DOCSLIB.ORG

Elementary School Counselors‟ Perceptions of the Implementation of Reality Play Therapy in Student Relationship Building and Problem-Solving Skills

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Elementary School Counselors‟ Perceptions of the Implementation of Reality Play Therapy in Student Relationship Building and Problem-Solving Skills ELEMENTARY SCHOOL COUNSELORS‟ PERCEPTIONS OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF REALITY PLAY THERAPY IN STUDENT RELATIONSHIP BUILDING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING SKILLS By ERIC DAVIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 © 2010 Eric Davis 2 To everyone who believes in the power of children 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am blessed and honored to have support and love from so many people in my life. Thank you to my mother, Joyce and brother, Chris who have been there for me my entire life. I would also like to remember my father, Johnny and step-father, Dave who have been with me in spirit throughout this process. Finally, I would like to thank my fiancée, Amanda who has been by my side during this entire journey with her constant support, understanding, and encouragement. I would also like to thank my entire committee for their advice, patience, and support. In particular, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Andrea Dixon and Dr. Mary Ann Clark for their meticulous reading and revision of this work. They have offered their time and encouragement without fail from the beginning of this process over four years ago. In addition, Dr. Sondra Smith has helped me to re- envision my career and counseling perspective. Finally, Dr. Mirka Koro-Ljungberg has given me great insight through a wonderful methodology. Thank you all for sharing your lives and time with me on this journey. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 DEFINITION OF TERMS .............................................................................................. 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 13 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 15 Overview ................................................................................................................. 15 The School Counselor ...................................................................................... 16 School Counselor Responsibilities ................................................................... 17 Reality Therapy and Play Counseling .............................................................. 18 Theoretical Frameworks ......................................................................................... 19 Choice Theory and Reality Therapy ................................................................. 19 Play Counseling ............................................................................................... 23 Piaget‟s Cognitive Development Theory........................................................... 24 Constructivism .................................................................................................. 26 Statement of Problem ............................................................................................. 26 Need for the Study .................................................................................................. 28 Purpose of the Study .............................................................................................. 31 Rationale for the Methodology ................................................................................ 32 Summary ................................................................................................................ 33 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................ 34 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 34 Choice Theory ........................................................................................................ 34 History of Choice Theory .................................................................................. 34 Basic Tenets ..................................................................................................... 35 Five Basic Needs ............................................................................................. 37 Quality World Pictures ...................................................................................... 38 Total Behavior .................................................................................................. 39 External Control Psychology ............................................................................ 40 Quality Schools ................................................................................................ 41 Reality Therapy ....................................................................................................... 43 Counseling Environment .................................................................................. 43 Reality Therapy Techniques ............................................................................. 44 Reality Therapy in Schools ............................................................................... 46 5 Play Counseling ...................................................................................................... 49 History of Play Counseling ............................................................................... 49 Play in Schools ................................................................................................. 51 Toy Selection in Play Counseling ..................................................................... 53 Piaget‟s Cognitive Development Theory ................................................................. 58 Overview .......................................................................................................... 58 Stages of Cognitive Development .................................................................... 59 Rationale for Reality Play Therapy ......................................................................... 60 Relationships .......................................................................................................... 61 School Counseling Relationships ..................................................................... 62 School Relationships ........................................................................................ 67 Multicultural Considerations .................................................................................... 73 Summary ................................................................................................................ 76 3 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 78 Overview ................................................................................................................. 78 Constructivist Theoretical Perspective .................................................................... 78 Grounded Theory .................................................................................................... 80 Purpose and Research Questions .......................................................................... 81 Participants and Sampling ...................................................................................... 82 Training and Implementation Procedures ............................................................... 84 Data Collection ....................................................................................................... 88 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................... 91 Stages of Coding .............................................................................................. 91 Theoretical Memos ........................................................................................... 93 Theoretical Sampling ........................................................................................ 93 Theory Development ........................................................................................ 93 Data Analysis in This Study .............................................................................. 94 Trustworthiness ...................................................................................................... 97 Subjectivity Statement ............................................................................................ 98 Summary .............................................................................................................. 100 4 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................. 102 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 102 Thematic Analysis Results .................................................................................... 103 Themes Related to Counseling Theories .............................................................. 103 Framework for Counseling/Review of Theory ................................................. 104 Theoretical Terminology Issues .....................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Effectiveness of Reality Therapy in the Treatment of Bullying Among Adolescents in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria
    British Journal of Education, Society & Behavioural Science 15(4): 1-8, 2016, Article no.BJESBS.26093 ISSN: 2278-0998 SCIENCEDOMAIN international www.sciencedomain.org Effectiveness of Reality Therapy in the Treatment of Bullying among Adolescents in Owerri North, Imo State, Nigeria Ann U. Madukwe 1* , Joy O. Echeme 1, Juliana C. Njoku 2, Helen I. Annorzie 1, Ufuoma R. Omagamre 1 and Ifeoma Nwufo 3 1Department of Psychology, Imo State University, P.M.B. 2000, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 2Department of Social Sciences, Federal Polytechnic Nekede, P.M.B. 1036, Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 3Department of Psychology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between all authors. Author AUM designed the study, performed statistical analysis and interpreted the result and also edited the final draft. Author JOE wrote the protocol and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Authors JCN, HIA, URO and IN were involved in the literature searches, reading and editing. They also managed data for analysis. All authors were involved in the therapy sessions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/BJESBS/2016/26093 Editor(s): (1) Tsung Hung Lee, Graduate School of Leisure and Exercise Studies, National Yunlin University of Science & Technology, Taiwan. Reviewers: (1) Sreehari Ravindranath, Tata Institute of Social Sciences School of Life skills Education, India. (2) Yulia Solovieva, Puebla Autonomous University, Mexico. Complete Peer review History: http://sciencedomain.org/review-history/14442 Received 31 st March 2016 Accepted 23 rd April 2016 Original Research Article th Published 4 May 2016 ABSTRACT Aims : This study aimed at treating bullying behaviours among adolescents using reality therapy.
    [Show full text]
  • Reality Therapy Counseling
    COUNSELING SKILLS AND TECHNIQUES 6. REALITY THERAPY COUNSELING 6.1. Introduction to Reality Therapy Reality therapy (RT) is an approach to psychotherapy and counseling. Developed by William Glasser in the 1960s, RT differs from conventional psychiatry, psychoanalysis and medical model schools of psychotherapy in that it focuses on what Glasser calls psychiatry's three Rs: realism, responsibility, and right-and- wrong, rather than symptoms of mental disorders. Reality therapy maintains that the individual is suffering from a socially universal human condition rather than a mental illness. It is in the unsuccessful attainment of basic needs that a person's behavior moves away from the norm. Since fulfilling essential needs is part of a person's present life, reality therapy does not concern itself with a client's past. Neither does this type of therapy deal with unconscious mental processes. In these ways reality therapy is very different from other forms of psychotherapy. The reality therapy approach to counseling and problem-solving focuses on the here-and-now actions of the client and the ability to create and choose a better future. Typically, clients seek to discover what they really want and how they are currently choosing to behave in order to achieve these goals. According to Glasser, the social component of psychological disorders has been highly overlooked in the rush to label the population as sick or mentally ill. Reality therapy attempts to separate the client from the behavior. Just because someone is experiencing distress resulting from a social problem does not make him sick, it just makes him out of sync with his psychological needs.
    [Show full text]
  • VISTAS Online
    VISTAS Online VISTAS Online is an innovative publication produced for the American Counseling Association by Dr. Garry R. Walz and Dr. Jeanne C. Bleuer of Counseling Outfitters, LLC. Its purpose is to provide a means of capturing the ideas, information and experiences generated by the annual ACA Conference and selected ACA Division Conferences. Papers on a program or practice that has been validated through research or experience may also be submitted. This digital collection of peer-reviewed articles is authored by counselors, for counselors. VISTAS Online contains the full text of over 500 proprietary counseling articles published from 2004 to present. VISTAS articles and ACA Digests are located in the ACA Online Library. To access the ACA Online Library, go to http://www.counseling.org/ and scroll down to the LIBRARY tab on the left of the homepage. n Under the Start Your Search Now box, you may search by author, title and key words. n The ACA Online Library is a member’s only benefit. You can join today via the web: counseling.org and via the phone: 800-347-6647 x222. Vistas™ is commissioned by and is property of the American Counseling Association, 5999 Stevenson Avenue, Alexandria, VA 22304. No part of Vistas™ may be reproduced without express permission of the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Join ACA at: http://www.counseling.org/ Article 29 Designing an Integrative Approach to Counseling Practice Gerald Corey This article addresses the advantages of developing an integrative approach to counseling practice and deals briefly with some of the potential problems. Also presented is a framework for helping readers begin to integrate concepts and techniques from various approaches.
    [Show full text]
  • Reality Therapy Relationship, Not What Others Choose Chapter 11 to Do, That Is the Heart of Reality Therapy.” Dr
    William Glasser • “. it is what you choose to do in a Reality Therapy relationship, not what others choose Chapter 11 to do, that is the heart of reality therapy.” Dr. Sheila K. Grant Biography of Biography of William Glasser William Glasser • Born 1925 & educated at Case Western • Glasser's path a continuing progression from Reserve University (Cleveland, Ohio). private practice to lecturing & writing, ultimately culminating in publication of 20+ • Initial training in chemical engineering, books then master’s in clinical psychology • After writing counseling book, Reality Therapy • Attended UCLA medical school & (1965), published his first book on education, became a board certified psychiatrist in Schools without Failure (1969), greatly 1961 expanded understanding of motivation & behavior with Choice Theory (1998), & finally added, Warning: Psychiatry Can Be Hazardous to Your Mental Health (2003), to help people improve their mental health and happiness Philosophy of Philosophy of William Glasser William Glasser • People should not be labeled with mental • People choose to be depressing, anxious, illness unless they have a true brain panicky, angering, behaving in a way disorder such as Alzheimer’s disease, that others say they have a psychosis, epilepsy, head trauma & brain infections etc. in order to avoid other more painful (they should all be treated by experiences or to reach out for help neurologists) • They are coping in best way they know • Otherwise, categories of DSM-IV-TR are how for given situation, which is usually not
    [Show full text]
  • The Efficacy of Group Reality Therapy on Reducing Stress, Anxiety and Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences IJABS 2015: 2: 4 © 2015 Behavioral Farmani, Research Taghavi, Center of Fatemi SBMU, et al Original Article The efficacy of group reality therapy on reducing stress, anxiety and depression in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) 1 2 3 4 Fardin Farmani* , Hassan Taghavi , Ahmadreza Fatemi , Sahereh Safavi 1. MA in Clinical Psychology, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran. *(Corresponding Author: [email protected]) 2 . MA in General Psychology, Tehran university, Tehran, Iran. 3 . MA in Counseling, University of Oklahoma , Oklahoma, U.S.A 4 . Ph.D Student of Psychology, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. (Received: 23 Aug 2015; Revised: 3 Sep 2015; Accepted: 20 Sep 2015) Abstract Introduction: One of the main problems of chronic patients, especially patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS), is negative emotion. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of group reality therapy in reducing stress, anxiety and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A total of 40 patients with MS at the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Iran were selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control (N=20 subjects). All participants before and after the intervention to scale DASS-21 responded. The experimental group received eight sessions of reality therapy and the control group received no intervention. The data of pre-test and post-test were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (analysis of covariance). Results: Findings showed a significant reduction in the mean of the three variables of stress (F (1.38) = 81.37; p < 0.01) anxiety (F (1.38) = 81.89; p < 0.01) and depression (F (1.38) = 82.56; P < 0.01) in the experimental group after the intervention (p < 0.05) Conclusion: in this study group reality therapy significantly reduces stress, anxiety and depression in the intervention group compared with the control group.
    [Show full text]
  • Psychodrama and the Terminal Patient : Concepts and Application
    Portland State University PDXScholar Dissertations and Theses Dissertations and Theses 1981 Psychodrama and the terminal patient : concepts and application Marilyn Jacobs Bohan Portland State University Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds Part of the Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment Commons, Education Commons, and the Mental and Social Health Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Bohan, Marilyn Jacobs, "Psychodrama and the terminal patient : concepts and application" (1981). Dissertations and Theses. Paper 3071. https://doi.org/10.15760/etd.3062 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. l '! j AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Marilyn Jacobs Bohan for the Master of Science in Education presented May 6, 1981. Title: Psychodrama and the Terminal Patient: Concepts and Application APPROVED BY MEMBERS OF THE THESIS COMMITTEE: · . son~?) Carol Burden David L. cress1er This study examines the concepts of psychodrama- and dyi.ng, death and bereavement that effectively meet individual needs for working throug~ grief. It is the premise of this thesis that the worki~g thro.ugh. grief to foster acceptance, self... worth and di.gnity, in the final st.age of 1 ife, i.s facilitated by psychodramatic methods of 11 acti.ng thro.ugh" the problems of the situation. Research studies of psychodrama in relation to the terminal patient are limited.
    [Show full text]
  • Virtual Reality As Therapy for Pain Itʼs More Than a Distraction, Researchers Say
    PERSONAL HEALTH Virtual Reality as Therapy for Pain Itʼs more than a distraction, researchers say. Itʼs more like a brain hack that occupies the brain so fully that it has no room to process pain sensations at the same time. By Jane E. Brody April 29, 2019 I was packing up at the end of a family vacation in Florida when my back went into an excruciating spasm unrelieved by a fistful of pain medication. As my twin sons, then 8 years old, wheeled me through the airport, one of them suggested, “Mom, if you think about something else, it won’t hurt so much.” At the time, I failed to appreciate the wisdom of his advice. Now, four decades later, a sophisticated distraction technique is being used to help patients of all ages cope with pain, both acute and chronic. The method, called Virtual Reality Therapy, goes beyond simple distraction, as might result from watching television. Rather, it totally immerses the patient in an entertaining, relaxing, interactive environment that so occupies the brain, it has no room to process pain sensations at the same time. “It’s not just a distraction — it’s like an endogenous narcotic providing a physiological and chemical burst that causes you to feel good,” said Jeffrey I. Gold, director of the pediatric pain management clinic at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. “It’s different from reading a book or playing with a toy. It’s a multisensory experience that engages a person’s attention on a much deeper level.” Virtual Reality Therapy is the new kid on the block for pain management, now gradually growing in use as the opioid epidemic continues to soar and the price of the needed equipment has plummeted.
    [Show full text]
  • Meditation Experts Try Virtual Reality Mindfulness: a Pilot Study
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Meditation experts try Virtual Reality Mindfulness: A pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of Virtual Reality to facilitate mindfulness practice in people attending a Mindfulness conference. MarõÂa V. Navarro-Haro1, Yolanda Lo pez-del-Hoyo2,3, Daniel Campos4*, Marsha M. Linehan5, Hunter G. Hoffman6, Azucena GarcõÂa-Palacios4,7, Marta Modrego-Alarco n3, a1111111111 Luis Borao3, Javier GarcõÂa-Campayo3,8 a1111111111 a1111111111 1 Hospital General de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain, 2 Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain, 3 Red de InvestigacioÂn en AtencioÂn Primaria (REDIAPP), Zaragoza, Spain, 4 Universitat Jaume I, CastelloÂn, Spain, a1111111111 5 Behavioral Research & Therapy Clinics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America, a1111111111 6 Virtual Reality Research Center at the Human Photonics Lab, Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA, United States of America, 7 CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, CB06/03 Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain, 8 ISS AragoÂn. Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Navarro-Haro MV, LoÂpez-del-Hoyo Y, Campos D, Linehan MM, Hoffman HG, GarcõÂa- Palacios A, et al. (2017) Meditation experts try Abstract Virtual Reality Mindfulness: A pilot study evaluation of the feasibility and acceptability of Virtual Reality Regular mindfulness practice benefits people both mentally and physically, but many popu- to facilitate mindfulness practice in people lations who could benefit do not practice mindfulness. Virtual Reality (VR) is a new technol- attending a Mindfulness conference.. PLoS ONE 12 ogy that helps capture participants' attention and gives users the illusion of ªbeing thereº in (11): e0187777.
    [Show full text]
  • The Use of the Labyrinth in Logotherapy: a Holistic Approach to Meaning Discovery
    Running head: USE OF THE LABYINRTH IN LOGOTHERAPY 1 The use of the labyrinth in Logotherapy: A holistic approach to meaning discovery Chad Thompson, Hadidja Nyiransekuye, George A. Jacinto [Institutional Affiliation(s)] Author Note [Include any grant/funding information and a complete correspondence address.] USE OF THE LABYINRTH IN LOGOTHERAPY 2 Abstract This paper discusses use of the labyrinth in association with Logotherapy. Logotherapy, and its focus on finding meaning and purpose in life, has great potential for use with clients’ therapy issues using the finger labyrinth. A literature review explores the existing literature regarding the use of the finger labyrinth in psychotherapy with clients. A brief overview of the process of Logotherapy is presented, and the phases of labyrinth work in conjunction with Logotherapy are described. A case example that outlines the stages for use of Logotherapy and the labyrinth is presented. Finally, the conclusion reflects on the implications for the use of the labyrinth as part of Logotherapy in clinical practice. Keywords: Logotherapy, Meaning Therapy, Meaning in Life, Finger Labyrinth, Therapy using the Finger Labyrinth USE OF THE LABYINRTH IN LOGOTHERAPY 3 Finger walking is a holistic approach to use of the labyrinth that complements the dimensions of Logotherapy. Logotherapy focuses on the search for meaning and purpose in the present moment of an individual’s life (Frankl,2014b). Frankl succinctly observed: “For the meaning of life differs from man to man, from day to day and from hour to hour. What matters, therefore, is not the meaning of life in general but rather the specific meaning of a person’s life at a given moment” (Frankl, 2014b, p.
    [Show full text]
  • Robert E. Wubbolding
    Robert E. Wubbolding AMERICAN COUNSELING ASSOCIATION 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 Alexandria, VA 22304 www.counseling.org Copyright © 2017 by the American Counseling Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as per- mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the written permission of the publisher. American Counseling Association 6101 Stevenson Avenue, Suite 600 • Alexandria, VA 22304 Associate Publisher • Carolyn C. Baker Digital and Print Development Editor • Nancy Driver Senior Production Manager • Bonny E. Gaston Production Coordinator • Karen Thompson Copy Editor • Kay Mikel Cover and text design by Bonny E. Gaston. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Wubbolding, Robert E., author. Title: Reality therapy and self-evaluation : the key to client change / Robert E. Wubbolding. Description: Alexandria, VA : American Counseling Association, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016048750 | ISBN 9781556203701 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: Reality therapy. | Psychotherapy. | Counseling psychology. Classification: LCC RC489.R37 W8264 2017 | DDC 616.89/14–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016048750 Dedication To the toughest editor I know, my dear wife Sandie, who reviews and edits everything I write. We have been intimate partners in writing this book, and we are the closest of friends. Together we have made countless friends around the world as we travel to far off lands. We are fortunate and grateful to have met and married 34 years ago. Long live our marriage, our love, and our intimate friendship.
    [Show full text]
  • |FREE| Reality Therapy for the 21St Century
    REALITY THERAPY FOR THE 21ST CENTURY EBOOK Author: Robert E. Wubbolding Number of Pages: 278 pages Published Date: 12 Oct 2000 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Ltd Publication Country: New York, United States Language: English ISBN: 9781560328865 Download Link: CLICK HERE Reality Therapy For The 21st Century Online Read Newsletter Promo Summaries and Reality Therapy for the 21st Century of the latest books, special offers, and more from Harvard Business Review Press. Campion. The therapist insists that the client either carries out the plan, or comes up with a more feasible plan. As a result, they spread the disease before they even realize they are sick. This article needs additional citations for verification. InEngland and the colonies that went on to form the United States adopted it. Entrepreneur Staff. Reality Therapy for the 21st Century, they will be able to use their newfound skills in their personal lives. Accessed June 2, In some cases it can be helpful to make the commitment in writing. Reviews Reality Therapy For The 21st Century The Naming Book. How do we want to do this in a way that reflects our talents and attitudes? Between andhealth care costs rose by 4. Plus, as water travels it picks up speed and causes erosion. It has even been shown to help PTSD and childhood obesity. It is a never-ending battle Reality Therapy for the 21st Century alienates the client from others and causes endless pain and frustration. Inthe coronavirus pandemic could surpass even that in terms of economic damage. The act of actually changing what we do is what further influences how we feel and can ultimately get us to where we want to be.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 2 Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 15 Not Be in One’S Immediate Awareness, with Proper Training and Practice Indi- Viduals Can Become Aware of Them
    Cognitive- 2 Behavioral Theory A. Antonio González-Prendes and Stella M. Resko ognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) approaches are rooted in the funda- C mental principle that an individual’s cognitions play a significant and primary role in the development and maintenance of emotional and behav- ioral responses to life situations. In CBT models, cognitive processes, in the form of meanings, judgments, appraisals, and assumptions associated with specific life events, are the primary determinants of one’s feelings and actions in response to life events and thus either facilitate or hinder the process of adaptation. CBT includes a range of approaches that have been shown to be efficacious in treating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this chapter, we present an overview of leading cognitive-behavioral approaches used in the treatment of PTSD. The treatment approaches discussed here include cognitive therapy/reframing, exposure therapies (prolonged exposure [PE] and virtual reality exposure [VRE]), stress inoculation training (SIT), eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), and Briere’s self- trauma model (1992, 1996, 2002). In our discussion of each of these approaches, we include a description of the key assumptions that frame the particular approach and the main strategies associated with the treatment. In the final section of this chapter, we review the growing body of research that has evaluated the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral treatments for PTSD. CBT _______________________________________________ Three fundamental assumptions underscore cognitive-behavioral models of treatment (D. Dobson & Dobson, 2009; K. Dobson & Dozois, 2001). The first assumption is that cognitive processes and content are accessible and can be known. Although in many instances specific thoughts or beliefs may 14 Chapter 2 Cognitive-Behavioral Theory 15 not be in one’s immediate awareness, with proper training and practice indi- viduals can become aware of them.
    [Show full text]