of an area will be different between different people and more
specifically different age groups that have different expectations from their interaction to the
area’s history (DeLyser 1999).
There are different types of authenticity, such as the area being represented being an
actual original feature, or the history being depicted being declared accurate by a specialized
official. Authenticity may also appear accurate from its viewing audience if a person that was
part of that history can verify that it offers an accurate representation. Moreover, the authentic
history is a perception that the individual has of the area rather than what it may actually have
been (DeLyser 1999).
1.4 Data Sources
A variety of data sources were used for this study. There is very little material
concerning Hallowell’s history after it was declared an historic district in the early 1970s.
However, the history of Hallowell’s first 200 years is available within various books and other primary sources.
Descriptive information (mainly non-published material) concerning Hallowell’s material culture can be obtained from the Maine state archives and library, as well as Hallowell’s city hall.
Records such as the 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census A & B, located in the state archives, offer insight into the material culture of Hallowell during its very beginnings. The use of business directories during different periods throughout Hallowell’s history affords an understanding of the economics of the area. Federal population census information is helpful in analyzing any questionable increase or decrease within Hallowell’s growth throughout various decades.
Theories dealing with historic districts and their preservation and aesthetics help to put
Hallowell within a framework (Grimwade and Carter 2000). Analyzing the city structure will
help focus attention on whether there are any inconsistencies within how this place historically
portrays itself (Burchard 1957). 16
1.5 Conclusion
Hallowell, Maine has a rich history based on economic successes, as well as setbacks, in its growth along the Kennebec River. There has been study of Hallowell’s history throughout its first 200 years, but is lacking in sufficient study of its history over the past fifty years. Hallowell began to struggle due to changes concerning dependence on transportation and industry. This thesis answers how Hallowell was first settled and flourished, and what grew out of the decline in
Hallowell’s initial prosperity.
Figure 1.2 Gateway City settlement structure. Source: Burghardt 1971. 17
Chapter 2: Hallowell Prior to 1762
The evolution and history of this area helps put into context the conditions under which
Hallowell was settled. The Kennebec River valley was used as a transportation corridor for trade networks between the Native Indians and the English in the 17th century. This was a resource-
rich area that the English manipulated to gain territory and to establish settlements (Dow 1922).
2.1 Discovery of the Kennebec River Region
The earliest exploration of the Kennebec Region was in 1607 by a group of Englishmen.
Within eighteen years of the Kennebec River Region’s initial discovery it became an area of
prosperous trade between the English and the Native Indians (Figure 2.1) (Snell and Ledew
1962). Pilgrims from the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts needed supplies, and in 1622 sent
Governor Edward Winslow northeast, resulting in a successful venture in trade farther up the
Kennebec River. By 1625, trade between the Native Indians and the English became possible
when the Plymouth Colony began to harvest corn for trade (Dow 1922). The English used corn
as the principle article of trade with Native Americans, trading it for their beaver pelts (Snell and
Ledew 1962).
2.2 Initial Development within the Kennebec Region
Successful trade between the English and the area’s Native groups led to the construction
of a trading post in 1628, which was profitable until the 1650s (Snell and Ledew 1962). A
representative of the Plymouth Colony was sent to England in 1627 to acquire a patent for a
trading settlement in the Kennebec Region (Dow 1922).
In 1629 James I granted the northern area of New England to the company of New
Plymouth. The specific area that was granted was in excess of 1,500,000 acres, from the
Cobbosseecontee Stream that enters the Kennebec about six miles south of present-day
Hallowell, to the Nequamkick Falls of the Kennebec River rapids, to the north about six miles
south of present-day Waterville (Figure 2.2) (Dow 1922). Trade between these two groups 18 continued, and the English crown issued exclusive trading rights along the Kennebec to the
Plymouth Company. The exclusive trading rights granted ownership of this area and the river, as well as the right to form a civil government (Snell and Ledew 1962).
Figure 2.1 The Kennebec River Region. Source: Ulrich 1991.
19
Between 1631 and 1636, the Pilgrims of Plymouth shipped thousands of pounds of
beaver and otter pelts which paid off the debts of the Pilgrims to the London merchants. The
Plymouth Colony of Massachusetts began to profit in cattle and corn in 1638, which brought
higher profits than the fur trade (Dow 1922). Competition with this new market of corn and
cattle, as well as conflicts between the Native tribes over hunting grounds, caused a downturn in
profits in the fur trade (Snell and Ledew 1962). The Plymouth Company attempted to prevent
warring between the region’s Indian tribes in the 1650s by purchasing the land of the southern
Kennebec region and organizing civil governments, but was unsuccessful in relieving the stress
between the groups (Snell and Ledew 1962).
2.3 Second Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region
With continued problems along the Kennebec, the Plymouth Colony sold their patent of
land along the Kennebec in the 1660s for ₤400 to four different purchasers (Snell and Ledew
1962). The patent of land came to be owned by a group called “the proprietors of the Kennebec
purchase” that left the land dormant for around ninety years due to the relations between the
English and the Native Indians (Dow 1922).
The land from the Kennebec patent was recorded in 1719 to be part of York County. The
population of this area at the time was minimal due to Indian Wars in 1675 and 1688, and Queen
Anne’s War from 1703 to 1713. The population dipped as low as 500 inhabitants between the
existing towns of Kittery, York, and Wells which were located in the very southern portions of
Maine (Snell and Ledew 1962).
In the 1720s there were disagreements over the ownership of the Kennebec Valley between proprietors who claimed their rights from Indian deeds, and those that claimed rights from Crown grants and patents. The state of Massachusetts addressed the problems between land claims with the General Court of Massachusetts. The towns that already existed and were able to maintain their community throughout the warring within the area allowed colonists to settle 20 without prior licensing from the Governor and Council of the General Court (Snell and Ledew
1962).
Figure 2.2 Granted area of trade. Source: DeLorme 1991.
Due to the continued conflicts over land rights, descendants of the proprietors of the
Kennebec purchase researched and proved their land rights from the Plymouth Colony along the 21
Kennebec River in 1741. By 1749 the heirs of the original patent had met and were able to organize their interests by surveying the area, establishing townships along both sides of the
Kennebec River, and encouraging settlers to move to the area with incentives (Dow 1922). By
1753 the heirs of the original patent divided up the land and renamed themselves “The Proprietors of the Kennebec Purchase from the late Colony of New Plymouth” (Snell and Ledew 1962).
2.4 Third Stage of Development within the Kennebec Region
The heirs of the Kennebec purchase divided two large lots of land on the western bank of the Kennebec River, which were given to Dr. Sylvester Gardiner and Benjamin Hallowell. Both large lots consisted of one mile of river frontage and were five miles deep (Snell and Ledew
1962). The Kennebec purchasers began advertising their lots in 1754. Great Britain and France were at war in 1756, and by 1759 Quebec had fallen and the area of Massachusetts was able to extend north to the Penobscot River which made the Kennebec Region to the south a much easier and more secure place to settle. With the expansion of territory the County of Lincoln was created in 1760, of which the Kennebec Purchase was a part (Snell and Ledew 1962).
In 1761 The Kennebec Proprietors split their land into tiered lots away from both sides of the Kennebec River to the east and the west banks. The first tier of lots was immediately along the Kennebec River with fifty rods of water frontage. The second tiers, behind the first, had 150 rods of frontage and the third lot tiers seventy-five rods. The proprietors withheld every third of the first tiered lots along the river as well as the entire second row tier. All of the other lots were available for purchase from prospective settlers (Snell and Ledew 1962).
2.5 The Emergence of a Gateway Pattern of Development
At the start of the 17th century the area of the Kennebec River Region where Hallowell later would become a settlement exhibited characteristics of a developing gateway design. The
Kennebec River valley was ultimately used by the English as a corridor for trade with Natives of the area. The trade network between these two groups occurred at the head of navigation on the 22
Kennebec River with ample resources located outward to the east and west as well as to the north.
This fan shaped service area supplied the English with furs which they then incorporated into their long distance trade network.
Trade between the groups was profitable for the English which led to the crown appointing land for exclusive trading rights. The development of this area was part of a discovery process as the English explored the region for its resource potential. Continual interest in this area proved to be beneficial and ultimately resulted in the settlement of Hallowell which was highly successful in economic and administrative activities.
The history of the Kennebec Region is one of complex political and cultural diversity.
While there were many successes for the area’s inhabitants with regard to profit and growth, it was not easy. The Kennebec Region represented a desired gateway location for the English,
Indians, and French. The English were able to exploit the many resources of the area, which caused resentment, particularly from the French. The Kennebec River was an important transportation route for the import of commodities to areas of northern New England as well as for the exporting of raw materials for processing. The slow development of the Kennebec Region
(Figure 2.3) was not due to lack of interest, since it was full of rich resources, but rather over safety and security from disputes and violence over this highly desired area. 23
Figure 2.3 Settlement areas of New England by 1700. Source: Barton 1977. 24
Chapter 3: Hallowell, 1762-1840
Soon after the initial settlement of Hallowell in 1762 a successful gateway city began to emerge. Hallowell evolved into a hub for trade, supplying the surrounding areas and linking it to national and global markets. Hallowell was also seen as an area of economic and administrative activities for the area because of its location along the primary transportation route of the
Kennebec River and its involvement in the shipping industry. Hallowell, as a gateway city, allowed the community to be seen as a competitive and competent area of varied production levels in service.
3.1 From Settlement to Incorporation
The first permanent settlers came to the Hallowell area in 1762. The first settlers were
Deacon Pease Clark and his immediate family, who hailed originally from Attleborough,
Massachusetts. Clark had been granted an area of water frontage along the Kennebec River that was fifty rods (825 ft.) wide and one mile (5,280 ft.) deep (Snell and Ledew 1962). In 1762 there were a total of twelve granted lots north of the Cobbosseecontee River, four of which were granted to the Clark family males as well as an additional two lots the following year (Snell and
Ledew 1962). By 1764 there were a total of 37 surveyed lots (Dow 1922).
Captain James Howard was the most influential and largest land owner in Hallowell, his grants from 1763, 1764, and 1769 totaled 800 acres, including another 480 acres along the east side; Howard’s son also held 550 acres. Captain Howard owned two eighty ton sloops, two saw mills, and a large number of cattle. The Howard family was successful in shipping and trading, and Howard’s sons were business leaders, concentrating on merchandising goods that were shipped from Boston. Samuel and William Howard’s business (S&W) furnished provisions that ultimately encouraged population growth in Hallowell. The Howard brothers exported staves, shingles, salmon, moose skins, and furs (sable, beaver, otter, and fox) to Boston, and imported pork, corn, flour, shoes, and clothing, along with West India goods and rum (Dow 1922). 25
It was not until 1770, with a population of forty-nine settlers that the residents petitioned for incorporation. By April, 1771 the request for incorporation was granted, and Hallowell was established (Snell and Ledew, 1962). Hallowell was named after a descendant of the original proprietors from the Plymouth Company, Benjamin Hallowell of Boston, who acquired ten square miles from the original land grant. The town of Hallowell was comprised of roughly ninety square miles, where the present day communities of Hallowell, Augusta, Chelsea,
Manchester, and Farmingdale are located (Snell and Ledew 1962).
3.2 From Incorporation to Division into Three Parishes
The American Revolution (1775-1783) disrupted local economies, especially the fisheries, lumber trading, shipbuilding and shipping. People experienced problems such as food shortage due to the requirement to ship supplies to aid troops, inflation, and over taxation, which in part led to the eventual separation of Northern New England from Massachusetts, thereby creating the District of Maine (Snell and Ledew 1962). Settlers were attracted to Maine by low land prices and land being distributed for as little as $1.50 per acre. The Kennebec Region economy began to dramatically prosper after President Washington took office in 1789, as tax burdens were reduced, the currency was stabilized, and war debts were paid off (Snell and Ledew
1962).
In 1785, the District of Maine sought separation from the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts (Cole 1933). The District of Maine was denied statehood in May, 1792, which led to another request on February 9, 1795 for the separation of York, Cumberland, and Lincoln counties for statehood from the Western District of Maine (Vermont Repository 1795). The wish for separation was based on the beliefs that the distance to Boston created inconvenience and delays in business which had to be handled in Boston public offices, the administration of justice was unfairly handled by judges that lived in Boston, and that access to clerks’ records in Boston was limited by distance (Vermont Repository 1795). 26
The counties were concerned with being more independent in agriculture, manufacturing, and the arts and sciences, as well as having a more fairly dispersed education (Vermont
Repository 1795. The request for separation was denied by the General Court at the counties’ convention, and the issue of statehood continued until the separation was finally legalized by the
General Court in December of 1819, through an Act of Separation, with a vote of 162 to three
(Cole 1933).
Hallowell was growing so quickly that two separate settlements began to form: the area of Fort Western (named the Fort), and the Hook (Bombahook). The Hook was the main market area and shipping node on the upper part of the Kennebec River. Hallowell’s economy flourished with successes in trade, but competition arose between the two separate areas of Hallowell.
Overall, the Hook had better access to the head of tidewater where navigation was limited (Snell and Ledew 1962).
Hallowell had grown considerably by 1793 and people no longer wanted to travel the distance it took to get to Fort Western for sermon, so the residents began a committee to divide the town into two parishes. The following year at the annual meeting it was proposed that the town be separated into three parishes, and by June of 1794 the town was formally separated into
North, Middle, and South Parish (Figure 3.1) (Cole 1933).
A prosperous area of industry within Hallowell was Old Loudon Hill located in the southern area of Hallowell. The area was named for settlers that had come from Loudon, New
Hampshire. The area had a thriving shipyard, a shoemaker, tanneries, grist mill, wool shop, and a taxidermist. Another area of great prosperity was the Bombahook, also called Vaughan Stream, where the Vaughan Flour Mill was completed in 1793, and where John Sheppard had erected a
Brewery in 1796 (Figure 3.2) (Snell and Ledew 1962). 27
3.3 From Parish Divisions to 1840
Hallowell’s economy prospered after the Revolution and continued to do so in spite of the fact that the upper parishes separated in February of 1797 to form another town. The Fort had wanted to build a bridge to the eastern shore and felt it offered the best location at the head of navigation; but the Hook felt that they were located at the head of navigation and that it was they that should have the bridge located within the South Parish. The disagreement was one factor for the petition of division into two different towns (Snell and Ledew 1962). “By an act of the
Legislature on February 20th, 1797, the town of Hallowell was divided and nearly two-thirds of its
territory and about one-half of its taxable property were set off for a new town” (Nason 1909, 61).
The upper parishes were named Augusta and the Hook maintained the name of Hallowell (Snell
and Ledew 1962).
Figure 3.1 Area of the Kennebec Purchase. Source: Ulrich 1991. 28
The Fort had more business with lumber while the Hook had focused on more
agriculture, mercantile goods, and shipping (Nason 1909). Hallowell continued as the main base
for agricultural trade since it had a tradition of being the agricultural capital of the region. “From
the division to about 1807, according to North, Hallowell secured most of the trade of the
agricultural towns to the west, and extended its trade to the seaboard towns east of the river. This
commerce was to enable Hallowell to withstand, better than most seaports, the troubles that were
ahead. On Augusta, North said, the war was to fall “with crushing weight” (Snell and Ledew
1962, 19).
From its early beginning, Hallowell’s residents were concerned with establishing proper schooling and places of worship. By 1786 Hallowell had separated into eight school districts, with four on the east side of the Kennebec River and four on the west. In 1792 the school districts changed to three on the east side and six on the west. The Hallowell Academy was established in 1795 as a men’s post-secondary school, and by 1829 women were also attending this institution (Snell and Ledew 1962). There were several churches present in Hallowell by
1840; the Old South Congregational Church in 1796 (Figure 3.3), Methodist Episcopal 1803,
First Baptist Church 1807, Unitarian Church Society 1823, and the Free Baptist Church in 1834
(Snell and Ledew 1962).
Hallowell was part of Lincoln County until the development of Kennebec County in
1799. By the turn of the century Hallowell had done well with exports and domestic trade but with the embargos before the War of 1812 they were restricted to sail by national requirement to help prevent war. Hallowell traders were forced to create a new capital venture between 1806 and
1814 that focused on smaller industries. Hallowell was second to Maine as the top market town in the district while other surrounding areas were failing due to drops in farm prices, a shift from lumbering, and access to imports (Snell and Ledew 1962). 29
Figure 3.2 Map of the Principle Streets in Hallowell, Maine 1822. Source: HCH 2005
On March 16, 1820 the District of Maine became the State of Maine, from the
Compromise of 1820 (Snell and Ledew 1962). “Hallowell was a busy port and market place at the time Maine became a state. Its business streets had seventy-one stores, including three large bookstores, for the town was a publishing center” (Snell and Ledew 1962, 20). By 1826 an ice 30 industry was established in Hallowell, with ships carrying ice to the South, Europe, and the West
Indies. The presence of oilcloth industries was common in the Kennebec River region by the
Figure 3.3 Old South Congregational Church prior to 1878. Source: Briggs 1996.
1830s. In 1840, Samuel Berry started the Hallowell Oilcloth Works which was located on
Hinckley’s Point; there were other oilcloth industries at this location as well (Snell and Ledew
1962). Transportation began to expand with the introduction of the Kennebec and Portland
Railroad in 1836, which ran from Portland to Augusta, as well as steamer services in 1840 that
connected Hallowell with Boston (Snell and Ledew 1962).
3.4 Economics
1762-1800
Development was slow during the early stages of settlement in the 1760s, and the
primary commerce in trade was again with the Natives, and fisheries. In 1763 shipbuilding began
along the east side of the Kennebec River, establishing the river as the principal transportation 31 corridor. There was a road in and out of the area which had been built for military transportation between Fort Halifax and Fort Western (Snell and Ledew 1962).
The economy in late 18th century Hallowell was based primarily on a self-sufficient, pre- industrial family production base, such as textiles production. A small domestic economy of textile and trade for things like fiber and yarn occurred between neighbors, money also came from sale of flax, bread, and molasses. Some main goods in the mercantile trade were brandy, ginger, spice, and pepper. Goods that helped drive the Kennebec economy were cabbage and candles. Trade among neighbors was for pumpkin, flax, ashes, and milk. The stores in Hallowell supplied imports of ribbon, muslin, pins, lace, tape, silk, rice, and turnip seed Hallowell had a druggist, painter, plumber, and mail delivery from Boston (Cole 1933), as well as a tavern and ferry keeper in 1787 (Ulrich 1991).
Archival material on Hallowell’s material culture in 1798 was evaluated through the use of statistical testing using SPSS frequency distribution of the 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census A
(Appendix A). The results are based on the number of stories of housing structures, the number of windows in homes along with the square footage of glass, and the overall property valuation based on house, lot, and additional out buildings. The findings are based on 182 properties, the average of which was a one story home with twelve windows, ninety-seven square feet of glass, and with a property value of $560.00 (Table 3.1) (FDTC 1798).
According to the 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census B (Appendix B) there were a large number of stores and shops in Hallowell by 1798. The town had a bark house and tan house, five blacksmith shops, an apothecary shop, tobacconist shop, and a hatter and potter shop. There were twenty stores and eight shops listed with no further identification. There were three offices, a grist mill, distillery and brewery, a taylor’s shop, as well as two wharves, a stable, two kiln houses, a sawmill, and a felling mill (FDTC 1798). 32
From 1790 to 1800 shipbuilding on the Kennebec increased, and by the turn of the century Hallowell had launched thirty-eight ships. Hallowell also had a strong agricultural background with cattle and pork, and industries growing beans, potatoes, and hay, which were used to support the lumber camps. Hallowell was also a hub for trade in English and West Indian goods and agricultural products. Products that were shipped to the coast and other port communities included sheep, cattle, and other farm goods (Snell and Ledew 1962).
STORIES WINDOW SQ.FT.GL VALUE N Valid 182 131 131 131 Missing 3 54 54 54 Mean 1.37 12.60 97.55 560.8244 Std. Error of Mean .037 .691 7.139 36.60117 Median 1.00 10.00 66.00 440.0000 Mode 1 6(a) 51 300.00 Std. Deviation 418.9195 .496 7.906 81.704 3 Variance 175493.5 .246 62.503 6675.557 7663 Skewness .663 1.460 1.816 1.538 Std. Error of Skewness .180 .212 .212 .212 Range 2 50 477 2045.00 Minimum 1 1 6 105.00 Maximum 3 51 483 2150.00 Sum 250 1651 12779 73468.00 Percentiles 25 1.00 7.00 44.00 275.0000 50 1.00 10.00 66.00 440.0000 75 2.00 17.00 137.00 700.0000 Table 3.1 Frequency Distribution from the 1798 Direct Tax Census A. Source: DTC 1798. (a): Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown
1800-1840
“True it is, however, that at the opening of the nineteenth century Old Hallowell was the busiest place in the district of Maine east of Portland and at one time bade fair to become the great commercial metropolis of the state” (Nason 1909, 67).
33
By 1800 Hallowell had prospered materially from its interest in agriculture, commercial, and maritime affairs. During the early 19th century Hallowell had at least twelve wharves, with
Sheppard’s Point considered the head of navigation and the area where the largest ships could
dock (Nason 1909).
The granite industry began in Hallowell in 1815 at Haines Ledge, located at the western
edge of Hallowell. The granite industry was successful for roughly 100 years, and the quarry
supplied such things as cornice stones for Quincy Market in Boston between 1815 and 1827
(Snell and Ledew 1962). The Haines’ Quarry was sold in 1828 to various businessmen before
being renamed the North Quarry of the Hallowell Granite Company. The Hallowell Granite
Company also purchased the Longfellow Quarry (Snell and Ledew 1962).
By 1821, Hallowell had seventy-one stores, three bookstores, two printing
establishments, and two newspapers: “A table of statistics, by Judge Weston, shows that
Augusta, at this time, had only one thousand inhabitants, only twenty stores, and no printing
houses. In the light of its present prosperity, however, Hallowell can well afford to accord to Old
Hallowell the glory of its one half-century of commercial and intellectual supremacy” (Nason
1909, 69).
In the 1820s Hallowell’s shipping industry was involved in shipping cotton from the
south to the northern factories to make cloth, as well as shipping cotton to England to
manufacture cloth and sell it back at a cheaper price (Clark 1969). Hallowell began construction
of the Hallowell House hotel in 1832 to try and keep up their competition with Augusta which
was chosen as the capital in 1830 (Figure 3.4). The Hallowell House hosted highly esteemed
visitors such as President Theodore Roosevelt and writers like Nathaniel Hawthorne and Henry
Wadsworth Longfellow (Briggs 1996).
34
Figure 3.4 The Hallowell House, 1855. Source: Briggs 1996.
3.5 Population
Hallowell’s population was 692 in 1784 (Snell and Ledew 1962). Based on the Federal
Population Census from 1790 for Hallowell the population was 1,194, with 629 males, 553 females, and twelve free blacks among 184 families (TMG 1995). Hallowell’s population in
1800 was 1,382 and increased to 2,068 in 1810. Between 1810 and 1820 there was a forty percent gain in the population, an increase of 851 people. The total population in 1820 was 2,919, and in 1830, the population indicates another substantial increase with a total of 3,964. The population steadily increased throughout the first half of the 19th century in Hallowell, and by
1840 the population was 4,668 (Federal Census 1800-1840). 35
Chapter 4: Hallowell, 1840-1920
Hallowell was most noteworthy with respect to commercial and maritime interests, with shipbuilding and trade with domestic and foreign ports making it a well known seaport town
(Nason 1909). Regardless of Hallowell’s parish divisions to form Augusta, which resulted in a twin gateway city to Hallowell, the community remained highly competitive with varied levels and types of production. Schooner ships delivered coal to Hallowell, and left with ice, lumber, and granite. “Shortly after its settlement, Hallowell became the most important place of business on the Kennebec above Bath. This was due to the thriving maritime business carried on between
Hallowell and Boston, New York, and the West Indies” (Snell and Ledew 1962, 91).
4.1 Hallowell, 1840-1880
By the 1840s, Hallowell had begun to experience the effects of a decline in the shipping trade. The introduction of rail lines began to change the means of transportation and commerce and led to a loss in Hallowell’s market economy and declining exports to Boston and other areas
(Snell and Ledew 1962). After this point, Hallowell relied on its success in granite to support its economy (Clark 1969).
The first railroads in Maine were the Kennebec and Portland, two short rail lines that primarily hauled lumber between 1830 and 1850. In 1853 the Portland-Montreal rail line was established. The railroad enabled other communities to become connected along the Kennebec, and ultimately opened up different options of travel besides the river. The use of rail was also seen as a better option than by ship because travel was not restricted by the tides or weather, and was a cheaper means of transportation (Clark 1969).
In the 1850s Hallowell became well known for its exports of ice, oilcloth, wood products, and granite. The Kennebec River in Hallowell had two main nodes of activity Shepherd’s Point facing south, and Wilder’s Point facing north (Figure 4.1, 4.2). Water Street, which ran parallel 36 to the river along its west side, had direct access to export facilities, which made this area extremely important (Briggs 1996).
The Kennebec Steamboat Company ran a Sagadahoc steamer in 1866 named the Star of the East, which ran between Hallowell and Boston. The Eastern Steamboat Company was located along the bottom of Winthrop Street off of Wilder’s Point (Figure 4.3) (Briggs 1996).
Figure 4.1 North on Water Street with Wilder’s Point in the Background, 1880. Source: Briggs 1996.
Figure 4.2 South on Water Street with Shepherd’s Point in the Background, 1880. Source: Briggs 1996. 37
Figure 4.3 Della Collins Steamboat at the Kennebec Wharf, 1885. Source: Briggs 1996.
4.2 Hallowell, 1880-1920
Hallowell officially became a city in 1871 (Payson 1908). At the beginning of the twentieth century Hallowell was a prosperous place to work and live, with beautiful and stately homes, an advanced education system, several churches, a library, various newspapers and publishing houses, to say nothing of its attractive setting. The use of schooners had declined in the 1900s, as tugboats and barges were seen as better and more versatile alternatives to ship granite, ice, and lumber (Briggs 1996).
The Victorian period of architecture, characterized by fancy and elaborate forms, was influential between 1840 and 1910 (Figure 4.4). Many of the Federal period homes in Hallowell were altered to reflect Victorian style during this era. Many examples of Victorian Period homes within Hallowell are of Federal Period homes that were altered as architectural styles changed
(Clark 1969).
38
Figure 4.4 Bodwell House, 1885. Source: Briggs 1996.
4.3 Hallowell’s Economy
1840-1880
“The 1807 edition of the American Encyclopedia predicted that Hallowell would one day become one of the nation’s largest cities. Although the city would never fulfill that lofty expectation, by the end of the nineteenth century, there may have been no city in Maine that stood higher than Hallowell” (Briggs 1996, 9).
The Hallowell cotton mill began operating in 1845 (Figure 4.5) (WWP 1940). The cotton mill was located off of Water and Second Streets along the Hallowell Academy (Snell and Ledew
1962). In 1844 the cotton mill reached its peak production with 200 operators and over 15,000 spindles in operation making jeans, sheets, prints, and coat linings (Figure 4.6) (Briggs 1996). A
Hallowell native named Henry Clearwater established a mail-order pharmaceutical business that shipped to areas in Great Britain, Europe, the United States, and Africa (Briggs 1996).
39
Figure 4.5 Cotton mill, 1875. Source: Briggs 1996.
Figure 4.6 Cotton mill machinery operator, 1870. Source: Briggs 1996.
The Commissioners Report on State Valuation for vessels in Hallowell in 1859 indicated how many vessels were in operation as well as the shipping scale per ton for each (Appendix C).
There were twenty-nine vessels totaling 7,404 1/3 tons that were assessed at a total of $222,069
(HCH 2005).
In the 1870s the Kennebec Wire Company was established in Hallowell, and in the 1880s
Ben Tenney took over ownership and made it an isinglass factory, for making a product that was 40 useful in the beer industry. In the 1880s the Stickney and Page Slate Company was located along
Vaughan Stream (Figure 4.7). The Boston Flint Paper Company was located at the bottom of
Greenville Street along the Bombahook, along with the George Fuller and Sons Iron Foundry,
Milliken’s Sawmill, and the Knickerbocker Ice Houses (Briggs 1996). Sampson’s Mill was built in 1873, and employed fifty-five workers until it closed in 1884. The Wilder Plant was another
Oilcloth industry which was in operation until a fire in 1900 (Clark 1969).
Figure 4.7 Vaughan Stream, area of several industries, 1865. Source: Briggs 1996.
The Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner Directory of 1867-1868 listed all of the names of
citizens of the respective towns, together with a business directory for each community
(Appendix D). Hallowell had a functioning fire department, city government office, and several
public schools; one high school, one grammar school, two intermediate schools, and seven
primary schools, as well as seven different churches of varying denominations. There were four
banks, an insurance company, two telegraph offices, one newspaper, a social library, academy,
bridge company, a stage company, and post office (Langford and Chase 1867). 41
1880-1920
Hallowell had a bustling economy between 1860 and 1910. By 1890 there was a shoe factory
(Figure 4.8), two sawmills, two oilcloth factories, two iron foundries, a sandpaper mill, a nationally recognized granite company, an ice industry, and several small-scale stores (Figures
4.14-4.19) (Briggs 1996). Along with varied industry in Hallowell there were also many smaller businesses that specialized in the manufacturing of soap, silk stockings, candy, candles, glue, isinglass, and patented medicines (Clark 1969).
In the 1890s there were at least fifty businesses along the west side of Water Street in
Hallowell, with services from dentists, lawyers, tailors grog shops, fish markets, drug stores, grocery stores, barber shops, candy stores, poolrooms, and a roller rink. The east side of Water
Street (Figure 4.9) had a successful patent medicine business (Briggs 1996). Hardware stores that were located in Hallowell during the 1890s carried goods from stove pipes to whiskey. The
1890s also saw the beginnings of tourism in Hallowell; 100,000 tourists arrived via the Kennebec
River during this decade. The Kennebec Steamboat Company was established in 1897 to bring visitors up the Kennebec (WWP 1940).
Figure 4.8 Johnson Brothers shoe factory, 1903. Source: Briggs 1996.
42
Figure 4.9 Shops along the east side of Water Street, 1900. Source: Briggs 1996.
The granite industry experienced some decline during the Civil War, but expanded again after the War when Joseph Bodwell established the Hallowell Granite Works (Clark 1969).
Within the first decade of the 20th century artisan granite carvers, many of them Italian, came to
Hallowell to carve statues, monuments, and columns for the granite industry which employed at least 500 people during this time. The Maine Central Railroad was used to ship granite columns and monuments (Briggs 1996). The granite industry was very successful, from its beginning in
1815 to its peak output in 1904 (Figure 4.10). During the early decades of the twentieth century the granite industry began to decline as the use of cement began to replace granite (Clark 1969).
Another successful industry in Hallowell during the Victorian era was the supplying of ice from the Kennebec River, which prospered until the introduction of the refrigerator (Clark
1969). The ice industry originated in the 1820s and employed 15,000 people in the 1890s shipping ice to Boston, New York, Cuba, and the West Indies before experiencing a decline in
1901(Figure 4.11) (Briggs 1996). The ice industry supplied jobs to area farmers and lumberman who came to live in Hallowell as seasonal laborers in housing lodges during their off season. The 43 ice industry in Maine achieved its peak output in 1890, with shipments totaling three million tons of ice (Figure 4.12) (Clark 1969).
Figure 4.10 Granite production, 1890. Source: Briggs 1996.
Figure 4.11 Ships docked along the Kennebec River, 1890. Source: Briggs 1996.
Immigrant housing within Hallowell was a mix of Federal period homes that the wealthy
residents of Hallowell had abandoned as they moved to newer areas along the hillsides. The 44 abandoned homes of the Hallowell elite were used as cheaper housing for the immigrant workers and their families; many were converted into duplexes and multiple-unit apartments (Clark 1969).
Figure 4.12 Ice harvesting on the Kennebec River, 1890. Source: Briggs 1996.
By the early 1900s various businesses, all of which had contributed to Hallowell’s
economy, were closing (Clark 1969). The logging industry had its prosperity from 1836 to 1926
with logs collected in the Moosehead Lake region sent down the Kennebec River to sorting
booms; Hallowell had the largest sorting boom in the region and as many as 400 employed
(Figure 4.13) (Briggs 1996).
The Board of Trade journal for Hallowell in 1908 listed the industry and businesses of
Hallowell (Appendix E). The city still had the sandpaper manufacturing plant, which was called
the Boston Flint Company that was part of the larger American Glue Company. Johnson
Brothers Shoe manufacturing company was still in Hallowell, as was the Hallowell Iron Foundry
and the Hallowell Granite Works. The Hallowell House remained the primary hotel and resort.
The city of Hallowell still had a wide variety of stores with access to necessities as well as
specialty items (Payson 1908). 45
Figure 4.13 Lumber outside of Milliken’s sawmill, 1885. Source: Briggs 1996.
4.4 Population in Hallowell
A significant feature of population developments in Hallowell during the early 19th century was the influx of immigrant labor from Europe. The granite industry especially, attracted immigrant labor from Italy. Certain sections of Water Street, Second and Winthrop Streets, and roughly the entire section of Granite Hill, which was also referred to as Bodwellville, were the main areas in which this immigrant population lived (Clark 1969).
The 1840 population census of Hallowell registered a total population of 4,668. There was a slight increase in population by 1850 with 4,769 enumerated (Federal Census 1840, 1850).
The 1860 census registered a dramatic drop in the total population with 2,435 people. The population had rebounded to 3,008 in 1870, and increased only slightly over the following two decades with a population total of 3,154 in 1880 and 3,181 in 1890. There was another drop in population in the 1900 census with a total of 2,714 (Maine Register 1860-1890). The Hallowell census for 1920 had 2,764, people compared to its sister city of Augusta with 14,114 (WWP
1940). 46
Figure 4.14 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 1). Source: http://www.davidrumsey.com 47
Figure 4.15 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 2). Source: http://wwww.davidrumsey.com 48
Figure 4.16 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 3). Source: http://www.davidrumsey.com 49
Figure 4.17 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 4). Source: http://www.davidrumsey.com 50
Figure 4.18 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 5). Source: http://www.davidrumsey.com 51
Figure 4.19 Sanborn-Perris map of Hallowell, 1889 (sheet 6). Source: http://www.daivdrumsey.com 52
Chapter 5: Hallowell, 1920 to the Present
Hallowell began to experience a decline as a gateway city with the advent of alternatives in transportation. The triumph of the railroad devastated Hallowell’s import and export economy and led to the failure of some businesses (Clark 1969). Hallowell’s initial development and success was based largely on its location with respect to transportation access; the Kennebec
River had supplied Hallowell with settlers, trade, and industry, and merchants benefited by employing Hallowell as a hub for access to areas throughout the state by combining water and land transportation (Briggs 1996).
Hallowell became a relict city as industry left the area and transportation became varied.
With Augusta having been named the state capital it became an important area for politics and administration. Hallowell’s twin gateway city had emerged as the dominant city and Hallowell became its bedroom community. As Hallowell continued its decline in economics the officials and residents in the community began to refocus their attentions on preservation efforts.
A new approach to economic stability through revitalization and preservation in
Hallowell is currently driving the market. The fact that Hallowell is focused on attracting visitors to the community through its appearance and unique history leads to the question of how effective and accurately the community is being portrayed.
5.1 Hallowell, 1920-Present
In 1939 the Mayor of Hallowell, Elmer Campbell, wrote a report concerning the financial rehabilitation within Hallowell. Financial changes that occurred to the city throughout its history were based on the successes and failures in industry. The end of the granite industry, due to alternative uses of limestone and marble, caused financial peril for Hallowell. Immigrants and the overall labor population that had been employed in the granite industry were leaving the area.
By 1921 the city had a bonded debt of $89,000 plus additional temporary loans that when combined totaled $122,500 (Campbell 1939). 53
During this time the government raised property valuations by twenty-five percent, which forced the city to set a mill rate of forty-five on property value. The city officials volunteered for pay cuts of ten percent in each department and the city established a tax club for people who wanted to pay taxes in increments weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly. This allowed the city to pay interest on their loans before the due date. In 1935 the government declared that the interest was paid from temporary loans and refunded the city by reducing the interest to, two and ¼ percent.
Hallowell was then able to sell back homes to previous owners that had been unable to pay their taxes; the buy-back was based on half of the tax valuation that was unpaid. The city began to financially improve in 1936 (Campbell 1939). The city began betterment efforts in the business district with new lighting systems, paved roadways, and updating the street department with motorized transportation (Campbell 1939).
From the losses in industry within Hallowell the city began to use those sites of previous activity for civic-minded pursuits. The Vaughan woods and cascade dam, which had been used for their resources, were turned into preserve land with walking paths and hiking trails. A school building was constructed in 1953 on the site of the former Sampson oilcloth industry (Briggs
1996).
5.2 Hallowell’s Economy
1920-1960
The granite industry was still in production in the 1920s and shipped granite by barge and tugboat (Figure 5.1) (Briggs 1996). The April, 1920 issue of Hallowell’s Report on
Manufacturing Plants lists the assessed value of the active industries. Industries included
American Glue, Johnson Brothers shoe, and the Marston Brook Shoe Company; Marston Brook
was located in the former cotton mill (Humphrey 1920). 54
Figure 5.1 Barge waiting to ship granite, 1920. Source: Briggs 1996.
The Hallowell business directory for 1948 lists at least sixty small businesses which
mainly catered to goods of necessity rather than specialty (Appendix F) (Manning 1948). Based
on the listing of businesses the city had everything that a resident needed to live and work within
walking distance.
The Johnson Brothers shoe factory, which had become Kennebec Shoe in 1934, closed in
1955 and was torn down for an ice skating rink to be built on the site The Hallowell House hotel
and restaurant was still functioning during this time period and continued to accommodate famous visitors such as Margaret Chase Smith, a Maine native who was active in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate (Briggs 1996). The Hallowell House closed in 1959 and was renovated into an apartment building (Row House 2005).
1960-Present
Hallowell was in an economic downturn by this period. The Kennebec River had become extremely polluted and the stately homes were deteriorating from neglect. The cotton mill, which closed in 1890, was converted into an elderly housing complex in 1970 (Briggs 55
1996). In 1964 the Urban Renewal Authority of Hallowell conducted a land utilization and feasibility study on the central area of Hallowell. The study focused on the widening of U.S. route 201 by removing the structures on the eastern side of Water Street. The east side of Water
Street had deteriorating buildings where antiques and retail goods were sold. There were only a
few active businesses on the east side such as a barber shop, hardware store, bake shop, and a loan office, compared to several businesses on the west side. The traffic volume of Water Street was 8,000 vehicles a day with volumes of 3,000 on the connecting roadway of Winthrop Street and 1,100 on Second Street (Ballard 1964).
Part of the planning that was proposed was for street widening between Second and
Central Streets up to Middle Street. This main area was seen as having the greatest potential for being commercially developed based on the study of traffic patterns and the accessibility to these roadways. The study also made recommendations to renovate some structures within the community to make it a more appealing area of commerce. Sixteen percent of homes within
Hallowell by 1960 had deteriorated and sixty-two percent were maintained (Ballard 1964).
By 1969 Hallowell’s economy was almost stagnant in both industry and commercial business: “The proud city that had once challenged Augusta for the state capital had become its bedroom, and acquired instead a new title: “the antique capital of Maine.” Hallowell’s eyes were clearly on its past” (Briggs 1996, 8). Hallowell’s Urban Renewal Authority in the late 1960s began demolition of structures that were badly deteriorated, which caused alarm among some residents that felt preservation of these structures was imperative to maintain the integrity of
Hallowell’s history. The demolition opened up areas that had been congested. Residents and other concerned citizens petitioned the federal government to declare the area of downtown
Hallowell an historic district, which was achieved at the start of the 1970s (Personal
Communication 2005). 56
People in Hallowell began to realize that their city had unique qualities and characteristics which could be used to benefit their economy and lifestyles. Combining the unique history of Hallowell with specific period architecture was the focus in order to bring in tourists and visitors and ultimately benefit the economy. “Many find a peace and stabilizing effect viewing objects which link themselves with people and events that came before them.
People enjoy visiting the antique shops and handling objects of the past. There is also an excitement in viewing the houses of our forbearers, as the fancy for summertime open house tours testifies” (Clark 1969, 144).
Many committees focused on the preservation of Hallowell to try and make a more vital economy. The aim with preservation was not to antiquate the community but rather preserve the important aspects and restore those features while creating a living and working atmosphere. The history of Hallowell’s past economy could be highlighted through the homes of sea captains and business leaders that had lived in Hallowell, as well as being home too two past Maine governors. Hallowell also had examples of different architectural periods of style and some buildings that were used in past industry (Clark 1969).
In the 1970s Hallowell was widely known as a center for antique buyers and dealers. In an article titled “Maine’s Antique Center,” Hallowell was described as being “two antique shops wide and ten antique shops deep” (Brady 1974, 10). There were at least twenty shops that occupied a four block area. The Hallowell Dealers Association listed eighteen antique stores in the business directory in 1974 but that is not the total number of stores since businesses did not have to advertise in the directory (Brady 1974).
The Old Hallowell Days Committee formed the Commercial Restoration Tour for the public to participate in. The tour was of commercial buildings that were located within the historic district and had been restored or were being restored. The committee supplied a brief history of the buildings and the restoration efforts behind each. The restoration efforts were 57 focused on retrofitting modern conveniences while trying to maintain historic integrity, new heating or plumbing systems and new window installation were examples of changes with restoration (OHDC).
A preservation group in Hallowell called Row House was established after concerned residents bought the historical row house, which was in ruin within Hallowell’s downtown, and preserved it for resale. They began actively preserving historic buildings and assisting other people involved in the effort. The Row House committee was not an agency to mandate certain preservation efforts but rather encourage proper methods. The restrictions on preservation were based on Federal standards when the historic district was first initialized and since then additional state and local participation and restrictions have been adopted (Personal Communication 2005).
The Row House has since devised a brochure of an historic walking trail within the city which offers a brief synopsis of the history of the community as well as highlighting areas of special interest (Appendix G). The brochure contains fifty-six particularly unique examples that reflect Hallowell’s history, architecture, and longevity (Figure 5.2, 5.3).
The Hallowell Area Board of Trade directory from 1996-1997 listed several services and a large number of specialty stores (Appendix H). The Directory indicates a wide variety of services such as healthcare, banking, planning, printing, and landscaping, to groceries and stationery (BOT 1996). Several specialty shops have experienced changes in location or ownership but regardless of the changes within the businesses of Hallowell the choices remain varied.
5.3 Population in Hallowell
The population for Hallowell in 1920 was 2,764, followed by 2,675 in 1930 (WWP
1940). There was an increase in population by seventeen percent from 1940 to 1950 having gone from 2,906 to 3,404. The population declined by seven percent in 1960 with a population of
3,169 (Ballard 1964). The population has continually declined in Hallowell with a recorded 58 population from the Federal Census of 2,534 in 1990 and 2,467 in 2000 (Federal Census
1990,2000).
5.4 Hallowell Today
“Hallowell doesn’t feel fragile or cute or self-aware in that coy, let’s-charm-the-tourists way that coastal Maine sometimes does” (Wormser 2004).
I conducted interviews with 25 business owners in Hallowell to inquire what
characteristics made Hallowell a good location to establish a business, and what they perceived
drew customers to this place. I also asked what they would suggest to implement in Hallowell to
make it a more viable city.
The main perceptions of this city were that Hallowell was a quaint river front city with an amazing history: “You know if you could block out the traffic noise and you were just walking on the sidewalk you would swear you were back in the 1800s” (Personal Communication 2004).
Many business owners responded that they were drawn to this community because it looked old and had beautiful architecture. There were also several comments that the community offered a lot of diversity in restaurants, artisan crafts, and art. The eclectic mix of old and new retail in a pedestrian friendly environment offers residents and visitors a self contained community: “This is a self-sufficient town; you don’t even actually have to leave the town” (Personal
Communication 2004).
“I’ve only been in town for four years, but I know originally it was the draw of the antique stores, it was known as antique alley people could come here and find pretty much anything they want as far as an antique. Over the years though that has changed and the town has become very eclectic, we have art galleries, we have select craft stores like my store” (Personal
Communication 2004). Some feel the city is a place that visitors discover and others that it is a destination point, but that regardless it is a place that people end up returning to, sometimes in a yearly tradition (Personal Communication 2004). 59
Figure 5.2 Row house’s historic walking trail of Hallowell’s south end. Source: HCH 2005. 60
Figure 5.3 Row house’s historic walking trail of Hallowell’s north end. Source: HCH 2005 61
Some business owners, that have been in Hallowell for several decades, commented that from the 1950s to the 1970s Hallowell was a rundown and undesirable place. The town had been defined by antique shops and was not maintained. Merchants within Hallowell feel that they have broken away from that rigid stereotype and that Hallowell has done excellent work in restoration of the community. “You want to grow in bits and phases but you don’t want to see just all control lost where everything is built upon. Another thing I love is that we are not allowed any neon signs because this is an historic district. If you go to Augusta you can see neon signs all over the street but when you drive through Hallowell you still see the old lamp posts, you see the old lights which I think is so neat. Hopefully they’ll let us grow in increments, but carefully guided” (Personal Communication 2004).
Some business owners expressed a concern that the planning board in Hallowell is too strict with preservation. “I think there could be some changes, like the planning board won’t allow a neon sign in the window, I think that is going a little overboard, at Christmas time people don’t even know that you’re open (because) you can’t have lights outside. I think that ought to change. I think they should allow some things to change, still keep it old but allow people to still run their business. It’s funny they just want to keep it the way it was in the 1800s I guess”
(Personal Communication 2004).
Many businesses feel that to make Hallowell a more viable city they should offer more parking. There was also much concern for better advertising: “I think we need signs on the highway and the turnpike saying that Hallowell is a historic district like they do in other places.
People driving down the highway could see a sign for Hallowell and they would know it was here, a lot more people may be tempted to pull off the highway and come in so I think we need to promote it more through advertising” (Personal Communication 2004).
There was a lot of excitement from business owners over developments that are being proposed to incorporate a marina along the riverfront. Getting business from off the river would 62 alleviate some concern over parking and would also expand the customer base. Some business owners expressed concern that improvements need to be made to the backside of the store fronts that face the water because they are presently unattractive (Personal Communication 2004).
Regardless of the problems or concerns that were addressed from the various business owners they still had a high regard for their community and would not want to be elsewhere.
There is an extremely active downtown where businesses do not relocate out of the town but within it. There are few if any storefronts that are empty and if so they are soon occupied.
63
Chapter 6: Conclusions
This study has discussed how the city of Hallowell was settled and under which conditions it experienced prosperity and growth or decline and deterioration, as well as impacts from those situations. The experience of Hallowell during the 18th century illustrates how the
American economy grew very slowly in its initial stages due to conflicts and instability as a
nation but flourished by the beginning of the 19th century.
The Industrial Revolution catapulted Hallowell into outright prosperity for the first half of the 19th century. Downturns in the economy and population growth during the late 19th century
corresponded to national issues such as the Civil War. As a coastal town whose economy had
been tied to its role as a trans-shipment node at the head of navigation on the Kennebec River,
Hallowell experienced rapid decline after the introduction of the railroad and later during the
Great Depression. Many port cities like Hallowell become economically insignificant.
Economically, Hallowell became a place for retail business specializing in necessary goods rather
than specialty items. Presently, Hallowell has reverted back to its economic roots from its initial
settlement patterns by mixing artisan crafts and cottage industry with tourism.
Hallowell’s early settlement morphology exhibits characteristics of a gateway city
settlement pattern. The Kennebec River was the transportation corridor into and out of the area
during its early, formative period. Hallowell was located at the head of navigation on the
Kennebec River and thus was an important trans-shipment location; the hinterland areas relied on
Hallowell to supply necessary goods as well as exotic products. The area that Hallowell supplied
was fan shaped, stretching along the east and west sides of the Kennebec River. Hallowell also
supplied areas to the north along the Kennebec that ships could not reach. The town of Hallowell
was seen as the administrative and market hub for the local agricultural economy; the surrounding
communities shipped their goods out of Hallowell. 64
Many different types of industrial activities were established in Hallowell, from small
mercantile businesses along Water Street to shipbuilding on the wharves. As well as supplying
the immediate hinterlands, the town was also located in a resource-rich area and was capable of
shipping those various resources to many different areas of the world. The Gateway City of
Hallowell had access to the best transportation route given the fact that access to the ocean was
within forty miles. Hallowell remained the principal area of production in spite of the division of
land into another town, Augusta. As a gateway, Hallowell was truly compromised with the
advent of alternative transportation in the form of the railroad and later the automobile, leading to economic decline. The Gateway of Hallowell eventually lost dominance to Augusta, which became the capital and a central place of administrative concerns and productivity among surrounding areas.
When Hallowell was initially established as a historic district the process was monitored by the federal government. The city has begun adopting state and local preservation efforts into the community. It remains to be seen how continual preservation within Hallowell will retain and portray the heritage of the city.
Preservation efforts within Hallowell have presently erased Hallowell’s industrial past.
Some of Hallowell’s history is integrated throughout the community to create an image of the character of this place as well as to try and draw consumers to the area. Throughout the current preservation efforts there has been a loss in representation of Hallowell’s significant industrial history and how it impacted the Region’s landscape. Primarily, the historic sites that are recognized throughout the community are chosen examples of the wealthy imprint left on the landscape. The stately homes in Hallowell only offer one aspect of the cultural diversity and history that once occupied this area.
While Hallowell has a committed group of people that is working to better this community and make it a more competitive place in the market economy, the preservation of 65 historical integrity is losing priority. Hallowell’s circumstances in its past may very well be unintentionally understated which creates a lack of knowledge and appreciation of how significant this community was to the state of Maine as well as to foreign locations.
Hallowell is active in beautification of the community to make it a more attractive place
to draw visitors. Speaking with various people who are invested in this community indicates that
there is a non-descript history in the city that is being determined by the individual viewer.
Hallowell’s architectural examples can be misleading to the viewer based on the stages of
morphology that occurred to structures throughout different period style changes in architecture.
This form of erasure on the landscape can be deceptive to a viewer who is unaware of any
inaccuracies in the history.
The community is currently working to develop the waterfront into a marina so tourists
can access the community from another means. Upon speaking with people in the community
there was no mention of waterfront development as strategic preservation behind the history of
the Kennebec having a role in shaping this community, or that tourism related to the Kennebec
occurred in the late 19th century from boats coming up the river.
Hallowell can be compared to many other communities that were settled during the same
time period. The one important difference, however, is the prime geographic location along a
waterway and how large of a role this location played in the town’s past economies. Hallowell
has a vast and rich history of successes and declines with a unique imprint on the landscape. It
remains to be seen how continual preservation within Hallowell will retain and portray the
heritage of the city. 66
References
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Brady, P. 1974. Maine’s antique center. Away Magazine Fall Issue: 10.
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Campbell, E. 1939. An experience in the financial rehabilitation of a small city. New England Townsmen Reprint May Issue: np.
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Clark, J. et al.1969. The architecture of Hallowell, Maine. The Hallowell Associates of the Arts (Maine State Library) Vol. 2.
Cole, J. 1848. Hallowell from 1629 to 1798 (Lyceum Lecture). Augusta, Maine: Maine State Library (Notarized 1933).
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Federal Census. 2005. Federal population census for Hallowell, Maine 1990 and 2000. www.maine.com/users/craig/aboutme/tot_pop.htm (accessed 04/04/2005). 67
FDTC. 1798. Federal direct tax census of Hallowell, Maine 1798. (unpublished material) Maine State Archives.
Grimwade, G., and Carter, B. 2000. Managing small heritage sites with interpretation and community involvement. International Journal of Heritage Studies 6, 1: 33-48.
Hallowell City Hall. 2005. Commercial restoration tour. OHDC (date unknown): 1-6.
Hallowell City Hall. 2005. Map of Hallowell’s principle streets, 1822. Surveyor: Philip Bullen.
Hallowell, City Hall. 2005. Vessel valuation, 1859. Hallowell, Maine: State Valuation.
Humphrey, C.S. 1920. April report on manufacturing plants at Hallowell. Augusta, Maine: The State Board of Assessors.
Langford, and Chase. 1867. The Augusta, Hallowell and Gardiner Directory for 1867-8. Augusta, Maine: Stevens and Sayward Printers.
Maine Register. 1874. Federal population census of Hallowell, Maine 1860 and 1870. Hoyt and Fogg Publishers.
Maine Register. 1895. Federal population census of Hallowell, Maine 1880 and 1890. G.M. Donham.
Maine Register. 1904. Federal population census of Hallowell, Maine 1900. Portland Directory company.
Manning, H.A.1948. Manning’s Augusta, Gardiner, Hallowell, Farmingdale, Maine directory. Boston, Massachusetts: H.A. Manning Company.
Morrill, R. 1963. The development of spatial distributions of towns in Sweden. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 53, 1: 1-14.
Nason, E. 1909. Old Hallowell on the Kennebec. Augusta, Maine: Press of Burleigh and Flynt.
Payson, H.M. and Co. Bankers. 1908. Board of trade journal March,1908. Portland, Maine: H.M. Payson and Co. Bankers.
Row House. 2005. Historic Hallowell, Maine: a guide to historic homes and places of interest. Hallowell, Maine: Letter Systems Inc.
Sanborn-Perris Map Company. 1890. Hallowell, Kennebec County. Maine (sheet 1-6), City Atlas (1889) http://www.davidrumsey.com (accessed 08/10/2004).
Snell, K.H., and Ledew, V. P. 1962. Historic Hallowell 1762-1962. The Kennebec Journal Print Shop.
68
The Maine Genealogist. 1995. 1790 census of Maine: Annotated edition. Maine Genealogical Society Special Publication 20 17, 1: np.
Ulrich, L. 1991. A midwife’s tale. New York: Vintage Books.
Vermont Repository. 1795. Political papers: District of Maine, separation. American Periodicals Series 4, 1: 207-213.
Workers of the Writers Program. 1940. Augusta-Hallowell on the Kennebec. Augusta, Maine: The Kennebec Journal Print Shop.
Wormser, B. 2004. The chosen place. Down East 51, 5: 54-57, 78-79. 69
Appendix A. 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census A
1. Name of Occupant 2. Name of Owner 3. Situation and Adjacent Proprietors 4. Area or Square Feet it Covers 5. Number of Stories High 6. Number of Windows 7. Square Feet of Glass 8. Materials Built of 9. Circumstances Under Which an Exemption is Claimed 10. Number of Houses Claimed to be Exempted From Valuation a. Dwelling Houses b. Out Houses c. Quantity of Land in the Lots Valued Therewith i. Acres ii. Perches iii. Square Feet 11. Number of Houses Admitted to be Subject to Valuation a. Dwelling Houses b. Out Houses c. Quantity of Land in the Lot Valued Therewith i. Acres ii. Perches iii. Square Feet 12. Valuation of Each Dwelling House With the Lot and Out Houses Appurtenant Thereto by the Assistant Assessor a. Dollars b. Cents 13. Valuation of Each Dwelling House with the Lot and Out Houses appurtenant Thereto by the Principal Assessor a. Dollars b. Cents
70
10 11 12 13 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a. b. c. a. b. c. i. ii. iii. i. ii. iii. a. b. a. b. Benjamin N. by County Rd. Same 624 1 7 46 Wood 1 2 300 300 Allen W. by James Park E. by County Rd. John Same N. by Nathaniel 1360 2 1 Beeman Dummer 25 328 Wood 40 1300 1300 One Stable 500 1 1 S. by Winthrop Nathaniel Same Rd. W. by Samuel 612 1 1 Brown Moody 12 58 Wood 54 600 600 One Stable 432 1 1 S. by Francis Moses Same Hovey N. Lock & 576 2 8 52 Wood 1 13 350 350 Bedel Lord S. on a Rod Rd. E. Vacant Blake Paul by Thomas 324 1 3 18 Wood 1 75 400 400 Fillebrown N. by the Ephraim Academy Rd. E. Same 990 1 10 50 Wood 1 8 330 330 Burgis by Charles Dingley Westwardly by Joseph Kennebec River S. Same 1064 2 1 6 Wood 1 40 300 300 Brown by Robert Hallowell Samuel E. by the County Same 1080 1 7 57 Wood 1 40 240 240 Bullen Rd. Samuel Blunt S. by the County 390 1 4 12 Wood 1 40 140 140 White Andrew Rd. E. by 2nd St. N. Daniel Brewster by Chandler 728 1 1 Evens Martin Robbins 7 30 Wood 30 450 450 One Stable 360 1 1 N. by Winthrop John Couch Same 960 1 6 44 Wood 1 1 40 450 450 Rd. S. by the Samuel Carr Same Academy Rd. E. 950 2 22 222 Wood 1 30 1060 1060 by 2nd St. 71
One Stable 800 1 1 E. by County Rd. Clark James Gow house claimed by 704 1 9 66 Wood 1 40 400 400 James Gow Carlton E. by County Rd. Vacant 640 2 12 73 Wood 1 9 450 450 Jonathan N. by John Sewall E. by County Rd. Hugh Cox Same S. by Joseph 740 2 10 152 Wood 1 40 440 440 Glidden E. by County Rd. Peter Clark Same 1088 1 6 40 Wood 1 140 700 700 W. by 2nd St. Ebenezer On the Farm W. Same 900 2 15 90 Wood 1 40 350 350 Church Kennebec River Standing on the Clark Farm about 40 James Clark Peter's 1040 1 3 20 Wood 1 40 120 120 Rods from the heirs River W. by County Rd. Jonathan Clark E. by Kennebec 721 1 6 20 Wood 1 20 200 200 Powers James River E. by County Rd. John Clark Isaac S. by Thomas 1344 2 1 Merrick Fillebrown 26 175 Wood 40 1000 1000 One Stable 480 1 1 S. by Kennebec Gershom Same River E. by 1050 2 1 Cocks Andrew Goodwin 19 272 Wood 2 40 550 550 One Wood House 240 1 1 On the 4 acre lot Abel Chase Same of Benjamin 640 1 7 40 Wood 1 40 250 175 White On the E. side Charles Cocks Kennebec River 1280 2 1 8 Wood 1 40 275 275 Cocks James near Samuel Bullen Carr E. by James Park James Carr 540 1 6 40 Wood 1 40 150 150 Daniel S. by E. road
72
E. by County Rd. Nathaniel Same N. by Jeremiah 1050 2 1 Dummer Dummer 24 230 Wood 36 1600 1600 One Stable 384 1 One Wood House 216 1 2 S. by Winthrop Edmund Rd. W. by Same 764 2 15 100 Wood 1 40 600 600 Dana Nathaniel Dummer N. by Winthrop Rd. near the Daniel Day Same 1200 2 14 153 Wood 1 40 350 350 crotch of the road so called S. by Winthrop Samuel Same Rd. E. by Thomas 648 2 8 50 Wood 1 25 525 525 Damren Lakeman S. by the Samuel Same Academy Rd. W. 1344 2 1 Dutton by E. Gillet 21 240 Wood 90 1500 1500 One Woodhouse 180 1 One Stable 400 1 2 E. by Kennebec William Same River W. by 914 1 1 Don Charles Vaughan 11 70 Wood 43 600 600 One Stable 660 1 1 George Davis E. by Kennebec Gardiner & Jonathan River S. by 900 2 1 Thomas heirs Charles Vaughan 19 125 Wood 100 800 800 Leigh One Stable 500 1 1 Jonathan On the Farm E. Same 768 2 17 97 Wood 1 40 350 350 Devenport side the River E. by County Rd. Jeremiah Same S. by Nathaniel 1360 2 1 Dummer Dummer 23 242 Wood 35 1600 1600 One Stable 500 1 1 S. by Winthrop Joseph Eustice Rd. E. by John 480 2 14 86 Wood 1 20 450 450 Dummer Thomas Sylvester 73
E. by 2nd St. N. Thomas Same by Joshua 820 2 15 54 Wood 1 40 950 950 Fillebrown Wingate John Fillebrown W. by County Rd. 696 1 1 Pickford Thomas N. by Isaac Clark 12 74 Wood 10 86 550 550 One Wood House 200 1 1 N. by the Enoch Same Academy Rd. W. 646 2 1 Greely by 2nd St. 20 129 Wood 25 950 950 One Wood House 200 1 1 Zepheniah Greely W. by 2nd St. E. 504 1 7 37 Wood 1 15 250 250 Judson Enoch by J. O. Page David Greely W. by 2nd St. E. 576 1 1 Cutler Enoch by J. Sewall 6 32 Wood 20 300 300 One Stable 400 1 1 E. by Kennebec Peter Grant Same River at 1344 2 1 Bowman’s Point 25 255 Wood 40 1200 1200 One Wood House 1350 1 1 Joseph E. by County Rd. Same 912 1 1 Glidden S. by P. Grant 10 66 Wood 40 350 350 One Wood House 442 1 1 Andrew On the Farm E. Same 1008 2 15 198 Wood 1 40 750 750 Goodwin side the River N. by the Eliphalet Same Academy Rd. E. 1684 2 1 Gilman by James Gow 19 128 Wood 80 1200 1200 One Stable 400 1 1 W. by County Rd. Lhubad Same S. by Thomas 1400 2 1 Hinkley Hinkley 23 151 Wood 40 500 500 One Stable 750 1 1 W. by County Rd. Thomas Same S. by Kennebec 651 1 4 18 Wood 1 40 200 200 Hinkley River S. by Winthrop John Same Rd. E. by James 1120 1 10 60 Wood 1 40 200 200 Haynes Park 74
N. by Winthrop Harlow Same Rd. W. by James 1200 1 1 Harris Park 10 60 Wood 40 450 450 One Stable 600 1 1 W. by Francis Thomas Same Hovey S. By 527 2 7 44 Wood 1 11 250 250 Hovey Gorham Smith W. by County Rd. Daniel Same N. by Widow 918 2 8 44 Wood 1 5 475 475 Heard Sherburn Upon the Eastern Widow Bank of Kennebec Mary Same 858 1 13 95 Wood 1 40 250 250 River opposite the Hussey Hook S. by County Rd. James Same N. by Kennebec 1116 2 1 Hinkley River 14 93 Wood 40 450 450 One Wood House 210 1 1 Hinkley S. by Benjamin John John & Prescott & S 576 1 7 51 Wood 1 80 300 300 Hinkley Hinkley Hinkley N. by Freeman Nye W. by County Rd. Hunt Vacant N. by Oliver 375 1 7 51 Wood 1 7 110 110 Susannah Whipple S. by Winthrop Elijah Same Rd. N. by 608 1 5 34 Wood 1 40 250 250 Hinkley Jeremiah Dummer
Stephen Hinkley & S. by a road E. by Same 1148 1 1 Benjamin Charles Vaughan 10 64 Wood 1 650 650 Prescott One Stable 540 1 1 W. by County Rd. Nathaniel Same E. by Kennebec 888 2 17 177 Wood 1 20 325 325 Kimball river S. by Winthrop Samuel Lakeman Rd. E. by Thomas 468 2 10 61 Wood 1 16 450 450 Mulliken Thomas Eustice 75
S. by Winthrop Thomas Same Rd. W. by Samuel 702 1 8 31 Wood 1 14 200 200 Lakeman Damren E. by Kennebec Abner Same River S. by 434 2 6 57 Wood 1 8 480 480 Lowell Shubal West Tistram N. by Winthrop Locck & Same Rd. W. by Philip 1140 2 1 Ephraim Norcrofs 9 65 Wood 22 700 700 Lord One Stable 224 1 1 E. by County Rd. Seth Same E. side of the 416 1 4 20 Wood 1 40 125 125 Littlefield River E. by County Rd. Elections Longfellow S, by Joshua 970 2 12 78 Wood 1 4 675 675 Hooyt Jonathan Wingate
Samuel Moody & Moody S. by Winthrop 1120 2 1 Benjamin Samuel Rd. S. by W Dana 23 239 Wood 80 1333 1333 Guild One Stable 384 1 1
E. by Academy John Unknown Lot S. by Peter 784 2 1 Molloy Clark's heirs 13 68 Wood 1 80 450 450 One Stable 570 1 1 S. by Litchfield Thomas Same Rd. E. by Joseph 1080 1 4 12 Wood 1 36 250 250 Metcalf Smith S. by Winthrop Alfred Same Rd. N. by Daniel 1206 2 1 Martin Evens 25 258 Wood 31 1550 1550 One Stable 360 1 1 S. by Winthrop William Same Rd. W. by John 364 1 3 19 Wood 1 40 200 200 Matthews Couch Samuel E. by County Rd. Same 1220 2 22 210 Wood 1 40 1500 1500 Norcrofs N. by Philip 76
Norcrofs
W. by County Rd. Philip Same S. by Samuel 504 1 4 21 Wood 1 12 150 150 Norcrofs Norcrofs W. by County Rd. Daniel Same S. by Josiah 576 1 6 35 Wood 1 75 275 275 Norcrofs Buswell S. by Winthrop James Same Rd. W. by a gore 1064 2 4 42 Wood 1 40 400 400 Norrifs of land S. by Winthrop Thomas Norrifs Rd. E. by a gore 676 1 4 26 Wood 1 40 140 140 Norrifs Francis of land S. by Winthrop Rd. E. by Elisha Nye Same 740 2 17 108 Wood 1 40 750 750 Nathaniel Dummer S. by Freeman & John Hinkley S. Ansel Nye Same 576 1 7 51 Wood 1 80 300 300 by Charles Vaughan S. by Winthrop Stephen Same Rd. W. by Samuel 1200 1 13 91 Wood 1 40 650 650 Osgood Wadsworth N. by County Rd. being on the farm James Park Same 1064 1 8 51 Wood 1 40 250 250 lot of John Sheppard Timothy E. by road N. by Same 740 1 8 51 Wood 1 40 105 105 Page Sam Bullen S. by Academy John Odlin Same Rd. N. by Isaac 1030 2 22 193 Wood 1 40 1200 1200 Page Clark Nathaniel Page O. W. by County Rd. 720 1 9 62 Wood 1 4 400 400 Perley John N. by E Greely Moses E. by County Rd. Palmer & Same N. by Shubal 864 2 18 175 Wood 1 60 800 800 William West Palmer 77
E. by Kennebec William Same River W. by 912 2 18 115 Wood 1 40 600 600 Pool Charles Vaughan S. by County Rd. Isaac Same N. by Charles 1140 2 17 167 Wood 1 40 500 500 Pilsbury Vaughan S. by County Rd. Joseph Pilsbury N.W. by 968 1 6 48 Wood 1 4 150 150 Halland Isaac Litchfield Rd. Benjamin E. by 2nd St. N. Same 896 1 1 Poor by M. Brewster 9 59 Wood 36 600 600 One Wood House 144 1 1 W. by County Rd. Robert Same N. by Samuel 1200 2 30 196 Wood 1 15 1000 1000 Randall Norcrofs E. by County Rd. Nathaniel Same N. by Nathan 720 1 3 20 Wood 1 40 320 320 Rawlings Sweatland Eastwardly by Nathaniel Smith Readfield Rd. S. 728 1 8 52 Wood 1 40 150 150 Tilton Jacob by Winthrop Rd. S. by Winthrop Samuel Same Rd. in which said 648 2 4 37 Wood 1 40 330 330 Stevens Stevens now lives N. by Thomas L. Michael Smith Hovey S. by 600 1 6 37 Wood 1 15 150 150 Frazier Gorham Charles Vaughan S. by Winthrop John Same Rd. W. by 750 2 12 106 Wood 1 37 500 500 Sylvester Thomas Eustice Sewall W. by the County Widow Moses Rd. N. by John O. 1104 2 24 141 Wood 1 13 950 950 Ruth Sewall heirs Page Sewall S. by the David Moses & Academy Rd. E. 1600 2 1 Sewall David by County Rd. 29 262 Wood 82 1775 1775 One Stable 400 1 1 78
Widow W. by County Rd. Abihail Same S. by Daniel 704 1 10 63 Wood 1 6 400 400 Sherburn Heard E. by County Rd. John Sewall Same N. by John O. 1440 3 1 Page 51 483 Wood 32 2150 2150 One Stable 1160 1 1 W. by County Rd. Nathan in which said Same 1015 1 6 40 Wood 1 40 300 300 Sweatland Sweatland now lives Moses S. by a road E. by Same 810 2 1 Springer County Rd. 15 190 Wood 20 320 320 One Stable 360 1 1 E. by County Rd. William Same S. by Moses 1024 2 21 151 Wood 1 40 800 800 Springer Springer E. by Kennebec James River S. by Same 898 2 22 163 Wood 1 1 20 800 800 Springer Jeremiah Wakefield Southwardly by Daniel County Rd. Same 1020 1 1 Smith Northerly by 16 66 Wood 53 400 400 Samuel Greely One Stable 400 1 1 E. by County Rd. Benjamin in which said Same 900 1 12 76 Wood 1 40 260 260 Stickney Stickney now lives S. by Litchfield Joseph Same Rd. E. by County 1056 1 12 67 Wood 1 40 120 120 Smith Rd. Samuel W. by County Rd. Same 750 1 12 74 Wood 1 6 250 250 Smith S. by Peter West W. by County Rd. Samuel Shaw E. by Kennebec 640 1 13 82 Wood 1 6 220 220 Tucker Nathaniel River E. by County Rd. Nathaniel Same S. by Charles 864 2 20 131 Wood 1 34 700 700 Shaw Vaughan 79
One Stable 182 1 1 E. by County Rd. Roland Same N. by John 1476 2 20 160 Wood 1 30 1000 1000 Smith Beeman W. by County Rd. James Smith N. by Hodges 720 2 13 88 Wood 1 9 500 500 Kenney Samuel heirs E. by County Rd. Martin Tisdale N. by Samuel 704 1 15 91 Wood 1 16 550 550 Brewster James Norcrofs E. by County Rd. Lemuel Same N. by Widow 1200 2 1 Tobey Sherburn 19 214 Wood 40 1050 1050 One Stable 560 1 1 W. by County Rd. Josiah Tobey N. by Daniel 600 1 10 63 Wood 1 8 300 300 Buswell Lemuel Heard Benjamin E. by County Rd. Page & Vaughan S. by Chandler 1053 2 1 William Charles Robbins 26 164 Wood 35 1100 1100 Moore One Stable 320 1 1 Chandler Vaughan E. by 2nd St. S. by 1008 2 1 Robbins Charles Martin Brewster 20 137 Wood 34 1200 1200 One Wood House 600 1 2 One Stable 321 1 John Vaughan S. by a road W. by 1890 2 39 256 Wood 1 40 1000 1000 Sheppard Samuel County Rd. About 60 Rods Benjamin Vaughan Northwest of the 1333 2 1 Vaughan Charles Mill Wash and Wood 27 397 Wood 40 1900 1900 864 1 2 House One Stable 774 2 E. by Kennebec Robert Vaughan River in which 864 1 7 51 Wood 1 40 375 375 Francis Samuel said Francis now lives 80
E. by a road and Haskett Vaughan near the river in 584 1 9 60 Wood 1 40 350 350 Benson Samuel which Haskel Benson lives Benjamin Vaughan E. by County Rd. 720 2 1 Sylvester Samuel N. by Mill 14 98 Wood 20 500 500 One Stable 451 1 1 Enoch Vaughan W. by County Rd. 600 1 11 90 Wood 1 40 250 250 Crowell Samuel S. by Mill Stream Joseph Vaughan E. by mill Brook 1089 1 1 Lambert Samuel W. by 2nd St. 15 91 Wood 40 600 600 One Stable 409 1 2 One Wood House 240 1 W. by County Rd. Joseph Vaughan E. by Kennebec 620 1 1 Young Samuel River 8 53 Wood 40 175 175 One Stable 240 1 1 Asa Vaughan W. by County Rd. 560 1 13 79 Wood 1 40 275 275 Robinson Samuel E. by the River N. by Winthrop James Vaughan Rd. house owned 320 1 6 32 Wood 1 40 300 300 Partridge Charles & occupied by James Partridge
Known by the Freeman Vaughan name of Vaughan 728 1 1 Hinkley Charles farmhouse 11 83 Wood 40 400 400 One Wood House 288 1 1 W. by a road near Nathaniel Vaughan the loading place 720 1 1 Colcord Charles so called 8 52 Wood 20 250 250 One Stable 360 1 2 One Shed & 140 1 Wood House S. by Winthrop Samuel Same Rd. E. by Stephen 968 1 5 37 Wood 1 40 300 300 Wadsworth Osgood 81
One Stable 400 1 1 E. by 2nd St. by Joshua Same Thomas 940 2 1 Wingate Fillebrowns 17 140 Wood 56 1400 1400 One Wood House 336 1 2 One Stable 840 1 N. by a road W. Williams Vacant by Benjamin 432 2 8 52 Wood 1 14 500 500 Joseph Browns E. by Kennebec Shuball Same River W. by 2nd 784 2 8 62 Wood 1 40 600 600 West St. E. by County Rd. Widow Same N. by A. Lowell 434 2 1 Sally White and Shubal West 4 36 Wood 20 450 450 One Stable 256 1 1 E. by Kennebec Vacant West Peter River S. by 334 1 1 Charles Vaughan 7 46 Wood 40 400 400 One Stable 384 1 1 E. by County Rd. Benjamin Same in which said 648 2 8 57 Wood 1 40 300 300 White White now lives Bottom of the Couch house Whipple Moses Carr owned by 600 1 6 13 Wood 1 40 350 350 Oliver Edmund Greenleaf
82
Appendix B. 1798 Federal Direct Tax Census B
1. Name of Occupant or Possessor. 2. Name of Owner. 3. Each separate and entire Tract, Lot, Wharf, &c. 4. Description and dimensions of Buildings and Wharves – Description of each Tract of Land as directed in the 5th Rule. 5. Circumstances under which an exemption is claimed. 6. Dwelling Houses, and Out Houses, of a value not exceeding 100 Dollars. a. Number of houses, &c. b. Value i. Dollars, ii. Cents. 7. & 8. QUANTITIES OF c. Lands and Lots claimed to be exempted from Valuation. i. Acres. ii. Perches. iii. Sq. feet. d. Lands and Lots admitted to be subject to Valuation. i. Acres. ii. Perches. iii. Sq. feet. 9. Valuation of each Lot, Wharf, &c. by the Assistant Assessors. a. Dollars. b. Cents. 10. Valuation of each Lot, Wharf, &c. by the Principal Assessor. a. Dollars. b. Cents.
1798 Direct Tax Census (B)
“Particular or Sub-division List of all Lands, Lots, Buildings, and Wharves, being within the Town of Hallowell in the assessment District No. 15 in the first division, State of Massachusetts, owned, possessed or occupied on the first day of October 1798, excepting only such dwelling houses, as with the out houses appurtenant thereto, and lots on which they are erected, not exceeding two acres in any case, are above the value of one hundred Dollars.” 83
6 7. & 8. 9 10 2 3 4 5 b. c. d. a. i. ii. i. ii. iii. i. ii. iii. a. b. a. b. Situated on the 2nd mile Richard Adams Same 1 Lot 50 400 400 being part of lot No. 7 Occupied E. by Elizabeth Gilman N. Hallowell 1 Lot as a by Academy Rd. 40 ft. long 67 Academy 1Academy thereon Public 24 wide Academy N. by David Day S. by Martin Brewster Same 1 Lot 24 100 100 Gorham Smith W. by Jeremiah Dummer S. John Beeman Same 1 Lot 10 300 300 by John Couch E. by the County Rd. W. by John Beeman Same 1 Lot Isaac Clark 1 Barkhouse 40 ft. long 30 wide 30 ft. 24 575 575 John Beeman Same 1 tanhouse long 25 wide John Beeman Same 1 Shop thereon 14 ft. long 12 wide W. on the County Rd. S. by Josiah Buswell Same 1 Lot 60 115 115 Shubal Hinkley S. by Ezekiel Tolman N. by Nathan Burgess Same 1 Lot 10 120 120 Ephraim Burgess E. by Kennebec River S. by Augustus Ballard Same 1 Lot 10 200 200 Hugh Cosc. Augustus Ballard Same 1 Lot on the 2nd mile No. 44 50 150 150 Augustus Ballard Same 1 Lot on the 3rd mile No. 28 50 100 100
owned by Situate on the 3rd mile No. a settled James Bowers Same 1 Lot 50 27 minister at Pittston
E. side Kennebec River 1 Lot Joseph Brown Same being part of lot No. 3 4 120 100 100 1 barn thereon 25 ft. long 26 wide 84
Situated on the 3rd mile No. James Byrns Same 1 Lot 100 500 500 42 Situated on the 4th mile part Samuel Buswell Same 1 Farm of lot No. 32 Samuel Buswell Same 1 Barn thereon 40 ft. long 31 wide 50 450 450 Samuel Buswell Same 1 Tract half of lot No. 48 50 250 250 Samuel Buswell Same 1 Tract half of lot No.33 50 250 250 E. side Kennebec River on 1 Farm Samuel White Blunt Andrew the County Rd. 50 500 500 1 barn thereon 40 ft. long 30 wide
Samuel White Blunt Andrew 1 Lot on the 3rd mile No. 15 150 300 300
E. side Kennebec River part 1 Farm Samuel Bullen Same lot No. 6 50 ft. 90 1300 1300 1 barn thereon long 35 ft. wide Samuel Bullen Same 1 Lot on the 3rd mile No.6 135 270 270 half of lot No. 5 E. side Jesse Bullen Same 1 Tract 50 200 200 Kennebec River half of lot No. 5 E. side Philip Bullen Same 1 Tract 50 200 200 Kennebec River bounded E. by Farley Mayo Moses Beadle Same 1 Lot S. by Francis Hovey 4 55 55 1 Blacksmith's Shop Moses Beadle Same 25 ft. long 20 wide thereon Bounded E. by Joseph Brown Moses Beadle 1 Lot Williams W. by Thomas 8 100 100 Benjamin Fillebrown W. by the County Rd. N. by Moses Beadle Same 1 Lot 6 175 175 Joshua Wingate E. side Kennebec River on Thomas Bowman Same 1 Lot 300 1200 1200 the 2nd mile No. 11 bounded E. by Kennebec River N. by N. Dummer, 1 Farm John Couch Same Daniel Evens, John Beeman, 83 120 1705 1705 1 barn thereon Jeremiah Dummer 33 ft. long 32 wide
85
E. by County Rd.192 ft.area John Couch Same 1 House 1 story 3 windows 15 ft. 1 40 40 glass, wood
bounded E. by Kennebec River N. by Oliver Whipple 1 Lot 22 ft. long 20 wide owned John Couch Same 1 barn thereon 2 560 560 by E. Nye 1 other barn 20 ft. long 18 wide owned by S. Damren
bounded S. by Peter Clark's Samuel Carr Same 1 Tract 20 300 300 heirs bought of John Sewall
bounded E. by the County James Clark Same 1 Lot 120 300 300 Rd. W. by 2nd Street on the 2nd mile W. side Soloman Clark and Same 1 Lot Kennebec River bought of 100 600 600 Nehemiah Hilton C. Vaughan
bounded E. by Kennebec 1 Lot River N. by Augustus Hugh Cox Same 9 140 210 210 1 barn thereon Ballard 27 ft. long 20 wide Hugh Cox Same 1 Lot on the 3 mile No. 42 50 100 100 Hugh Cox Same 1 Lot on the 3 mile No. 34 50 100 100 bounded E. by Kennebec 1 Farm River N. by Nathaniel Ebenezer Church Same 100 1600 1600 1 barn thereon Rollins 70 ft. long 30 wide on the 4th mile part of Lot Josiah Carter Same 1 Lot 50 300 300 No.32 bounded E. by Kennebec Clark Peter's 1 Farm River and 2nd street S. by C. James Clark 118 3770 3770 heirs 1 barn thereon Vaughan 36 ft. long 30 wide 86
bounded E. by the Kennebec River S. by Thomas Fillebrown, Paul Isaac Clark Same 1 Farm Blake,Joshua Wingate, Samuel Dutton, & Enoch Greely
1 barn thereon 36 ft. long 24 wide 26 ft. Isaac Clark Same 1 Store thereon long 20 wide 15 2345 2345 1 Apothecary's shop 28 ft. long 18 wide owned Isaac Clark Same thereon by Benjamin Page 1 Tobacconist's shop 24 ft. long 14 wide owned Isaac Clark Same thereon by William Stickney 24 ft. long 20 wide owned Isaac Clark Same 1 Hatter's shop by Henry Smith
situated on 3rd mile Lot No. 43 bounded N.by County 1 Farm Same Rd. 400 ft. area 1 30 99 120 1 Out house Benjamin Church 1 story, 2 windows 11 ft. 630 630 glass wood
40 situate on the E. side 1 Farm James Cocks Same Kennebec Lot. No. 4 88 558 558 1 barn thereon 18 ft. by 18 James Cocks Same 1 Lot on the 3rd mile No. 7 126 252 252 bounded W. by John Haines 1 Farm Daniel Carr Same S. by James Parks 126 1500 1500 1 barn thereon 40 ft. long 30 wide bounded W. by Kennebec Abel Chase Same 1 Lot river being part of Lot. No. 4 80 125 125 13
company plymouth 1 Tract E. side Kennebec river on 4674 11685 11685 Gideon Colcord Colcord 1Lot the 3rd. Mile No. 44 Gideon 100 500 500 87
W. by Ephraim Burgess N. Charles Dingley Same 1 Lot 20 200 200 by the Academy bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Samuel E. Dutton Same Rd. S. by Enoch Greely 6 300 300 1 Store thereon 20 ft. long 14 wide S. by the Academy Rd. E. by Samuel E. Dutton Same 1 Lot 40 75 75 Samuel Dutton bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Nathaniel Dummer Same Rd. S. by town landing 10 650 650 1 Store thereon 30 ft. long 20 wide bounded S. by Winthrop Rd. Nathaniel Dummer Same 1 Lot 80 400 400 E. by Edmond Dana bounded W, by Kennebec Nathaniel Dummer Same 1 Lot river S. by Jeremiah 2 40 40 Dummer bounded E. by the road Nathaniel Dummer Same 1 Lot leading to Augusta S. by 10 400 400 John Couch
Dummer Nathaniel 1 Lot bounded W. by the County Nathan Moody 12 600 600 Moody 1 Store thereon Rd. N. by town landing Nathan Nathaniel Dummer Bounded E. Daniel Evens Same 1 Lot 10 325 325 & John O. Page W. by John Beeman
bounded N. by Winthrop Daniel Day Same 1 Farm 18 120 275 275 Rd. W. by Reuben Brainard
bounded S. & E. by Stephen 1 Tract Daniel Day Same Osgood W. by Readfield Rd. 98 520 520 1 Shop thereon 30 ft. long 18 wide
bounded N. by Readfield Daniel Day Same 1 Tract 9 50 50 Rd. S. by Winthrop Rd.
bounded S. by Winthrop Rd. Edmund Dana Same 1 Lot 40 275 275 W. by Nathaniel Dummer 88
1 Potter's Shop Edmund Dana Same area 480 ft. thereon Bounded W. by 2nd Street Daniel Heard Same 1 Lot 4 20 20 E. by Widow White Bounded E. by Kennebec Samuel Hodgdon Same 1 Lot River S. by Augustus 10 200 200 Ballard On the 4th Mile bounded S. Samuel Hodgdon Same 1 Lot by a road E. by Joseph 50 175 175 Glidden On the 3rd Mile bounded S. Samuel Hodgdon Same 1 Lot by a road E. by Moses 50 200 200 Springer Situated E. side Kennebec David Hatch Same 1 Tract River being part of the 199 120 Vassal Tract
on said tract bounded W. by 1020 1020 river David Hatch Same 1 house 1 20 40 616 ft. area 1 story 2 windows 6 ft. glass wood
E. side Kennebec River Lot 1 Farm Mary Hussey Same No. 9 100 1600 1600 1 barn thereon 36 ft. long 36 wide Mary Hussey Same 2 Lots on the 3rd mile No. 9 & 10 300 600 600 E. side Kennebec River Lot 1 Farm 1 barn Samuel Hussey Same No.10 99 120 thereon 45 ft. long 36 wide 1250 1250 S. by Kennebec River Samuel Hussey Same 1 house 1 30 40 360 ft. area 1 story wood E. side Kennebec River Lot Seth Littlefield Hart William 1 Farm 99 120 No. 14 840 840 on said farm 720 ft. area 1 Seth Littlefield Hart William 1 house 1 50 40 story wood Bounded N. by Kennebec 1 Tract James Hinkley Same River W. by Samuel Greely 9 130 130 1 barn thereon 24 ft. long 24 wide 89
John Hinkley & Same 1 lot Situate on 3 rd. mile No.11 100 700 700 Freeman Hinkley Situate on 2nd. Mile part of Joseph Heart Same 1 Tract 50 400 400 Lot No. 7
Bounded N. by Samuel 1 Farm Vaughan E. by Isaac Hanson Hight Same 1 barn thereon Pilsbury Lot. No. 25 99 120 1 other barn 32 ft. long 30 wide 46 ft. long 32 wide 1235 1235 on said farm, wherein said Hight now lives 480 ft. Hanson Hight Same 1 house 1 75 40 area1 Story 3 windows 10 ft. glass wood Hanson Hight Same 1 Lot on the 2nd mile No. 28 50 250 250
Bounded W. by Kennebec 1 Farm 1 barn River being Lot No. 4 & part James Atkins Jones John 160 thereon of No. 5 on the 1st mile 40 ft. long 30 wide 1155 1155
on said farm wherein Atkins James Atkins Jones John 1 house now lives 540 ft. area 1 story 1 75 20 5 windows 25 ft. glass wood
James Atkins Jones John 1 Tract on the 2nd Mile 100 300 300 James Atkins Jones John 1 Tract on the 3 Mile 128 256 256 Bounded W. by Kennebec 1 Farm Benjamin Johnson Same River Lot No. 11 99 140 1 barn thereon 30 ft. long 30 wide
on said farm, wherein said 800 800 Johnson now lives 537 ft. Benjamin Johnson Same 1 house 1 90 20 area 1 story 3 windows 10 ft. glass wood
Bounded E. by Chandler Nathaniel Kent Same 1 Lot Robbins N. & W. by Shubal 45 60 60 Hinkley 90
E. by the County Rd. N. by 1 Lot Nathaniel Kimball Same Daniel Norcrofs 9 140 170 170 1 Barn thereon 22 ft. long 16 wide Situated on 2nd and 3rd John Kean & John Same 1 Lot Mile E. side Kennebec River 400 1200 1200 Ejan Lot No. 13 &14 Bounded S. by Winthrop Tristram Lock Same 1 Lot 40 75 75 Rd. W. by David Day S. by Winthrop Rd. W. by Tristram Lock Same 1 Lot 55 50 50 John Mathews Tristram Lock & Bounded N. by Winthrop Same 1 Lot 16 125 125 Ephraim Lord Rd. S. by Moses Beadle Bounded S. by Winthrop Ephraim Lord Same 1 Lot 66 110 110 Rd. W. by Tristram Lock Lithgow N. Non Resident 1 Tract Being part of Lot No. 23 120 720 720 James E. side Kennebec River part 1 Farm Seth Littlefield Same of Lot No. 15 92 1000 1000 1 barn thereon 40 ft. long 30 wide Situated on the 4th mile part Andrew 1 Farm Same of original Lot No. 20 100 820 820 McCausland 1 barn thereon 40 ft. long 31 wide Bounded E. by the County 1 Lot James McCurdy Same Rd. N. by a road 7 120 1 Barn thereon 18 ft. long 16 wide 330 330 Wherein said McCurdy now James McCurdy Same 1 house lives 400 ft. area 1 story 4 1 95 40 windows 18 ft. glass wood
Bounded N. by Winthrop Farley Mayo Same 1 Lot 36 150 150 Rd. E. by Charles Vaughan Bounded S. by Winthrop 1 Lot Rd. E. by Nathaniel Tilton & John Morrill Same 82 1000 1000 1 Barn thereon Joseph North 42 ft. by 30 91
Bounded S. by Winthrop William Morse Same 1 Lot 5 150 150 Rd. E. by Jeremiah Dummer
Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Alfred Martin Same Rd. E. by Kennebec River 6 675 675 1 Store thereon 30 ft. long 22 wide
Bounded N. by the Academy Samuel Manning Same 1 Lot 12 75 75 Rd. W. by James Gow
E. side Kennebec River on Samuel Manning North John 1 Lot 150 300 300 the 3rd mile No. 1
Bounded N. & W. by Philip 1 Lot Samuel Norcrofs Same Norcrofs S. by Winthrop Rd. 1 800 800 1 Barn thereon 40 ft. long 30 wide
W. by the County Rd.S. by Samuel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot 4 75 75 Robert Randall E. & S. by Philip Norcrofs Samuel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot 3 80 175 175 N. by John Couch E. side Kennebec River at Samuel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot 3 53 20 20 White's Landing
E. by Moses & David Samuel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot 8 120 120 Sewall S. by Philip Norcrofs
E. side Kennebec River W. Samuel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot by river S. by Seth 7 100 100 Littlefield, N. by B. Stickney
Bounded E. by the County 1 Lot Rd. S. by Samuel Norcrofs, Philip Norcrofs Same 1 80 1000 1000 1 Barn thereon W. by Nathaniel Brown 22 ft. long 22 wide
Bounded N. by Winthrop Philip Norcrofs Same 1 Lot Rd. W. & N. by Samuel 4 200 200 Norcrofs 92
E. by Moses & David Philip Norcrofs Same 1 Lot Sewall N. by Samuel 7 100 100 Norcrofs E. by Kennebec River N. by Philip Norcrofs Same 1 Lot the Town Line W. by Aaron 60 720 720 Hinkley N. by Augusta Rd. S. by Simeon Norris Same 1 Lot 120 75 75 Hallowell Rd. W. by Chandler Robbins Daniel Norcrofs Same 1 Tract part of original Lot No. 20 50 250 250 E. by William Springer N. by Jeremiah Wakefield E. Daniel Norcrofs Same 1 Lot 10 275 275 by Kennebec River Bounded W. by William Daniel Norcrofs Same 1 Tract 50 225 225 Springer Lot No. 25 E. side Kennebec River, at Daniel Norcrofs Same 1 Tract 1 106 6 6 White's Landing Situate on the County Rd. E. Thomas Norris Same 1 Tract by John Hains, W. by J. 50 600 600 Norris
Situated on the County Rd. 1 Farm part of Lots No. 1 & 2 3rd James Norris Same 150 1650 1650 1 Barn thereon mile 80 ft. long 32 wide
Situated on the County Rd. 1 Farm Thomas Norris Same being part of Lot No. 43 100 460 460 1 Barn thereon 45 ft. long 32 wide W. by Reuben Brainard S. Thomas Norris North Joseph 1 Lot 50 300 300 by the County Rd. S. by Nathaniel Tilton W. by Thomas Norris North Joseph 1 Tract 100 525 525 John Morrill Situated at the Croch of 1 Farm Hallowell and Augusta Rd. Stephen Osgood Same 60 460 460 1 Barn thereon part of Lot No. 39 40 ft. long 30 wide 93
Bounded E. by Kennebec James Parker Same 1 Lot River S. by Samuel 20 350 350 Hodgdon W. by Jeremiah Wakefield James Parker Same 1 Lot E. by Samuel Hodgdon No. 50 200 200 38 4th mile James Parker Same 1 Lot No. 39 on the 3rd mile 50 250 250 Bounded W. by the County Moses Palmer & 1 Lot Same Rd. N. by Shubal 12 130 130 William Palmer 1 Shop thereon 18 ft. long 18 wide
Palmer Moses Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Moses Palmer & Gilman Rd. N. by Peter Clark 7 650 650 1 Store thereon Gideon 33 ft. long 20 wide, 2 story
Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot John O. Page Same Rd. E. by Kennebec River 6 500 500 1 Store thereon 30 ft. long 18 wide
N. by Academy Street S. by 1 Lot John Sewall John O. Page Same 1 Store thereon 45 750 750 26 ft. long 26 wide 1 Barn thereon 20 ft. long 20 wide Situated on Litchfield Road John O. Page Same 1 Farm 100 500 500 on the 5th mile Lot No. 20 Situated on the County Rd. 1 Farm 2nd mile bounded by John James Park Same 35 650 650 1 barn thereon Hains N. by Daniel Carr 40 ft. long 30 wide on the second mile, part of James Park Same 1 Tract 100 700 700 Lot No. 2 E. by the County Rd. S. by Benjamin Page Same 1 Lot 40 180 180 Edmund Greenleaf E. side Kennebec River, Timothy Page Same 1 Tract bounded W. by said River, 20 120 120 part of Lot No. 5 On 2nd mile, part of Lot No. Timothy Page Same 1 Tract 50 200 200 5 94
N. by Samuel Norcrofs S. by Nathaniel Perley Same 1 Lot 36 230 230 Charles Vaughan E. by Samuel Greely N. by 1 Tract Isaac Pilsbury Same Litchfield Rd. 40 720 720 1 Barn thereon 48 ft. long 30 wide W. by Hanson Hight E. by Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract 50 600 600 Samuel Greely Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 50 25 250 250 Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 48 50 350 350 Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 38 50 350 350 Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 33 50 225 225 Isaac Pilsbury Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 28 50 200 200 Situated on 3rd mile Lot No. Benjamin Prescott 1 Tract Same 8 99 120 & Stephen Hinkley 1 Barn thereon 33 ft. long 30 wide 915 915 On said Tract 360 ft. area, 1 Benjamin Prescott Same 1 house story, 3 windows, 10 ft. 1 30 40 & Stephen Hinkley glass, wood Bounded N. by Winthrop Joseph Dummer & 1 Lot Same Rd. E. by 3rd Street 30 850 850 James Patridge 1 Shop thereon 42 ft. long 26 wide Situate on Winthrop Rd. part Joseph Dummer & 1 Lot Same of Thomas Hinkley's 88 acre 10 140 140 James Patridge 1 Shop thereon lot William Dorr, Situated on each side Joseph Dummer & Same 1 Lot Winthrop Rd. S. by John 10 150 150 James Patridge Couch E. by Roland Smith
Bounded N. by Tristram David Day Same 1 Lot 23 100 100 Lock S. by Martin Brewster
S. by Winthrop Rd. E. by T. David Day Same 1 Lot 66 120 120 Lock 95
Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Rd. S. by Samuel E. Dutton Samuel Dutton Same 1 Store thereon 36 ft. long 18 wide 10 640 640 1 Office 20 ft. long 18 wide occupied and owned by E. Bradish
On the Academy Rd. S. E. Samuel Dutton Same 1 Lot 40 150 150 by John O. Page Bounded S. by the Academy Samuel Dutton Same 1 Lot 120 250 250 Rd E. By Gillet Bounded E. by Dutton W. Samuel Dutton Same 1 Lot 1 100 100 by Gilman Bounded by Gilman W. by Samuel Dutton Same 1 Lot 2 80 100 100 Enoch Greely Bounded W. by Second William Dorr Same 1 Lot 24 70 70 Street E. by Samuel Smith Situated on the 4th mile Lot 1 Farm Thomas Davis Same No. 40 36 ft. 99 120 1 Barn thereon long 33 wide 750 750 On said farm 480 ft. area, 1 Thomas Davis Same 1 house story, 3 windows, 10 ft. 1 50 40 glass, wood Bounded W. by Kennebec Jonathan 1 Farm Same River N. by the Town Line 100 1050 1050 Devenport 1 Barn thereon 30 ft. long 20 wide Jonathan Situated on the 3rd mile Same 1 Lot 150 300 300 Devenport bounded N. by Town Line
Bounded W. by the County Jeremiah Dummer Same 1 Lot 6 150 150 Rd. S. by Edmund Greenleaf
Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Jeremiah Dummer Same Rd. S. by Isaac Clark 4 350 350 1 Store thereon 25 ft. long 20 wide E. side Kennebec River Jeremiah Dummer Same 1 Lot bounded W. by said river N. 2 40 40 by Nathaniel Dummer 96
Bounded E. by John Beeman Jeremiah Dummer Same 1 Lot 10 300 300 S. by John Couch
Mrs. Being part of original Lot Non Resident 1 Tract 360 2160 2160 Dumaresqire No. 23
Bounded S. by Winthrop Eustice 1 Lot Farley Mayo Rd. W. by Thomas Lakeman 20 275 275 Thomas 1 Shop thereon 31 ft. long 16 wide
Bounded E. by the County Daniel Evens Same 1 Lot 18 300 300 Rd. N. by James Tisdale Bounded E. by Nathaniel Daniel Evens Same 1 Lot 10 400 400 Dummer S. by John Couch
Bounded E. by the County 1 Lot Rd. N. by Isaac Clark Thomas Fillebrown Same 1 Store thereon 37 ft. long 27 wide 16 1200 1200 1 Shop thereon 18 ft. long 16 wide occupied and owned by J. Wheeler
Bounded W. by 2nd Street 1 Lot Thomas Fillebrown Same N. by Rod Lain 24 250 250 1 Barn thereon 24 ft. long 20 wide
Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Rd. N. by Thomas Nathaniel Folsome Same 6 600 600 1 Store thereon Fillebrown 26 ft. long 20 wide
Bounded W. by James Gow Nathaniel Folsome Same 1 Lot 8 40 40 S. by Peter Clark's heirs
Fales & Non Resident 1 Lot On the 2nd mile No. 45 100 450 450 Athern Bounded S. by Nathaniel 1 Lot Dummer N. by Jeremiah Edmund Greenleaf Same 6 475 475 1 Store thereon Dummer 28 ft. long 20 wide Bounded E. by the County Edmund Greenleaf Same 1 Lot 40 190 190 Rd. N. by Benjamin Page 97
E. side Kennebec River W. by Jeremiah and Nathaniel Edmund Greenleaf Same 1 Lot 4 50 50 Dummer N. by Seth Littlefield
Bounded E. by Kennebec Edmund Greenleaf Same 1 Lot River W. by the County Rd. 12 80 80 N. by Oliver Whipple
Bounded N. by the Academy James Gow Same 1 Lot 28 140 140 Rd. W. by Elishalet Gilman
Bounded E. by Samuel Enoch Greely Same 1 Lot 2 80 100 100 Dutton N. by Isaac Clark Bounded W. by the County 1 Lot Enoch Greely Same Rd. S. by John O. Page 6 525 525 1 Store thereon 30 ft. long 22 wide 1 Lot Bounded N. by the Academy Enoch Greely Same 1 Blacksmith's Shop Rd. E. by John O. Page 5 100 100 thereon 600 ft. area
Bounded E. by Kennebec 1 Lot River N. by Joseph Glidden Peter Grant Same 1 Barn thereon 19 120 700 700 32 ft. long 25 wide 1 Store thereon 40 ft. long 22 wide Peter Grant Same 1 Lot On the 2nd mile No. 23 50 225 225 Peter Grant Same 1bo On the 2 bo No. 45 50 225 225 Bounded E. by Kennebec Joseph Glidden Same 1 Lot 9 120 200 200 River S. by Peter Grant Joseph Glidden Same 1 Lot On the 3rd mile No. 41 50 100 100 Joseph Glidden Same 1 Lot On the 4th mile No. 35 50 100 100 Bounded N. by Kennebec Jabez Gould Same 1 Lot 3 40 River W, by Samuel Greely
Bounded S. by the County 100 100 Jabez Gould Same 1 house Rd. 384 ft. area, 1 story, 2 1 40 40 windows, 6 ft. glass, wood 98
Situate on the E. side 1 Farm Kennebec River being Lot Andrew Goodwin Same 66 1000 1000 1 barn thereon No. 8 40 ft. long 30 ft. wide
Being part of Lot No. 12 on Andrew Goodwin Same 1 Tract the 1st mile bounded W. by 50 400 400 the river Andrew Goodwin Same 1 Lot On the 3rd mile No. 12 75 150 150 W. side Kennebec River Andrew Goodwin Same 1 Lot bounded W. by the County 6 80 80 Rd. E. by said River Bounded N. by Isaac Clark Elishalet Gilman Same 1 Lot 1 100 100 E. by Samuel Dutton Situated on the 2nd mile on 1 Farm the road leading to Samuel Greely Same 99 120 1 Barn thereon Litchfield 40 ft. long 32 wide 880 880 On said farm wherein said Greely now lives 446 ft. Samuel Greely Same 1 house 1 80 40 area, 1 story, 3 windows, 10 ft. glass, wood
Held and improved by a Bounded S. by the Academy Elishalet Gillet Same 1 Lot settled 40 Rd. E. by Samuel Dutton minister of the gospel
Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Tract Lot No. 6 and part of No. 5 25 80 200 200 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot part of No. 51 50 1000 1000 Gilmantown 99
Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 23 1 mile W. side River 50 725 725 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot Half of Lot No. 27 50 300 300 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 30 100 500 500 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 29 100 550 550 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 31 100 500 500 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 41 100 450 450 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 39 100 500 500 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 34 100 500 500 Gilmantown Greely Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot No. 35 100 350 350 Gilmantown Greely No.36 The above land is part Non Resident Samuel of 1 Lot 100 350 350 of original Lot No. 21 Gilmantown
Samuel Greely of Bounded Northeastwardly Gilmantown, Isaac Same 1 Tract by Kennebec River 36 720 720 Pilsbury & Joseph Westwardly by Enoch Wood Smith 100
Greely On the 5th mile being part of Non Resident Samuel & 1 Tract 100 300 300 original Lot No. 21 Wood Enoch
Gardiner Non Resident 1 Tract Being part of Lot No. 23 120 720 720 William
Gardiner John Non Resident & Sylvester 1 Tract Being part of Lot No. 23 120 720 720 John
Hallowell Non Resident 1 Tract Being part of Lot No. 23 450 2700 2700 Robert On the 1st mile bounded E. Hallowell Non Resident 1 Tract by Charles Vaughan, N. by 40 800 800 Robert Norcrofs & Sewall Bounded E. by the road N. Shubal Hinkley Same 1 Tract by Philip Norcrofs & A. 88 1320 1320 Hinkley Bounded N. by Shubal Thomas Hinkley Same 1 Lot Hinkley W. by the County 10 750 750 Rd.
Bounded S. by Andrew James Hinkley Jr. 1 Farm McCausland N. by Samuel & Thomas Hinkley Same 101 120 1 barn thereon Greely 2nd 41 ft. long 31 wide 894 894 James Hinkley Jr. N. by the County Rd. 1008 & Thomas Hinkley Same 1 house ft. area, 1 story, 3 windows, 1 80 40 2nd 12 ft. glass, wood
Bounded N. by Town Line 1 Farm Aaron Hinkley Same E. by Philip Norcrofs 39 120 665 665 1 barn thereon 24 ft. long 14 wide 101
On said farm 480 ft. area, 1 Aaron Hinkley Same 1 house story, 2 windows, 10 ft. 1 40 40 glass, wood Situated on the County Rd. 1 Farm John Hains Same on the 3rd mile 150 1 barn thereon 80 ft. long 32 wide 2300 2300 Adjoining the above farm John Hains Same 1 Tract Northwardly lying in 15 Augusta Bounded W. by Benjamin 1 Lot Harlow Harris Same Allen E. by the road 2 120 161 161 1Barn thereon 30 ft. long 30 wide Bounded N. by Moses Francis Hovey Same 1 Lot Beadle S. by Thomas L. 17 100 100 Hovey
Bounded S. by Samuel Hodge 1 Lot Edward Emerson Smith W. by the County Rd. 8 600 600 Henry's heirs 1 Store thereon 36 ft. long 20 wide
E. by the County Rd. S. by 1 Lot Chandler Robbins Same Jeremiah Dummer 34 900 900 1 Store thereon 32 ft. long 22 wide W. by Shubal Hinkley S. by Chandler Robbins Same 1 Lot 120 150 150 Thomas Hinkley E. by Kennebec River S. by Chandler Robbins Same 1 Lot 10 120 120 James Parker N. by a road E. by D. Chandler Robbins Same 1 Lot Norcrofs part of original Lot 50 250 250 No. 20 E. by Kennebec River S. by 1 Farm Nathaniel Rollins Same Ebenezer Church 100 1700 1700 1 barn thereon 36 ft. long 30 wide E. by Samuel Greely N. by a John Sheppard Same 1 Tract 100 600 600 road 102
1 Farm S. by Winthrop Rd. Lot No. 1 barn thereon 40 Nathaniel Tilton Smith Jacob 70 1295 1295 1 Blacksmith's Shop 40 ft. long 30 wide thereon 124 ft. long 18 wide
Situated on the County Rd. 1 Farm Samuel Stevens Same Lot No. 44 200 1 Barn thereon 80 ft. long 32 wide 3000 3000 Lying in Augusta adjoining Samuel Stevens Same 1 Tract 16 the above farm Northwardly
Moses Sewall's W. by Samuel and Philip heirs & David Same 1 Tract 8 100 100 Norcrofs E. by the same Sewall E. by the County Rd. S. by Abihail Shurburn Same 1 Lot 40 200 200 Lemuel Toby E. by Kennebec River S. by 1 Farm Nathan Sweatlane Same Nathaniel Rollins 75 1490 1490 1 Barn thereon 43 ft. long 33 wide
Bounded W. & E. by Joseph Nathan Sweatlane Same 1 Tract 50 200 200 Smith and Isaac Pilsbury
E. by the County Rd. N. by Samuel Smith 2nd Same 1 Lot 40 45 45 Augustus Ballard E. side Kennebec River Snell 1 Farm Thomas Kenny bounded W. by said river 100 550 550 Thaddeus 1 Barn thereon 30 ft. long 2 wide E. side Kennebec River No. Thomas Stickney Same 1 Lot 99 120 17 1st mile
On said Lot, wherein said 700 700 Stickney now lives Thomas Stickney Same 1 house 1 50 40 720 ft area, 1 story, 2 windows, 6 ft. glass, wood
E. side Kennebec River, Lot 1 Farm Benjamin Stickney Same No. 16 95 1120 1120 1 Barn thereon 65 ft. long 30 wide 103
E. by Kennebec River S. by James Springer Same 1 Lot William Springer N. by 9 80 250 250 Peter Grant On the 1st and 2nd miles, James Springer Same 1 Tract 100 600 600 Lots No. 46 & 47 E. by Kennebec River N. by 1 Lot James Springer William Springer Same 1 Barn thereon 10 425 425 33 ft. long 27 wide 1 Store thereon 18 ft. long 16 wide William Springer Same 1 Lot On the 1st mile No. 18 50 300 300 William Springer Same 1 Lot On the 2nd mile No. 20 50 300 300 William Springer Same 1 Lot On the 2nd Do No. 24 50 275 275 William Springer Same 1 Lot On the 3rd Do No. 26 50 225 225 E. by Kennebec River N. by 1 Lot Moses Springer Same William Springer 10 440 440 1 Shop thereon 38 ft. long 20 wide Moses Springer Same 1 Lot On the 2nd mile No. 43 50 300 300 Moses Springer Same 1 Lot On the 3rd mile No. 40 50 250 250 Moses Springer Same 1 Lot On the 4th mile No. 30 50 250 250 Moses Springer Same 1 On the 4th No. 31 50 250 250
Situated N. of Ansel Nye's Nathaniel Shaw Same 1 Lot 2 100 100 bought of Charles Vaughan
Situated on the 4 mile John Stringer Same 1 Lot 100 500 500 bought of Peter Grant
N. by the County Rd. W. by 1 Lot James Hinkley Bartlett Sylvester Same 1 20 53 23 23 1 house 360 ft. area, 1 story, 2 windows, 6 ft. glass, wood
N. by Samuel Vaughan W. 1 Lot by Samuel Greely Joseph Smith Same 1 Barn thereon 10 350 350 36 ft. long 30 wide 1 Shop thereon 24 ft. by 12 104
W. by Samuel Greely N. by Joseph Smith Same 1 Lot 25 950 950 Isaac Pilsbury Joseph Smith Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 50 25 250 250 Joseph Smith Same 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 48 50 350 350 W. by 2nd Street N. by Joseph Smith Same 1 Lot 20 100 100 William Dorr W. by Joseph Smith & Captain Samuel Same 1 Lot William Dorr N. by John 40 75 75 Smith of Belgrade Sewall S. by the County Rd.E. by Roland Smith Same 1 Lot 4 140 140 William Morse 1 Lot E. by the County Rd. S. by Samuel Smith Same 1 Blacksmith's Shop Charles Vaughan 34 150 150 thereon 30 ft. long 20 wide Sever Non Resident William of 1 Tract called the Sever tract 1500 3750 3750 Kingston NY N. by Nathan Burgess E. by Ezekiel Tolman Same 1 Lot 12 150 150 2nd Street
W. side Kennebec River Lemuel Toby Same 1 Wharf opposite his dwelling house 6 92 200 200 48 ft. long 38 wide
E. side Kennebec River half Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract 1400 4200 4200 mile Lot No. 12 vassal Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract On 1st and 2nd miles No. 2 400 1600 1600 Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract On 1st mile Lot No. 3 95 570 570 Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract On 3rd mile Lot No. 16 150 375 375 Non Resident Unknown 1Tract On 2nd mile Lot No. 17 300 1200 1200 Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract On 2nd mile Lot No. 8 300 1050 1050
W. side Kennebec River, Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract part Lot No. 20 E. by River 100 1000 1000 N by Ebenezer Church
105
Bounded W. by Cobbesse Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract 920 4500 4500 Great Pond Part of original Lot No. 20 Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract 200 900 900 on the 4th mile On the 4th mile W. end of Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract 100 300 300 Lot No. 43 N. of Shubal Hinkley's E. by Non Resident Unknown 1 Tract Kennebec River W. by the 8 400 400 road Part of original Lot No. 23 Vaughan Non Resident 1 Tract E. by Isaac Clark S. by 20 360 360 Charles S. Carr
N. by Peter Clark's heirs W. by Tolman Clark S. by a 1 Tract road and brook E. by Joseph Lambert & Vaughan 1 Grist Mill Kennebec River and the 495 11050 11050 David Cutler Charles 1 Barn thereon County Rd. 1 Distillery 58 ft. long 48 wide 50 ft. long 32 wide 60 ft. long 30 wide
Bought of Samuel Norcrofs E. by Kennebec River S. by Winthrop Rd. 18 ft. long 14 wide, 1 Tract occupied and owned by 1Taylor's Shop Samuel Manning Joseph Lambert & Vaughan 1 Store thereon 20 ft. long 18 wide, 1 88 2200 2200 David Cutler Charles 1 Office occupied and owned by 1 Blacksmith’s Shop Robert Randall thereon 20 ft. long 18 wide 20 ft. long 18 wide, occupied and owned by Alfred Martin
106
E. by Kennebec River W. by road N by Alfred Martin 1 Lot Joseph Lambert & Vaughan 32 ft. long 20 wide 1 Store thereon 30 1350 1350 David Cutler Charles 36 ft. long 32 wide, claimed 1 Other Store by Martin Brewster and Benjamin Poor
Joseph Lambert & Vaughan N. by Winthrop Rd. S. by 1 Tract 9 2750 2750 David Cutler Charles Isaac Clark
S. by original Lot No. 21 E. by Kennebec River N. by a 1 Tract brook and road 1 Brewery thereon 112 ft. long 24 wide 1 Wood house 41 ft. long 24 wide 1 Stable Vaughan 38 ft. long 24 wide Benjamin Sylvester 1 Kiln house 602 16285 16285 Samuel 171/2 ft. long 16 wide 1 Wharf adjoining brewery 1 Felling Mill 80 ft. long 60 wide one other Kiln house 32 ft. long 22 wide 1 Saw Mill 28 ft. long 18 wide 40 ft. long 18 wide
E. by Prescott & Hinkley& Vaughan Freeman & john Hinkley Benjamin Sylvester 1 Tract 1400 8400 8400 Samuel being all the W. end of Lot No.
W. by the County Rd. N. by 1 Lot Joshua Wingate Same Jonathan Longfellow 4 500 500 1 Store thereon 28 ft. long 16 ft. wide W. by Daniel Carr S. by Joshua Wingate Same 1 Tract 10 90 90 James Park on 2nd mile
E. by the County Rd. S. by Moses and David Sewall 1 Lot Williams 20 ft. long 20 wide Joshua Wingate 1 Store thereon 10 675 675 Joseph 18 ft. long 18 wide, 1 Office thereon occupied and owned by Nathaniel Perley 107
Jeremiah E. by Kennebec River S. by Same 1 Lot 10 275 275 Wakefield Daniel Norcrofs Jeremiah Same 1 Tract On the 1st mile Lot No. 19 50 225 225 Wakefield Jeremiah Same 1 Tract on the 3rd mile Lot No. 37 50 250 250 Wakefield
E. side Kennebec River part of Lot No. 5 on said tract 1 Tract William White Same wherein said White now 1 50 9 120 110 110 1 house lives 400 ft. area, 1 story, 2 windows, 7 ft. glass, wood
On the 2nd mile part of Lot William White Same 1 Lot 50 250 250 No. 5 E. side Kennebec River, Lot 1 Farm Benjamin White Same No. 13 90 1290 1290 1 Barn thereon 40 ft. long 30 wide Winthrop L. Non Resident Thomas of 1 Tract Part of Lot No. 23 374 2244 2244 Boston Whipple Non Resident 1 Tract Part of Lot No. 23 360 2160 2160 Oliver Whipple E. by Kennebec River N. & Non Resident 1 Tract 11 40 1590 1590 Oliver S. by John Couch E. by Kennebec River Lot Non Resident Wood Enoch 1 Tract 100 2000 2000 No. 3
Non Resident Wood Enoch 1 Tract Half of Lot No. 6 50 500 500
Occupied 1 Lot E. by 2nd Street S. by Peter South Parish for public 1 Meeting = House Clark's heirs 56 in Hallowell religious thereon 83 ft. long 58 wide worship
Occupied Town of N. by Nathaniel Dummer W. for public 1 Lot 33 Hallowell by the County Rd. town landing 108
Appendix C. Vessel Valuation, 1859. Source: HCH 2005.
109
Appendix C. Continued
110
Appendix D.
Augusta, Hallowell, and Gardiner Directory, 1867. (Hallowell Businesses)
2 Apothecaries 1 Music & Musical Instruments 2 Auctioneers 1 Music Teacher 1 Baker 1 Newspaper Publisher 1 Billiard Hall 1 Paint Manufacturer 3 Blacksmiths 2 Paints & Oil 1 Block Maker 1 Painter 3 Boarding Houses 1 Steamboat Agent 1 Bookseller & Stationer 2 Stoves, Furnaces & Tinware 3 Boots & Shoes 1 Straw Goods 2 Boot & Shoe Maker & Repairer 3 Tailors 1 Cabinet Maker 1 Tallow & Neat Foot Oil 1 Candle Manufacturer 1 Tanner & Currier 4 Carpenters 1 Telegraph Office 3 Carriage Makers 2 Toys & Fancy Goods 1 Carriage Smith 1 Trunk Maker 1 Carriage Trimmer 1 Cigar Maker 6 Clergymen 1 Clothing Store 1 Coal Dealer 1 Commission Merchant 1 Confectionary Manufacturer 1 Cooper 3 Counselors 1 Crockery & Glassware Store 3 Wool Dealers 2 Fish Dealers 2 Floor Oilcloth Manufacturers 2 Flour & Grain 8 Fruit & Confectionary 1 Granite Dealer 14 Grocers 2 Hairdressers 1 Hardware 3 Harness Makers 1 Hat & Caps 3 Hotels 4 Insurance Agents 3 Ladies Fancy Goods 2 Livery Stables 1 Locksmith 2 Machinists 1 Marble Worker 3 Millinery 111
Appendix E.
Board of Trade Journal, March 1908. (Hallowell Businesses)
Hallowell House Granite City Cafe The Whitehouse Laundry Clothing Specialty Cleaners Hamilton & Company Household Goods, Coal & Wood Dana Skillin Grocer G.E. Moody & Son Grocer L.W. Payson Shoe Store Spaulding Health Tablets Drug Store Northern National Bank Hallowell Home Loan & Building Association Hallowell Register Office Printing George Willis Shoes Andrew Brothers Clothing Hallowell Market Boston Flint Company O’Brien Electrophone Company Johnson Brothers Shoe Manufacturing Company Hallowell Iron Foundry F.B. Wood Furniture, Carpet, Rugs Chester Fuller Jeweler & Optician Hallowell Savings Institution Hallowell National Bank Dinsmore Clothier Church & Sons Hardware, Plumbing, and Heating 112
Appendix F.
Manning’s Hallowell Classified Business Directory, 1948. (Hallowell Businesses)
1 Accountant, Auditor 1 Gardener 1 Ambulatory Service 1 Gas Appliance 3 Antique 10 Gasoline & Oil 2 Apartments 1 Grain Dealer & Trader 6 Associations, Clubs & Societies 6 Grocers 7 Automobile Dealers, Garages & Repairs 6 Halls 1 Automobile Agency 1 Hardware Dealer 2 Bakers 1 Hotel 1 Bank 1 Ice Dealer 3 Barbers 1 Insurance Agent 2 Beauty Parlors 2 Laundries 1 Beer & Ale Wholesaler & Distributor 1 Lawyer 1 Billiard 1 Library 1 Board & Rooms 1 Livestock Dealer 1 Bottled Gas 1 Loan & Building Association 1 Bowling 1 Lumber 15 Offices & Public Buildings 2 Machinists 1 Cabinet Maker 2 Meats & Provisions 1 Cement Lime 1 Men’s Furnishings 1 Cemetery 4 Milk Dealers 1 Chamber of Commerce 3 Monumental Works 1 Chemical Wholesaler 1 Motorcycle Dealer & Repair 5 Churches & Clergymen 1 Municipal Association 1 Cleaners & Dyers 1 Newspaper 1 Clock 3 Nurses 2 Clothing Dealers 1 Oil Burner 3 Coal Dealers 1 Oil Dealer 1 Confectionary & Ice Cream 6 Painters 6 Contractors 2 Patent Medicine 3 Convalescent Homes 3 Physicians & Surgeons 2 Dairies 1 Piano Dealer 2 Dentists 1 Piano Tuner & Repairer 1 Department Store 1 Plumbing & Heating 2 Dressmakers 5 Plumbers 2 Druggists 2 Printers 1 Electric Ranges 3 Radio Sets, Supplies & Retail 1 Electric Apparatus 1 Radio Repairer 1 Engraver (Photo) 1 Railroad Passenger Station 1 Fish Dealer 1 Real Estate 1 Florist 2 Restaurants 1 Founder (Iron & Steel) 1 Secondhand 1 Fruit Dealer 1 Sheet Metal Worker 2 Fuel Oils 1 Shoe Dealer 1 Funeral Director 1 Shoe Manufacturer 1 Furniture Dealer 2 Shoe Repairers 113
Appendix F. Continued
1 Steam Fitter 1 Taxicab 1 Taxidermist 1 Theater 1 Toys & Games 2 Trucking 3 Variety Stores 1 Vending 2 Watch & Jewels Repair 1 Washing Machine 1 Washing Machine Repair 1 Water Supply 1 Wood Dealer 114
Appendix G. Row House historic walking tour 1-6, 15-18. 115
Appendix G. Row House historic walking tour 7-14, 19-25.
116
Appendix G. Row House historic walking tour 26-29, 38-47.
117
Appendix G. Row House historic walking tour 30-37, 48-56.
118
Appendix H.
Hallowell Area Board of Trade Directory, 1996-1997.
Hallowell Businesses:
SERVICES: SPECIALTY SERVICES: Body Wise Center American Sampler Chestnut Community Credit Union Bittersweet Dom’s Barber Shop Boynton’s Market Jim Duncklee & Associates Brahms/Mount Textiles Gardiner Savings Institution Christopher Cart Gallery Hallowell Printing Casual Spaces/FONE Computing Heald’s Auto Repair Service Corner Music & Piano Shop Health Reach Network Creek House Prints Kennedy Builders/Bombahook Woodworks Cushnoc Trader Knowlton & Hewins Funeral Home Dancewear House Letter Systems Inc. David-Brooks Goldsmiths Linker Financial Services Dealer’s Choice Antiques Maine Tomorrow Earthly Delights Masciadri Accounting & Income Tax Services Fenix A Studio Masciadri Memorials Half-Moon Antiques Louise R. Ouellette Massage/Counseling Keepsakes Planning Decisions Kirsten Scarcelli Company Quality Copy James H. LeFurgy Antiques & Books The Rainmaker Consulting & Grantwriting Alden Longfellow’s Green House System Consulting M.K. Gandhi Bookshop E.L.Slack tax Consultant Paperkicks Jeff Smith & Associates, P.A. Renaissance Gallery Tao Martial Arts & Fitness Center Rollins Furniture Store, Inc. The Wiederhorn Group Shaker Trades Wingate Landscaping Company Traditions Wingate-Lathe Oil Company Recreation Interstate Bowling Center Kennebec Ice Arena