Humanities 1B Lindahl

Social Conflict in the Late Middle Ages Plague, War, and Witches (why you shouldn’t mess with the Inquisition)

Transformation - The good, the bad, and the ugly 13th century - Trade and the City Revival of trade, the return of money, specialization and craft, growth of the city Burghers and Bourgeoisie, Population growth, Magna Carta (1215) – Nearly a Renaissance Then …..

14th century - Plague and War Famines of the early 14th century The Black Death (Bubonic/Pneumonic Plague) 1347-1351 In Sicily and Italy, 1347. To England by 1349. The “quarante” in Venice Reactions to the Plague – depopulating cities, breakdown of the family, apocalyptic fears, hedonism, flagellants, persecution of the Jews (again) Ars Moriendi - the Danse Macabre (Dance of Death) The Röttgen Pietà (1325), Asst. Illumination, the Cemetery of the Holy Innocents (1424), The Dance of Death prints (1490), Han Holbein’s Dance of Death (1538), The Triumph of Death (1562) Pieter Bruegel the Elder Economic dislocation and the Peasant revolts (the “Jacquerie,” 1358)

The Hundred Years War (1337-1452) Edward III (England), Philip VI (France) The Battle of Crécy (1346) Henry V (England), Charles the dauphin (France)[later, Charles VII] Joan of Arc (aka “Joan the Maiden,” later St. Joan) (1412-1431)

The Church and the King (round 2, following the Investiture Controversy) King Philip IV (1285-1314)(France) Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) - Unam Sanctum (1302) Clement V and The Papacy at Avignon (1305-1377) The Great Schism (another one)(1378-1417) – Urban VI or Clement VII The Council of Pisa (1409), The Council of Constance (1417) Conciliarism – Or, Alexander V…. 1417 – it’s Martin V

Raising the stakes over Heresy – The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) Cathars / Albigensians – The “Albigensian Crusade” (1209-1255) Peter Waldo and the Waldensians, John Wyclif (1330-1384) The Inquisition Council of Rheims (1157) Gregory IX (1231) est. the Papal Inquisition, Innocent IV (1252) authorizing torture Strappado, Wheel, Ducking Stool, Rack, Thumbscrews, Boots, Burning, Iron Maiden Witches 10th c. "Canon Episcopi" Innocent VIII (1484) and the witch craze - "Summis desiderantes affectibus" Malleus Maleficarum (1486) – “The Witches’ Hammer”

Conflict going into the Renaissance

Top left: The “Danse Macabre” was a common motif in 14th c. art. Top right: Joan of Arc from late 15th c. painting Above: Mass burial of plague victims. This painting shows the people of Tournai burying the dead. Bottom right and below: Cover plate of the Malleus Maleficarum (The Witches Hammer) published in 1486 and used by the Inquisition to track down and prosecute witches. The illustration shows a witch burning.