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Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Marine Benthic Diatoms in Yaquina Bay, Oregon Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved By

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Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Marine Benthic Diatoms in Yaquina Bay, Oregon Redacted for Privacy Abstract Approved By AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Nanette Clark Cardon for the degree of Master of Science in Botany presented on May 18, 1981. Title: Effect of nutrient enrichment on marine benthic diatoms in Yaquina Bay, Oregon Redacted for privacy Abstract approved by: Sediment was fertilized with f/2 algal growth medium in situ and in the laboratory daily for one week. Sampling strategy incorporated two intertidal heights and two sites. Experiments were done in August and January. No signifi- cant changes in chlorophyll a or diatom community struct- ure were observed after ten days of growth in either the field or the laboratory experiments. Laboratory experiments also showed slightly increased gross primary production (p <.10) and increased oxygen uptake (p < .01) associated with nutrient enrichment. Unlike planktonic diatoms, sediment-associated diatoms in Yaquina Bay show no nutrient limitation. Thus other factors probably control diatom growth in these sediments such as light intensity, photoperiod, intertidal height, sediment stability and organic content, and animalconsurnp- tion. Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Marine Benthic Diatoms in Yaquina Bay, Oregon by Nanette Clark Cardon A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Completed May 18, 1981 Commencement June 1982 APPROVED: Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy Redacted for privacy Dean ot Gractute Schoo Date thesis is presented May 18, 1981 Typed by (Debra Martin) for Nanette Clark Cardon ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My special thanks to Dr. Harry Phinney for his contin- ued support as both advisor and friend. I'd like to acknowledge Michael W. Davis for his patience, equanimity and invaluable practical assistance during the course of this thesis. My thanks to Dr. Dave Mclntire for use of his research microscope and other facilities at the Marine ScienceCenter, and to Dr. Paula Kanarek for her time given to help with statistical analysis. I would like to thank Dr. Michael Amspoker for his help with diatom taxonomy, and for his clear, human perspective. Thanks also to Hollis Holstein who helped me through the maze of the OSU computer system. Lastly I would like to express my gratitude tomy parents, Dr. Rey L. Carcion and Christena B. Cardon for their continuity of faith and caring. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. Introduction.................. 1 II. Materials and Methods .............10 Experimental Analysis...........10 Data Analysis ...............20 III.Results ....................23 Chlorophyll a Analysis ..........23 Analysis of Diatom Community Structure . 26 IV. Discussion...................41 Chlorophyll a...............41 Diatom Community Structure ........43 Diatom Nutrient Regime ..........46 V. Bibliography..................50 VI. Appendices Appendix 1 Grain Size Analysis......57 Appendix 2 Analysis of Nutrients for the August Field Experimental Period ............58 Appendix 3 Temperatures and Salinities during Field Experimental Periods............59 Appendix 4 Raw Data for the Laboratory Experiment ..........60 Appendix 5 Benthic Diatom Taxa from the Field Experiment .......61 Appendix 6 Diatom Taxa Abundances from Initial Field Samples.....66 Appendix 7 Benthic Diatom Taxa from the Laboratory Experiment..... 74 Appendix 8 Diatom Taxa Abundances from the Laboratory Experiment . 76 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1 Location ofthe samplingsite of the field experimentin YaouinaBay, Oregon 11 2 Data from initialfieldsamples 25 3 Chlorophylla data fromtheAugust mid intertidallevel samplesofthe field experiment 27 4 Chlorophylla data fromtheAugust high intertidallevel samplesofthe field experiment 28 5 Chlorophylla data fromtheJanuary mid intertidallevel samplesofthe field experiment 29 6 Chlorophylla data fromtheJanuary high intertidallevel samplesofthe field experiment 30 7 Laboratoryexperiment data 32 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Exposure times of intertidal levels of the field experiments 13 2 Composition of the nutrientmedium, f/2 15 3 Analysis of variance in theconcentration of chlorophyll a in the initialfield samples 24 4 Analysis of variance in theconcentration of chlorophyll a in the fieldexperiment 31 5 Significance levels of thelaboratory experiment t-tests 34 6 Percentage of live cells intotal cells counted 34 7 SIMI values of initial field samples com- paring intertidal levels at each site, and comparing sites at each intertidal level 37 8 SIMI values of initial field samples com- paring August and January samples at each intertidal level at each site 37 9 Diversity indices of the initial field samples 38 10 Laboratory experiment SIMI values 40 11 Laboratory experiment SIMI values with replicate samples pooled 40 EFFECT OF NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT ON MARINE BENTHIC DIATOMS IN YAQUINA BAY, OREGON I. INTRODUCTION Several studies have been completed concerning the distribution and ecology of marine benthic diatomassem- blages of Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Environmental gradients of exposure time, salinity and day length interact with the species pool of benthic marine diatoms. Patterns of community structure and function are formed by these interactions. Some factors which influence diatom commun- ity structure and function are exposure time (Mclntire and Overton, 1971), taxonomy and distribution (Riznyk, 1973; Amspoker, 1978) , salinity (Martin, 1970) , primary productivity (Wulff and Mclntire, 1972) and community function and infaunal interactions (Davis andLee, unpub- lished; Riznyk and Phinney, 1972) The effect of nutrient addition to these assemblages remains to be determined. With increasing development of the Yaguina Bay area, the addition of nutrient-con- taining wastewater from domestic and industrial sources make it opportune to determine the possible role of nutrient addition to diatom growth. Determining the role of nutrient addition in part helpsanswer the larger 2 question, i.e. what controls benthic diatom growth? Con- trolling factors could be nutrients, photoperiod, light intensity, herbivory, or an interaction of these factors. This study addresses itself to the question: Are the marine benthic diatom assemblages of Yaquina Bay nutrient limited? Previous work suggests response of some marine benthic flora to fertilization (Valiella et al., 1973; Van Raalte et al., 1976a; Van Raalte et al., 1976b; Darley, in press) However this work was done in salt marsh systems of the east coast. Influence of the nutrient uptake of the vascular plants, and differences in flora and associated fauna may make these results inapplicable to Yaquina Bay. Other enrichment experiments on the east coast involved monthly pulses of nutrients over a period of months (Sullivan and Daiber, 1975; Sullivan, 1976). Addition of high concentrations of nutrients presents the possibility of toxic effects on the diatom assemblages. Therefore I proposed smaller, more constant dosages of nutrientsover a shorter period of time. Experiments were proposed using sites having differ- ent sediment characteristics, exposure times, and included effects of season to evaluate the possibility that nutrient addition could stimulate diatom growth. Sufficient ranges 3 of conditions were included in these experiments to increase the probability of detecting any response to nutrient addi- tion. Toxic effects of nutrients were discussed by Admiraal (l977a) who found 0.04 mM NH3-N inhibited growth of all benthic diatom species cultured. The highest concentrations of NO3-N (1.21 mM) and NO2-N (3.57 mM) inhibited only some species of benthic diatoms. The highest concentrations of phosphate (0.3 mM) inhibited benthic diatom cultures only slightly. My intention was to provide a nutrient environ- ment adequate for diatom growth, if the diatom assemblage was nutrient limited, yet low enough in concentrations to remain non-toxic if the diatom assemblages were not nutrient limited. Nutrients must be added during periods of intertidal exposure (2-6 hours). Therefore nutrient enrichment is short term only. Examples of nutrient uptake kinetics of diatoms in the literature are dominated by studies of planktonic forms (Wallen and Cartier, 1975; Nelson et al., 1976; Collos and Slawyk, 1979) . These kinetics indicate that short term nutrient enrichment would be adequate to remove nutrient limitation. Previous workers have used chlorophyll a as an indi- cator of change in benthic community biomass (Steele and 4 Baird, 1968; Fenchel and Straarup, 1971; Valiella et al., 1973; Estrada et al., 1974; Sullivan, 1975). However there is an inherent lag time between nutrient uptake by nutrient limited cells of an assemblage, and measurable change in pigment concentration. Hypothetically two processes would be occurring. First, nutrients taken up would be processed by existing cells in the community, and after some time the nutrient would enter into synthesis of chlorophyll a. Second, the diatom community structure would be changing in the more nutrient rich environment. Those taxa readily adaptable to nutrient enrichment would become dominant while those taxa adapted to low nutrient concentrations would tend to decrease in relative abund- ance. Chlorophyll a analysis could provide indication of overall change in community biomass. Community structure analysis identifies specific responses to nutrient addition by changes in relative abundance of taxa. Each factor influencing algal growth can potentially limit growth. Factors which have been shown to be of vital importance to algal growth are light intensity, photoperiod, type of substrate, grazing, and nutrients. Algal inter-
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