Stress Among Probation and Parole Officers and What Can Be Done About It
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U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs JUNE 05 National Institute of Justice Research for Practice Stress Among Probation and Parole Officers and What Can Be Done About It www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij U.S. Department of Justice Office of Justice Programs 810 Seventh Street N.W. Washington, DC 20531 Alberto R. Gonzales Attorney General Regina B. Schofield Assistant Attorney General Sarah V. Hart Director, National Institute of Justice This and other publications and products of the National Institute of Justice can be found at: National Institute of Justice www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij Office of Justice Programs Partnerships for Safer Communities www.ojp.usdoj.gov JUNE 05 Stress Among Probation and Parole Officers and What Can Be Done About It This Research for Practice is based on “Addressing Probation and Parole Offi cer Stress,” by Peter Finn and Sarah Kuck, final report to the National Institute of Justice, 2003, available online at www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/ nij/grants/207012.pdf. Findings and conclusions of the research reported here are those of the authors and do not reflect the official position or policies of the U.S. Department of Justice. The study on which this summary is based was conducted by Abt Associates Inc., and sponsored by the National Institute of Justice under task order T–023, “Addressing Probation and Parole Officer Stress.” NCJ 205620 RESEARCH FOR PRACTICE / JUNE 05 ABOUT THIS REPORT Probation and parole officers, factors make it difficult for like their counterparts in law many officers to find the time enforcement and corrections, to properly supervise their can experience a great deal caseloads. Officers cope by of job-related stress. Their taking “mental health” days, stress also can affect super requesting transfers, or retir visors, support staff, and ing early. Physical exercise family members. Moreover, is the method of choice for levels of stress may have coping with the stress. increased in recent years, due in part to greater vio The programs studied vary lence by offenders on proba greatly in services provided, tion and parole. The National who provides them, their Institute of Justice (NIJ) fund structure, and other features. ed a study that examined the Some programs contract effects of stress on commu with outside providers, while nity corrections officers and others train peer supporters identified promising stress to help their coworkers. Pro reduction programs. grams may address critical incidents, offer counseling, provide training in relaxation What did the exercises, or facilitate physi researchers find? cal exercise. Some programs combine several of these Officers and their agencies approaches. can gain major benefits from a stress reduction program, Success can be measured in including cost savings, a number of ways. Burnout improved staff performance, levels measured in one of the and increased safety for staff programs studied were lower and the public. Programs after training; two other pro now underway nationwide grams produced marked show promise in preventing reductions in physical and and treating stress. The major psychological stress. The sources of stress for commu measure of success for one nity corrections officers are program was its full incorpo high caseloads, excess ration into the agency. paperwork, and deadline pressures. Combined, these ii STRESS AMONG PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICERS Peter Finn and Sarah Kuck Stress Among Probation and Parole Officers and What Can Be Done About It Probation and parole officers stress. Stress also affects stand at the hub of the crimi supervisors, support staff, nal justice system. Theirs are and family members. the only professions that deal with offenders at each stage Dangerous jobs. Probation of the criminal justice sys and parole work can be dan tem. As a result, they face, to gerous (see “The Work of some degree, every criminal Probation and Parole Offi justice practitioner problem. cers”). Between 39 and 55 Their work exacts a toll in percent of officers have been job-related stress.1 victims of work-related vio lence or threats, according to Knowing the causes of stress surveys conducted in four and its adverse effects for States. The types and levels officers, the agency, and pub of stress vary with the nature lic safety can be a first step of the work and the kinds of in tackling the problem. This offenders supervised. For report reviews the causes example, parole officers who and effects of stress among work in a facility or communi probation and parole officers ty setting may be concerned and gives practical informa for their own safety. tion about promising stress reduction programs. Many officers believe, with good reason, that their work has become even riskier. Stress and its causes Offenders sentenced to pro bation and released on parole Not much research has been commit more serious crimes conducted on work-related than in the past, and more stress among community offenders have serious drug About the Authors corrections officers. Results abuse histories and show from this study (see “How less hesitation in using vio- Peter Finn is an Associate the Research Was Conduct and Sarah Kuck is lence.2 Yet almost all sources ed”), combined with the a Senior Analyst with of stress cited by the officers sparse evidence from previ Abt Associates Inc. interviewed for the study ous research, indicate that stem from the the agency many of them experience considerable job-related 1 RESEARCH FOR PRACTICE / JUNE 05 HROW THE ESEARCH WAS CONDUCTED The researchers reviewed published and unpublished materials on stress and related topics and talked with 45 officers, supervisors, agency administrators, counselors, trainers, and officers of the Ameri “My overall can Probation and Parole Association to identify the nature and scope of the problem. Telephone interviews were held with people associated level of stress? with five of the nine programs selected to study. The researchers visited the four other programs and conducted interviews with several people It can vary, but in each. there is always The programs. The programs were identified by canvassing the 45 indi some—and, on viduals contacted for the study, obtaining information from Corrections and Law Enforcement Family Services, and exploring and posting some days, a requests on electronic bulletin boards dedicated to probation and whole lot.” parole officers’ interests. —an officer3 To be selected, a program had to meet two criteria: have a formal structure and at least minimal operational data. The researchers gave preference to programs whose outcomes had been evaluated. Study limitations. Because neither the programs nor the officers and supervisors contacted were selected at random, they are not intended to be representative of all programs or of members of the two professions. Conversations and site interviews were confidential but not anonymous: The officers were aware that the researchers knew their names. This may have affected their openness in expressing their views. itself, not the dangers they stress factor for many offi face on the job. cers. Even when manage ment information systems The “big three” sources of have reduced paperwork, stress. High caseloads are officers still may be dealing the major source of stress. with unwieldy hardware and It is no wonder that officers software. Deadlines, many of report heavy caseloads to be which are unexpected or can the most stressful aspect of not be controlled, are the their work—the average third most common stress supervision caseload of a factor. probation officer is very high: 139. Paperwork follows as These sources of stress typi the next most significant cally combine to produce a 2 STRESS AMONG PROBATION AND PAROLE OFFICERS frustrating result—not How do officers cope? enough time to supervise caseloads properly. As a Probation and parole officers result, some officers prioritize use a range of methods to their cases into offenders cope. Many take extra sick they supervise closely and leave simply to relieve the “Yes, I take pressure. Some of their ill- those they partially, largely, mental health or even completely ignore. nesses—lower back pain or headaches, for example— days. I use them Lesser causes. An astonish may be real but at the same and I get in ing 87 percent of probation time result from work-related officers, according to one stress. Some officers request trouble a survey, said they disliked transfers of position; others lot, but it’s a their supervisor.4 Among the apply for early retirement. officers contacted for the cur case of self- rent study who cited their Some coping methods are preservation.” supervisor as a major source more positive. When asked of stress, most say the rea how they deal with stress in —an officer son is failure to recognize a a positive way, more officers job well done. Some officers cited physical exercise than say they have few chances any other technique. Other for advancement. Low methods include discussing salaries are a related stress cases with fellow officers, factor; the median salary for seeking support through reli probation officers and correc gion, “venting,” and talking to tional treatment specialists in a family member. 1999 was just over $36,000.5 Some officers feel they are Why create a stress held accountable for offend reduction program? ers’ misconduct. Because A program that helps prevent they shoulder the responsibil and relieve officer stress can ity when an offender threat save money, improve staff ens public safety, they feel performance, and enhance they have fallen down on the the safety of officers and the job. Moreover, because com public. It may also assist sup munity alternatives for port staff, supervisors, and offenders are decreasing in family members. many jurisdictions, officers may have limited options for Cost savings. Startup costs imposing sanctions or offer are a consideration, but a ing rehabilitation.