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Ground-Water Resources and Water-Supply Alternatives in the Wawona Area of Yosemite National Park, California

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Ground-Water Resources and Water-Supply Alternatives in the Wawona Area of Yosemite National Park, California GROUND-WATER RESOURCES AND WATER-SUPPLY ALTERNATIVES IN THE WAWONA AREA OF YOSEMITE NATIONAL PARK, CALIFORNIA By James W. Borchers U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 95-4229 Prepared in cooperation with the NATIONAL PARK SERVICE o OJ c\l ^f CD Sacramento, California 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GORDON P. EATON, Director Any use of trade, product, or firm names in this publication is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. For sale by the U.S. Geological Survey Earth Science Information Center Open-File Reports Section Box 25286, MS 517 Denver Federal Center Denver, CO 80225 For additional information write to: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey Federal Building, Room W-2233 2800 Cottage Way Sacramento, CA 95825 CONTENTS Abstract ................................................................... 1 Introduction ................................................................ 2 Purpose, Scope, and Approach ................................................ 2 Description of Study Area ................................................... 4 Physical Setting ...................................................... 4 Geologic and Hydrologic Setting .......................................... 4 Climate ............................................................ 4 Water Use .......................................................... 6 Fractured-Rock Aquifers .................................................... 6 Previous Studies .......................................................... 8 Acknowledgments ........................................................ 9 Methods of Data Collection and Analysis ............................................ 9 Seismic Refraction Survey ................................................... 9 Well and Test Hole Construction .............................................. 10 Fracture Mapping ......................................................... 10 Borehole Geophysical Surveys ................................................ 10 In Situ Stress Measurement .................................................. 12 Water Sampling and Analysis ................................................ 14 Stream Gain-and-Loss Studies ................................................ 14 Ground Water in the South Fork Merced River Valley at Wawona .......................... 15 Unconsolidated Deposits .................................................... 15 Fractured Granitic Rocks .................................................... 17 Hydrogeologic Framework ............................................... 17 Ground-Water Flow ................................................... 20 Major Ions .......................................................... 25 Tritium ............................................................ 31 Stable Isotopes ....................................................... 33 Ground-Water-Quality Conditions .......................................... 35 Well Yield .......................................................... 35 Relation to Flow in the South Fork Merced River .................................. 37 Ground Water in the Biledo Meadow Area ........................................... 41 Geomorphology and Hydrogeologic Framework .................................... 41 Spring Flow ............................................................. 43 Chemical Quality ......................................................... 47 Relation to Flow in Rainier Creek ............................................. 48 Water-Supply Alternatives for Wawona ............................................. 49 South Fork Merced River ................................................... 49 Ground Water in the South Fork Merced River Valley ............................... 52 Biledo Spring ........................................................... 54 Summary ................................................................. 56 References Cited ............................................................. 57 Appendix A: Geophysical Logs of Test Holes and Wells and Acoustic Televiewer Logs of Test Holes 61 Appendix B: Hydrographs of Water Levels in Selected Observation Wells .................... 71 Appendix C: Method Used to Estimate Discharge of Biledo Spring ......................... 77 Contents III FIGURES 1. Map showing location of study area ....................................... 3 2. Map showing geology of the Wawona area, Yosemite National Park ................. 5 3. Graph showing monthly water use at Wawona, 1989-91 .......................... 7 4. Map showing location of wells, test holes, and stream water-quality site in the Wawona area ...................................................... 11 5. Diagram showing determination of fracture orientation from acoustic televiewer log of test hole 2 in the Wawona area .......................................... 13 6. Seismic cross section, Wawona meadow ..................................... 16 7-10. Diagrams showing: 7. Orientation and relative magnitude of vertical and horizontal stresses in rocks beneath the South Fork Merced River valley at Wawona ................ 18 8. Strike direction for 227 fractures as determined by acoustic televiewer logs of test holes 1 and 2 and wells Rl and 36M1 in the Wawona area ........... 18 9. Strike direction for 25 permeable fractures as determined by acoustic televiewer logs of test holes 1 and 2 and wells Rl and 36M1 in the Wawona area ...... 19 10. Conceptual model of the fractured-rock aquifer beneath the valley floor at Wawona showing permeable fractures ............................. 19 11. Map showing hydraulic head in shallow wells and generalized direction of ground-water flow in the Wawona area, autumn 1992 ....................................... 22 12. Map showing hydraulic head in shallow wells and generalized direction of ground-water flow in the Wawona area, winter/spring 1993 ................................... 23 13. Trilinear diagram showing chemical composition of water samples from wells, springs, and streams in the Wawona area ............................................ 28 14-19. Graphs showing: 14. Bromide to chloride ratio as a function of chloride concentration in ground water and mean bromide to chloride ratio for two fluid-inclusion samples from granitic quartz in the Wawona area ............................... 30 15. Tritium concentrations expected in ground water in the Wawona area that originated as precipitation between 1953 and 1983 .................... 31 16. Relation between deuterium and oxygen-18 for all ground-water samples from the Wawona area .............................................. 33 17. Distribution of dissolved 222radon in ground-water samples from wells in the Wawona area .............................................. 35 18. Comparison of drillers' estimated yield with short-term pumping-test yields for wells in the Wawona area ...................................... 36 19. Relation between short-term well yield and well depth for wells in the Wawona area .............................................. 36 20. Map showing location of streamflow reporting sites on the South Fork Merced River, wells in the losing reach of the river, and section B-B' ......................... 37 21. Graph showing discharge of the South Fork Merced River at streamflow reporting sites during gain-and-loss studies between August 1, 1991, and October 8, 1992 ........... 38 22. Graph showing cumulative gains or losses in flow of the South Fork Merced River at streamflow reporting sites between August 1, 1991, and October 8, 1992 ............ 39 23. Cross section showing relation between hydraulic head in shallow and deep wells in the losing reach of the South Fork Merced River during the gain-and-loss study on August 5, 1992 ..................................................... 40 24. Diagram showing conceptual model of ground-water flow in the Biledo Meadow area, Sierra National Forest ................................................ 42 25. Map showing location of springs and streamflow reporting sites in the Biledo Meadow area 43 26. Photograph showing excavation for the lower cistern at Biledo Spring, July 26, 1931 ..... 44 27. Photograph showing excavation for the upper cistern at Biledo Spring, July 26, 1931 ..... 45 IV Contents 28-35. Graphs showing: 28. Discharge of Biledo Spring and Biledo Meadow springs 1 and 2, Sierra National Forest, and precipitation at the south entrance station at Yosemite National Park ..................................................... 46 29. Specific conductance and discharge at streamflow reporting sites during the gain-and-loss studies on Rainier Creek ............................. 48 30. Mean daily discharge of the South Fork Merced River at Wawona, October 1, 1958, to September 30, 1968 ............................ 50 31. Streamflow frequency for the South Fork Merced River at Wawona for the period of continuous streamflow measurement, October 1, 1958, to September 30, 1968 .......................................... 51 32. Streamflow frequency for the South Fork Merced River at Wawona for the months of August, September, and October between October 1, 1958, and September 30, 1968 .......................................... 51 33. Annual departure from the 1961-90 mean discharge for the Merced River at Pohono Bridge ............................................. 51 34. Variation of well discharge and specific conductance during and after the flow test at
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