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América Del Norte América del Norte América del Norte o Norteamérica (también llama- fue el cartógrafo alemán Martin Waldseemüller quien le da América Septentrional, América Boreal o Conti- puso ese nombre. Vespucio fue el primer europeo en su- nente Septentrional) es un subcontinente del continente gerir que América no era las Indias Orientales, sino un americano[7] y considerado por muchos, por la dife- nuevo mundo desconocido por los europeos. Los nom- rencia cultural y geológica (cratones) un continente del bres América del Norte y América del Sur surgen al estar supercontinente de América[8], yace en el hemisferio nor- conformado el continente por dos grandes masas de tie- te y casi por completo en el hemisferio occidental. Limi- rra, una en el norte y otra en el sur. ta al norte con el océano Ártico, al este con el océano La segunda teoría, con menor aceptación, es que es- Atlántico, al sureste con el mar Caribe y al sur y al oes- te nombre proviene de un comerciante inglés llamado te con el océano Pacífico. Está conectado con América Richard Amerike, de Bristol, que se cree financió el viaje del Sur por el estrecho puente territorial que representa de John Cabot de Inglaterra a Terranova en 1497. Otra América Central. Cubre un área de aproximadamente de teoría es que el nombre proviene de una lengua amerin- 24 323 000 km², lo que representa alrededor de un 4,8 % dia.[9] de la superficie total del planeta y un 16,5 % de las tierras emergidas. En 2014 su población estimada fue de más de 572 millo- nes de habitantes. En 2014 el IDH promedio de todos los 2 Delimitación países del subcontinente norteamericano fue de 0,895. 1 Toponimia Mapa indicando a Norteamérica como un continente (los 3 tonos de verde), un subcontinente (hasta México) o una subregión (en verde claro). No hay un solo criterio para definir este término. En los países hispanohablantes, el uso normalmente define a Norteamérica como el subcontinente conformado por Canadá, Estados Unidos (incluyendo Alaska), México, el Itsmo de Tehuantepec, Groenlandia e islas adyacentes.[10] En cambio en los países angloparlantes y otros, se sue- le considerar a Norteamérica como un continente que Mapa político de América del Norte (en idioma inglés). está conformado por lo antes mencionado además de Centroamérica y las Antillas, presentando un límite na- Se acepta ampliamente que el nombre “América” proce- tural con Sudamérica más o menos a la frontera actual de de del navegante y explorador Américo Vespucio, y que Panamá/Colombia.[11] Por otro lado, el geoesquema de la 1 2 3 HISTORIA ONU usa “América del Norte” como descripción cultu- ral angloamericano, indicando una subregión conformada por Estados Unidos y Canadá (excluyendo a México).[12] 3 Historia Aldea inuit de iglús en la isla de Baffin, ilustración de Charles Francis Hall, 1865. Áreas culturales de Norteamérica en el tiempo del contacto con los europeos, según la división propuesta por Kroeber. A la llegada de los europeos, América del Norte estaba poblada por etnias indígenas provenientes de inmigracio- nes asiáticas a través del estrecho de Bering. lacionadas no siempre compartían la misma cultura ma- terial, ni siquiera fueron siempre aliados. La colonización europea del Norte (por orden cronológi- co: española, francesa e inglesa) consistió básicamente en El período arcaico en América vio a un entorno cambian- el avance progresivo desde la costa oriental hacia el oeste. te que ofreció un clima cálido más árido y la desaparición En líneas generales, la colonización anglosajona supuso de la megafauna. La mayoría de los grupos de población la marginación e incluso el exterminio de las poblaciones en ese momento todavía eran cazadores-recolectores muy indígenas, hasta confinar a los supervivientes en reservas móviles, pero después comenzaron a surgir los grupos in- situadas en las zonas más improductivas y estériles del dividuales, se centraban sobre los recursos disponibles territorio. Sin embargo, las colonizaciones francesa y es- para ellos a nivel local, por lo que con el paso del tiempo pañola supusieron la mezcla de razas y el mestizaje. no había un patrón de creciente generalización regional como, el suroeste, el Ártico, la pobreza, Dalton y el Plano tradicional. 3.1 Era precolombina 4 500 15 000 25 000 Los antropólogos tienen diversas teorías acerca las pri- 40 000 12 000 meras poblaciones que se establecieron en América del 100 000 Norte. Las evidencias genéticas y arqueológicas indican 70 000 los primeros americanos llegaron desde Asia en torno a la última gran glaciación, cuando el hielo cubría el estrecho 30 000 de Bering creando un puente terrestre llamado Beringia. 1 500 50 000 Antes del contacto con los europeos, los pueblos indíge- 1 1 500 2 nas de América del Norte se dividían en múltiples en- 3 tidades políticas, desde pequeños grupos de unas pocas familias a jefaturas y reinos. Vivían en varias áreas cultu- Mapa de las primeras migraciones humanas basadas en la teo- rales que correspondían a grandes rasgos con las distintas ría Fuera de África. Homo sapiens Neandertales Los primeros zonas geobiológicas que ocupaban y que dan una buena homínidos idea de los distintos sus usos y costumbres. Por ejemplo, de los cazadores de bisontes de las Grandes Llanuras, o Estas adaptaciones regionales se convertirían en la nor- los agricultores de Mesoamérica. A estos grupos indíge- ma con menos dependencia de la caza y la recolección, nas también se les puede clasificar lingüísticamente (por con una economía más variada de caza menor, pescados, ejemplo, las familias atapasca, álgica y utoazteca son tres estacionalmente vegetales silvestres cosechadas y alimen- de las más extendidas en Norteamérica), aunque es im- tos vegetales. Muchos grupos continuaron como cazado- portante tener en cuenta que los pueblos con lenguas re- res de caza mayor, sin embargo sus tradiciones de caza 3.4 Independencias 3 se hicieron más variadas y sus métodos de adquisición del Norte fue un desastre para los países indígenas del de carne más sofisticados. La colocación de artefactos y este de América del Norte, que perdieron a su principal materiales dentro de una necrópolis arcaica indicaban di- aliado en contra de la expansión angloamericana de exter- ferenciación social en base al estado de algunos grupos. minio. Durante la rebelión de Pontiac (1763-1766), una Los grupos culturales más meridionales de América del confederación de Grandes Lagos y el área de las tribus se Norte fueron responsables de la domesticación de muchos enfrentaron en una campaña poco exitosa para defender cultivos que ahora se utilizan en todo el mundo, como los sus derechos sobre las tierras al oeste de los montes Apa- tomates y las calabazas. Tal vez lo más importante es que laches, lo que llevó a que fueran encerrados en reservas en virtud de la proclamación real de 1763. uno de los cultivos más importantes del mundo es el maíz. Como resultado del desarrollo de la agricultura en el sur, Entre 1535 a 1821, los territorios colonizados por muchos de los avances culturales importantes se hicieron el imperio español en el actual México se llamaban allí. Por ejemplo, la civilización maya elaboró un siste- virreinato de Nueva España. ma de escritura, construyo enormes pirámides, tenían un complejo calendario, y desarrollaron el concepto de cero 500 años antes que nadie en el Viejo Mundo. La cultura 3.4 Independencias maya aún estaba presente cuando los europeos llegaron a Centroamérica, pero la dominación política en la zona se La llegada de la revolución americana tuvo un gran im- había desplazado hacia el Imperio azteca. pacto en todo el continente. Lo más importante fue la creación de los Estados Unidos de América. Sin embargo, Más al norte de Mesoamérica los grupos humanos que la guerra revolucionaria americana fue una guerra impor- desarrollaron sociedades y culturas más complejas son tante que tocó todos los rincones de la región. El vuelo de los pueblos de la cultura misisipiana y la confederación los United Empire Loyalist llevó a la creación de Canadá iroquesa en época histórica bien documentada. Además como una comunidad separada. existen algunas culturas complejas conocidas sólo ar- queológicamente como las de los anasazi o los Hohokam. Mientras tanto, el control de España sobre México se es- taba debilitando. La independencia fue declarada en 1810 La llegada de los europeos a América supuso un cambio por Miguel Hidalgo, iniciando en ese momento la Gue- drástico, frecuentemente traumático o catastrófico para rra de Independencia de México. En 1813, José María ellos y sus culturas. Desaparecieron pueblos enteros, in- Morelos y el Congreso de Anáhuac firmaron el Acta So- cluso grupos lingüísticos completos y los que sobrevieron lemne de la Declaración de la Independencia de América en general cambiaron muy rápidamente. del Norte, el primer documento legal donde se establece la separación de la Nueva España con respecto a España. 3.2 Asentamientos vikingos en América España finalmente reconoció la independencia de México en 1821. L'Anse aux Meadows (una corrupción del nombre ori- ginal francés L'Anse-aux-Méduses, “La ensenada de las 3.5 Expansión territorial medusas”) es un paraje situado en la punta septentrional de la isla de Terranova, en la provincia de Terranova y Labrador (Canadá), donde el investigador noruego Helge Campeche Supuesto Rio Noheekan Ingstad y su esposa, la arqueóloga Anne Stine, encontra- arriba del 19° GOLFO DE MÉXICO ron en 1960 unas elevaciones cubiertas de hierba que re- Yucatan Chetumal sultaron ser los restos de una aldea vikinga. C.D. Del Carmen MAR CARIBE Zona dominada por los Mayas Cruzoi entre 1841 a 1903 aprox. Tabasco Rio Hondo 3.3 Época colonial México Belice Rio Usumacinta El Peten Belice San Cristobal de las Casas En 1663 la corona francesa había tomado el control de las San Miguel Chimalpa empresas de comercio de pieles de la Nueva Francia.
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