DOCSLIB.ORG

Unstable-Patella.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Unstable-Patella.Pdf Table of Contents About the Authors 4 Introduction 6 Basic Knee Anatomy 7 Basic Knee Biomechanics: The Important Structures and How They Should Work to Keep Your Patella Stable and Pain-free 10 The Extensor Mechanism 10 Factors That Influence Patellar Stability 10 Summary 15 The Effects of Patellar Instability 16 Patellar Dislocation Injuries 16 Patellar Subluxation Episodes 16 The Knee Examination 18 History 18 Where Does It Hurt? 18 Patellar Tracking 19 Lower Limb Alignment 20 Ligaments and Menisci 21 Single-leg Squat Test 21 Muscle Strength and Function 21 Imaging Studies 21 Possible Diagnoses Related to Anatomical Problems 22 Treatment for Acute, First-Time Patellar Dislocations 23 General Comments 23 Conservative Treatment, Physical Therapy 24 Knee Braces/Sleeves 26 Training for Return to Sports 26 Results of Conservative Treatment for First-Time Patellar Dislocation Injuries 30 Treatment for Chronic Recurrent Patellar Instability 31 General Comments 31 Conservative Treatment, Physical Therapy 31 What to do When Conservative Management Fails 33 Choosing an Orthopaedic Surgeon in the U.S. 33 Operations to Correct Patella Instability 34 Examination Under Anesthesia 35 Lateral Release 35 Proximal-Distal Realignment Procedures 35 Proximal Realignment (Tightening Existing Tissues) 37 MPFL Reconstruction Plus Proximal Realignment 37 Trochleoplasty 37 Operations for Damage to the Joint Lining (Articular Cartilage) 37 Arthroscopic Debridement 37 Microfracture, Abrasion Arthroplasty 38 Osteochondral Autograft Transfer 39 Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation 39 Preparing for Surgery 40 Getting Your House Ready 40 Food and Medications 41 Practice the Exercises You Will Do After Surgery 43 Mental Preparation 43 The Night Before Surgery 43 The Day of Surgery 44 Recovering From Surgery 46 Prevention of Blood Clots in Your Leg (Deep Venous Thrombosis) 46 Home Exercises to Improve Strength and Flexibility 47 Quadriceps Isometrics: Full Extension 47 Quadriceps Isometrics: Multi-angle 47 Straight Leg Raise: Hip Flexion 48 Straight Leg Raise: Hip Extension 49 Straight Leg Raise: Hip Abduction 49 Straight Leg Raise: Hip Adduction 49 Straight Leg Raises With Resistance Band 50 Mini-squats 51 Hamstring Curls, Ankle Weight 51 Knee Extension, Active-Assisted 51 Wall Sits 52 Toe Raises 52 Heel Raises 52 Lateral Step-ups 52 Step-downs, Stable and Unstable Surface 53 Lunge, Straight 53 Lunge, Lateral 53 Lunge, Diagonal 53 Hamstring Stretch 54 Calf Stretch 54 Iliotibial Band Stretch 54 Quadriceps Stretch 55 Health, Fitness Club Exercise Machines 55 Leg Press 55 Hip Abduction/Adduction 56 Multi-Hip 56 Knee Extension 56 Hamstring Curls 57 Upper Body Weight Training 57 Core Training 57 Stationary Bicycle 57 Cross-Country Ski 58 Elliptical 58 Pool Training 58 Water Walking and Other Basic Aquatic Exercises 58 Swimming (Straight Ahead Kicking) 58 Weight Loss Tips 59 Acronyms and References 59 Appendix 1. Surgical Details: Proximal Realignment 63 Appendix 2. Surgical Details: Proximal Realignment With MPFL Reconstruction 64 Appendix 3. Surgical Details: Distal Realignment 66 Appendix 4. Surgical Details: Correction of Patella Alta 68 4 About the Authors Dr. Frank Noyes is an internationally recognized orthopaedic surgeon and researcher who has specialized in the treatment of knee injuries and disorders for nearly 4 decades. He is the founder and chairman of the Cin- cinnati SportsMedicine and Orthopaedic Center and its nonprofit research foundation. Dr. Noyes completed his orthopaedic training at the University of Michigan Medical Center. He then received a 4-year clinical and research appointment as an orthopaedic surgeon in the United States Air Force, was commissioned as a Lieu- tenant Colonel, and began his landmark research into knee ligament injuries, the effects of immobilization, bio- mechanics of ligaments, prevention of ACL injuries in the female athlete, the diagnosis of many knee injuries and problems, and the results of treatment for a variety of knee disorders. Along with Dr. Edward Grood, Dr. Noyes established one of the first biomechanics laboratories in the United States at the University of Cincinnati College of Engineering. The laboratory was subsequently named in his honor as the Noyes Tissue Engineering and Biomechanics Laboratory. Dr. Noyes has won every conceivable award for his clinical and laboratory research from societies such as the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, the American Orthopaedic Society of Sports Medicine, the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation, as well as the University of Cincinnati. He was inducted into the American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine’s Hall of Fame in 2008. Dr. Noyes has been selected by his peers as one of the Best Doctors in America every year since 1992. Dr. Noyes has published over 260 research studies and textbook chapters on many different types of knee injuries and disorders. He edited a textbook entitled, “Noyes’ Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes” which was written for orthopaedic surgeons, physical therapists, and other sports medicine health care professionals. Dr. Noyes is also a co-editor of “ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete. Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs”, a textbook written for sports medicine health care professionals, coaches, and trainers involved with female athletes. Sue Barber-Westin has directed clinical research studies for Dr. Noyes’ research Foundation for nearly 3 de- cades. In the mid 1980’s, she authored one of the first studies that measured problems during single-leg hop- ping tests in patients with ACL injuries, “Quantitative Assessment of Functional Limitations in Normal and Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Knees.” She has co-authored 140 articles in medical journals and text- books, focusing on the clinical outcome of various knee operative procedures, the methods used to determine the results of clinical investigations, differences in neuromuscular indices between male and female athletes, ef- fects of neuromuscular training in female athletes, and prevention of ACL injuries in female athletes. Sue is the associate editor of “Knee Disorders: Surgery, Rehabilitation, Clinical Outcomes” and is the co-editor for “ACL Injuries in the Female Athlete. Causes, Impacts, and Conditioning Programs”. Sue has personally undergone 4 knee operations and played competitive junior and collegiate tennis. In 2004, Sue and Dr. Noyes were members of the research team that won the Clinical Research Award from the Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation. They are frequently invited to speak at national and interna- tional conferences and review articles for orthopaedic and sports medicine journals. Noyes and Barber-Westin have written several other eBooks for patients: 1. ACL Injury: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Right Treatment Decision 2. ACL Injury Rehabilitation: Everything You Need to Know to Restore Knee Function and Return to Activity 3. Knee Meniscus (Cartilage) Tears: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Right Treatment Decision 5 4. Patellar (Kneecap) Pain and Problems: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Right Treatment Deci- sion 5. Operations for Knee Arthritis: What To Do When All Else Has Failed To Stop Your Knee Pain 6. Knee Arthrofibrosis: Everything You Need to Know to Recognize, Treat, and Prevent Loss of Knee Motion After Injury or Surgery 7. Partial Knee Replacement: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Right Treatment Decision 8. PCL and Posterolateral Knee Ligament Injuries: Everything You Need to Know to Make the Right Treatment Decision 6 Introduction Instability of the patella (kneecap) is one of the most common reasons patients seek medical treatment at orthopaedic and sports medicine clinics. Normally, the patella glides smoothly and stays within what is termed the trochlear groove as the knee flexes (bends) and extends (straightens). An unstable kneecap comes either completely or partially out of the groove as the knee bends. The term “patellar instability’ may indicate either a dislocation, where the kneecap comes completely out of its normal position, or a subluxation, where the kneecap only partially moves out and then goes back into its normal position. There are many potential caus- es of patellar instability, ranging from a traumatic injury to inherent problems with the patient’s anatomy that predisposes them to this problem. Acute patellar dislocation is a common traumatic knee injury in children and teenagers. At least one-half of patellar dislocations occur during sports activities such as basketball, football, and soccer. One study report- ed that approximately 43 per 100,000 children aged 16 years or younger sustained this injury. Several studies found the risk of patellar dislocation was highest in individuals 10-19 years of age. While some investigations reported that females had a higher risk compared to males, others have questioned this finding. Once this inju- ry occurs, the chance of sustaining future dislocation injuries ranges from 14-57% in adult patients and 36-71% in children and teenagers. Chronic, or recurrent, patellar instability may occur for many reasons and may or may not happen as a result of a previous dislocation injury. There are many factors which affect patellar stability such as the angle of knee flexion, the shape (geometry) of the bones in the knee joint (trochlear groove and lateral femoral condyle), tissues referred to as static patella stabilizers, and tissues called dynamic patella stabilizers. An abnormality, weakness,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Knee Pain Prevention
    DOCTORS CARE OSTEOARTHRITIS PROGRAM FOR Knee Pain Prevention Our program offers a non-surgical option that is safe and effective What Is Osteoarthritis of the Knee? In most cases osteoarthritis is caused by a slow degenerative process whereby, as we age and become less active, we tend to get tighter joints and weaker muscles. This in turn causes our joints to become dysfunctional and then become inflamed. The inflammation causes decreased blood flow to the joint tissues and thus decreased production of joint fluid. This, in turn, causes wear and tear on the joint which causes more inflammation and even less nutrients to the joint tissues. As a result, range of motion and strength are further decreased causing greater dysfunction Aand Healthy greater Joint inflammation. Left untreated, this will lead to a Medialdownward collateral ligamentspiral of degeneration. Joint capsule Muscles Tendons A Healthy Joint Medial collateral ligament Joint capsule Muscles TendonsBone Cartilage Synovial uid In a healthy joint, the ends of bones are encased in smooth cartilage. Together, they are protected by a joint capsule lined with a Bonesynovial membrane thatCartilage produces synovial uid. e capsule and uid protect the cartilage, muscles, and connective tissues.Synovial uid InA aJoint healthy With joint, theSevere ends of Osteoarthritis bones are encased in smooth cartilage. Together, they are protected by a joint capsule lined with a synovial membrane that produces synovialMedial uid. collateral e capsule ligament and uid protect the cartilage, muscles, and connectiveBone spurs tissues. Muscles A Joint With Severe Osteoarthritis Tendons Medial collateral ligament Bone spurs Muscles TendonsBone Worn-away Cartilage cartilage Synovial uid fragments in uid With osteoarthritis, the cartilage becomes worn away.
    [Show full text]
  • Knee Osteoarthritis
    BRIGHAM AND WOMEN’S HOSPITAL Department of Rehabilitation Services Standard of Care: _Osteoarthritis of the Knee Case Type / Diagnosis: Knee Osteoarthritis. ICD-9: 715.16, 719.46 Osteoarthritis/Osteoarthrosis (OA) is the most common joint disease causing disability, affecting more than 7 million people in the United States 1. OA is a disease process of axial and peripheral joints. It is characterized by progressive deterioration and loss of articular cartilage and by reactive bone changes at the margins of the joints and in the subchondral bone. Clinical manifestations are characterized by slowly developing joint pain, stiffness, and joint enlargement with limitations of motion. Knee osteoarthritis (OA) results from mechanical and idiopathic factors that alter the balance between degradation and synthesis of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. The etiology of knee OA is not entirely clear, yet its incidence increases with age and in women. 1 The etiology may have genetic factors affecting collagen, or traumatic factors, such as fracture or previous meniscal damage. Obesity is a risk factor for the development and progression of OA. Early degenerative changes predict progression of the disease. Underlying biomechanical factors, such as varum or valgum of the tibial femoral joint may predispose people to OA. However Hunter et al 2reported knee alignment did not predict OA, but rather was a marker of the disease severity. Loss of quadriceps muscle strength is associated with knee pain and disability in OA. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of OA of the knee has been established by Altman3 Subjects with examination finding consistent with any of the three categories were considered to have Knee OA.
    [Show full text]
  • Triple Dislocation Around the Knee Joint – a Case Report
    ical C lin as Chew et al., J Clin Case Rep 2019, 9:9 C e f R o l e a p n o r r t u s o J Journal of Clinical Case Reports ISSN: 2165-7920 Case Report Open Access Triple Dislocation around the Knee Joint – A Case Report Chew E1, Sharma A2 and Gupte C2 1Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust, Dorking Road, Epsom KT18 7EG, UK 2Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, South Wharf Road, Paddington, London W2 1NY, UK Abstract Dislocation of the knee is a serious and potentially limb threatening injury. There are 3 types of dislocation around the knee joint: patellofemoral, tibiofemoral and tibiofibular. Tibiofemoral dislocation is the variant that is deemed the most serious, with a higher risk of compromise to the popliteal artery and common peroneal nerve. Although simultaneous dislocations of two types have been described, there has been no such description of all three types occurring simultaneously. In this case we present a case of simultaneous dislocations of all 3 articulations around the knee. Diagnosis was achieved with clinical examination, plain films, CT and MRI scans. Management consisted of initial surgical debridement and reduction with stabilisation of the affected joints. Keywords: Knee; Dislocation; Trauma; Orthopaedic Surgery was unaffected and maintained its normal motor and sensory function throughout. She was then transferred by air ambulance to our specialist Introduction knee trauma unit where she underwent repeat secondary survey and The knee is a synovial joint formed by the articulations of the patella, radiological investigations including, MRI and CT. femur and tibia.
    [Show full text]
  • Cartilage Restoration in the Patellofemoral Joint
    A Review Paper Cartilage Restoration in the Patellofemoral Joint Betina B. Hinckel, MD, PhD, Andreas H. Gomoll, MD, and Jack Farr II, MD malalignment, deconditioning, muscle imbalance Abstract and overuse) and can coexist with other lesions Although patellofemoral (PF) chondral in the knee (ligament tears, meniscal injuries, and lesions are common, the presence of cartilage lesions in other compartments). There- a cartilage lesion does not implicate a fore, careful evaluation is key in attributing knee chondral lesion as the sole source of pain. pain to PF cartilage lesions—that is, in making a As attributing PF pain to a chondral lesion “diagnosis by exclusion.” is “diagnosis by exclusion,” thorough From the start, it must be assessment of all potential structural appreciated that the vast majority and nonstructural sources of pain is the of patients will not require surgery, key to proper management. Commonly, and many who require surgery Take-Home Points for pain will not require cartilage multiple factors contribute to a patient’s ◾ Careful evaluation is symptoms. Each comorbidity must be restoration. One key to success key in attributing knee identified and addressed, and the carti- with PF patients is a good working pain to patellofemoral lage lesion treatment determined. relationship with an experienced cartilage lesions—that is, Comprehensive preoperative assess- physical therapist. in making a “diagnosis by exclusion.” ment is essential and should include a ◾ Initial treatment is non- thorough “core-to-floor” physical exam- Etiology The primary causes of PF carti- operative management ination. Treatment of symptomatic chon- focused on weight loss dral lesions in the PF joint requires specific lage lesions are patellar instabil- and extensive “core-to- technical and postoperative management, ity, chronic maltracking without floor” rehabilitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Diagnosis and Treatment of Multiligament Knee Injury: State of the Art Gilbert Moatshe,1,2,3 Jorge Chahla,2,4 Robert F Laprade,2,5 Lars Engebretsen1,3
    Journal of ISAKOS: Joint Disorders & Orthopaedic Sports Medicine Publish Ahead of Print, published on March 8, 2017 as doi:10.1136/jisakos-2016-000072 State of the Art J ISAKOS: first published as 10.1136/jisakos-2016-000072 on 8 March 2017. Downloaded from Diagnosis and treatment of multiligament knee injury: state of the art Gilbert Moatshe,1,2,3 Jorge Chahla,2,4 Robert F LaPrade,2,5 Lars Engebretsen1,3 1Oslo University Hospital and ABSTRact diagnostic workup and treatment plan is mandatory University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway when dealing with these injuries. The purpose of 2 Multiligament knee injuries constitute a complex and Steadman Philippon Research this article is to review specific focused principles Institute, Vail, Colorado, USA challenging entity, not only because of the diagnosis 3OSTRC, The Norwegian School and reconstruction procedure itself, but also because of of multiligament knee injuries, classification, diag- of Sports Sciences, Oslo, Norway the rehabilitation programme after the index procedure. nosis, treatment options and rehabilitation guide- 4Hospital Britanico de Buenos A high level of suspicion and a comprehensive clinical lines for addressing these complex injuries. Key Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina and radiographic examination are required to identify information and articles on these injuries can be 5The Steadman Clinic, Vail, Colorado, USA all injured structures. Concomitant meniscal, chondral found in box 1 and box 2 respectively. and nerve injuries are common in multiligament injuries Correspondence to necessitating a detailed evaluation. Stress radiographs Classification Dr Robert F LaPrade, The are valuable in evaluating patients preoperatively Schenck described the most widely used classifica- Steadman Philippon Research and postoperatively.
    [Show full text]
  • Common Problems in Sports Medicine Update and Pearls for Practice
    Common Problems in Sports Speaker Disclosure: Medicine Update and Pearls for Practice Founder, RunSafe™ Anthony Luke MD, MPH, CAQ (Sport Med) Founder, SportZPeak Inc. Benioff Distinguished Professor in Sports Medicine Director, Primary Care Sports Medicine, Departments of Orthopedics & Family & Community Medicine University of California, San Francisco Sanofi, Investigator initiated grant May 25, 2017 Overview Acute Hemarthrosis §Highlight common presentations 1) ACL (almost 50% in children, >70% in adults) 2) Fracture (Patella, tibial plateau, Femoral supracondylar, §Knee Physeal) §Shoulder 3) Patellar dislocation §Hip §Concussion § Unlikely meniscal lesions §Discuss basics of conservative and surgical management Emergencies Urgent Orthopedic Referral 1. Neurovascular injury §Fracture 2. Knee Dislocation §Patellar Dislocation • Associated with multiple ligament injuries “ ” (posterolateral) § Locked Joint - unable to fully extend the knee (OCD or Meniscal tear) • High risk of popliteal artery injury §Tumor • Needs arteriogram 3. Fractures (open, unstable) 4. Septic Arthritis Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) What is True About ACL Tears? Tear Mechanism 1. An MRI is the best test to diagnose the ACL §Landing from a 2. The medial meniscus is most commonly torn jump, pivoting or with an ACL tear decelerating 3. All patients with an ACL tear are better off suddenly getting reconstruction vs non-op treatment §Foot fixed, valgus 4. Athletes can expect full recovery after ACL stress reconstruction Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) ACL physical
    [Show full text]
  • Patellar Tendinopathy: Some Aspects of Basic Science and Clinical Management
    346 Br J Sports Med 1998;32:346–355 Br J Sports Med: first published as 10.1136/bjsm.32.4.346 on 1 December 1998. Downloaded from OCCASIONAL PIECE Patellar tendinopathy: some aspects of basic science and clinical management School of Human Kinetics, University of K M Khan, N MaVulli, B D Coleman, J L Cook, J E Taunton British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada K M Khan J E Taunton Tendon injuries account for a substantial tendinopathy, and the remainder to tendon or Victorian Institute of proportion of overuse injuries in sports.1–6 tendon structure in general. Sport Tendon Study Despite the morbidity associated with patellar Group, Melbourne, tendinopathy in athletes, management is far Victoria, Australia 7 Anatomy K M Khan from scientifically based. After highlighting The patellar tendon, the extension of the com- J L Cook some aspects of clinically relevant basic sci- mon tendon of insertion of the quadriceps ence, we aim to (a) review studies of patellar femoris muscle, extends from the inferior pole Department of tendon pathology that explain why the condi- of the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is about Orthopaedic Surgery, tion can become chronic, (b) summarise the University of Aberdeen 3 cm wide in the coronal plane and 4 to 5 mm Medical School, clinical features and describe recent advances deep in the sagittal plane. Macroscopically it Aberdeen, Scotland, in the investigation of this condition, and (c) appears glistening, stringy, and white. United Kingdom outline conservative and surgical treatment NMaVulli options. BLOOD SUPPLY Department of The blood supply has been postulated to con- 89 Medicine, University tribute to patellar tendinopathy.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Knee Dislocation Prior to Ligament Reconstruction: What Is the Current Evidence? Update of a Universal Treatment Algorithm
    European Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery & Traumatology https://doi.org/10.1007/s00590-018-2148-4 GENERAL REVIEW • KNEE - BIOMECHANICS Management of knee dislocation prior to ligament reconstruction: What is the current evidence? Update of a universal treatment algorithm Alexander Maslaris1 · Olaf Brinkmann1 · Matthias Bungartz1 · Christian Krettek2 · Michael Jagodzinski2 · Emmanouil Liodakis2 Received: 25 August 2017 / Accepted: 3 February 2018 © Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Traumatic knee dislocation is a rare but potentially limb-threatening injury. Thus proper initial diagnosis and treatment up to final ligament reconstruction are extremely important and a precondition to successful outcomes. Reports suggest that evidence-based systematic approaches lead to better results. Because of the complexity of this injury and the inhomogeneity of related literature, there are still various controversies and knowledge gaps regarding decision-making and step-sequencing in the treatment of acute multi-ligament knee injuries and knee dislocations. The use of ankle-brachial index, routine or selective angiography, braces, joint-spanning or dynamic external fixation, and the necessity of initial ligament re-fixation during acute surgery constitutes current topics of a scholarly debate. The aim of this article was to provide a comprehensive literature review bringing light into some important aspects about the initial treatment of knee dislocation (vascular injury, neural injury, immobilization techniques) and finally develop an accurate data-based universal algorithm, enabling attending physicians to become more acquainted with the management of acute knee dislocation. Keywords Knee dislocation · MLKI · Initial management · Protocol · Vascular injury · Nerve injury · Immobilization · Fixator · Brace · Cast Introduction Traumatic knee dislocation (KD) is a rare injury, reach- ing incidences between 0.001% of general population and 0.072% of orthopaedic traumata [1–6].
    [Show full text]
  • Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL): Reconstruction and Rehabilitation
    Patient information – PCL reconstruction Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL): reconstruction and rehabilitation Introduction Posterior cruciate ligament reconstruction is an operation to replace your torn posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and restore stability to your knee joint. This leaflet outlines what happens during and after surgery, outlines the risks and benefits, and gives advice and exercises to help you recover if you decide to go ahead with the operation. Posterior (back) view Anterior (front) view The PCL is the largest ligament in the knee and stops the shin bone from moving too far backwards, relative to your thigh bone. It is commonly injured by a significant blow to the front of the knee/upper shin. Most athletic PCL injuries occur during a fall onto the flexed (bent) knee. Hyperextension (‘over straightening’) and hyperflexion (‘bending too far’) of the knee can also cause a PCL injury and the PCL is often involved when there is injury to multiple ligaments in a knee dislocation. Not everyone who has a PCL injury will require surgery as most isolated tears (no other ligaments involved) can heal just with the early application of an appropriate splint/brace. If the ligament does not heal or there are other ligaments involved, some people can notice a ‘looseness’ and an occasional feeling of giving way. This requires a reconstruction (replacement) operation. Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, August 2020 1 Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction Reasons for not operating To undertake this major reconstruction, you must have appropriate symptoms of instability. This is not an operation for pain. An operation is not recommended if there is any active infection in or around the knee or when there is a lot of other disease, such as arthritis, within the joint.
    [Show full text]
  • The Acutely Dislocated Knee: Evaluation and Management
    The Acutely Dislocated Knee: Evaluation and Management Jeffrey A. Rihn, MD, Peter S. Cha, MD, Yram J. Groff, MD, and Christopher D. Harner, MD 02/25/2021 on BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= by http://journals.lww.com/jaaos from Downloaded Abstract Downloaded Acute knee dislocations are uncommon orthopaedic injuries. Because they often spon- (within 3 weeks of injury).6,8,13,14 Most taneously reduce before initial evaluation, the true incidence is unknown. Dislo- of the principles of evaluation and from http://journals.lww.com/jaaos cation involves injury to multiple ligaments of the knee, resulting in multidirec- management of the patient with an tional instability. Associated meniscal, osteochondral, and neurovascular injuries acutely dislocated knee are well es- are often present and can complicate management. The substantial risk of associ- tablished;15 recent advances have cen- ated vascular injury mandates that vascular integrity be confirmed by angiography tered on improvements in surgical in all suspected knee dislocations. Evaluation and initial management must be per- technique. by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC4/OAVpDDa8KKGKV0Ymy+78= formed expeditiously to prevent limb-threatening complications. Definitive manage- ment of acute knee dislocation remains a matter of debate; however, surgical recon- struction or repair of all ligamentous injuries likely can help in achieving the return Classification
    [Show full text]
  • Leg Problems in Athletes
    ACMS Team Physician CourseSan AntonioFeb 2015 LEG PROBLEMS IN ATHLETES Marlene DeMaio, MD Prof, Dept of Orthopaedic Surgery, Marshall University VAMC Huntington, WV LEG PROBLEMS • LIMB THREATENING Approach – AcuteEmergency treatment – ChronicUrgent workup and treatment S1.totalprosports.com • NOT LIMB THREATENING Approach – Usually chronic – Systematic work up Edc2.healthtap.com – Comprehensive treatment Limb Threatening Leg Disorders • Loss of oxygenation – Vascular compromise – Amputation – Crush Injury – Acute compartment syndrome • Vascular compromise – NEVER ASSUME ARTERIAL SPASM – Vessel compression or injury (tear, laceration) • From bone fragment or bone displacement • Associated with KNEE dislocation Limb Threatening Leg Problems EXTREME SPORTS – NO VEHICLES • Jumpers – Bungee jumpers – Helo skiers – Parachuters • Skate boarders • Skiers • Parasailers INJURY COMBINATIONS • Any lower extremity fracture → acute compartment syndrome • Mechanism of injury • Other injuries • Immobilization • Compressive Dressings Injury Combinations – Medial tibial plateau fractures → knee dislocation – Femoral shaft fracture → knee dislocation (Giannoudis, J Ortho Trauma 2005) www.trauma.org Knee Dislocation IMMEDIATEMENT ASSESSMENT: Vascular status TREATMENT: Reduce and stabilize (Knee immobilizer) Restore blood flow Manage compartment syndrome BEWARE: posterolateral dislocations Photo from C. Roberts, MD Limb Threatening Leg Problems • Acute compartment syndrome – Multiple trauma versus isolated injury – ATLS • Even for isolated trauma • ABC’s
    [Show full text]
  • ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN Home Exercises
    ANTERIOR KNEE PAIN Home Exercises Anterior knee pain is pain that occurs at the front and center of the knee. It can be caused by many different problems, including: • Weak or overused muscles • Chondromalacia of the patella (softening and breakdown of the cartilage on the underside of the kneecap) • Inflammations and tendon injury (bursitis, tendonitis) • Loose ligaments with instability of the kneecap • Articular cartilage damage (chondromalacia patella) • Swelling due to fluid buildup in the knee joint • An overload of the extensor mechanism of the knee with or without malalignment of the patella You may feel pain after exercising or when you sit too long. The pain may be a nagging ache or an occasional sharp twinge. Because the pain is around the front of your knee, treatment has traditionally focused on the knee itself and may include taping or bracing the kneecap, or patel- la, and/ or strengthening the thigh muscle—the quadriceps—that helps control your kneecap to improve the contact area between the kneecap and the thigh bone, or femur, beneath it. Howev- er, recent evidence suggests that strengthening your hip and core muscles can also help. The control of your knee from side to side comes from the glutes and core control; that is why those areas are so important in management of anterior knee pain. The exercises below will work on a combination of flexibility and strength of your knee, hip, and core. Although some soreness with exercise is expected, we do not want any sharp pain–pain that gets worse with each rep of an exercise or any increased soreness for more than 24 hours.
    [Show full text]