INSIDE the PART EIGHT: NEW TECHNOLOGIES the Telegraph
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The Telegraph INSIDE THE Sunday, April 6, 2014 FIRST WORLD WAR PART EIGHT: NEW TECHNOLOGIES Sponsored by A MONTHLY 12-PART PATRICK NIGEL JONES ALAN SERIES TO MARK BISHOP The inventions that WAKEFIELD THE WAR’S CENTENARY On science’s dark side changed warfare Eyes in the sky XXXXXX 2 APRIL 6 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / APRIL 6 2014 3 Sponsored by WELCOME A MODERN WAR Deadly new technology that transformed the nature of war, shaping the 1939-45 conflict. Patrick Bishop P4-5 TRENCH TOOLS From barbed wire to steel helmets, eight key battlefield inventions. And Letters Home on the perils of aerial warfare. verything we know about Nigel Jones and Anthony Richards the Second World War was P6-7 born out of the Great War, CLASSIC GRAVES a test bed for technological The powerful poem Edevelopment that pioneered the use A Dead Boche by Robert Graves: ‘‘a certain cure for of revolutionary methods in all fields lust of blood’’. from medicine to warfare. Nigel Steel P8 In this issue, Patrick Bishop looks OPEN CEMETERY at what emerged from “the William Orpen’s shocking laboratory of the First World War” depiction of the Somme in Dead Germans in and what he describes as “the a Trench. machinery of death”, while Nigel Richard Slocombe Jones handpicks eight ground- P9 breaking inventions that changed the ACE OF ACES The story of VC winner face of modern warfare. ‘‘Mick’’ Mannock, the The spirit of innovation abounded most highly decorated pilot of the war. on land, air and sea. Nick Hewitt Michael Ashcroft writes about how the Battle of P10-11 Jutland showcased the conflict’s BIRD’S-EYE VIEW Aerial photography apogee of naval engineering and becomes an indispensable Alan Wakefield looks at the weapon; dreadnoughts clash at Jutland. revolutionary impact of aerial Alan Wakefield photography on battles. and Nick Hewitt P12-13 The Imperial War Museum’s experts bring their regular critique of POST BOX Your letters describing wartime art, poetry and letters from the courage of your loved ones; Henry Moore turns the Front and we look at how Henry Cambrai’s horror into art. Moore may have buried memories of Zoe Dare Hall his trench experiences in everyday P14-15 life, but the trauma of what he saw IWM PODCAST lives on in his sculptures. Please Hear IWM’s Voices of the also keep sending your First World War podcasts at www.1914.org/ letters about loved ones, podcasts whose wartime exploits appear in our Post Box page. A poster from French magazine L’Heure Zoe Dare Hall showing Montassier’s futuristic machine and Series Editor hope for a speedy XXXXXX conclusion to the war THE SPONSOR to remember those Heroes, George Cross prestigious award for for the past four decades, Union (IDU) and one of include being Vice Patron Lord Ashcroft KCMG PC who gave their lives in Heroes and Heroes of courage not in the face of launching, buying, building Britain’s leading experts of the Intelligence Corps the conflict. the Skies. In each of the the enemy. He currently and selling companies — on polling. Museum, a Trustee of Inside the First World Lord Ashcroft has 12 supplements, Lord owns 14 GCs. Lord both private and public — Lord Ashcroft has Imperial War Museum, War, a 12-part series, established himself as a Ashcroft tells the Ashcroft’s VC and GC in Britain and overseas. donated several millions an Ambassador for is sponsored by Lord champion of bravery, incredible stories behind collections are on display He is a former of pounds to charities SkillForce and a Trustee Ashcroft KCMG PC, building up the world’s First World War VCs from in a gallery that bears his Treasurer and Deputy and good causes. of the Cleveland Clinic an international largest collection of his collection. name at IWM London, Chairman of the He founded in the US. businessman, Victoria Crosses (VCs), Lord Ashcroft along with VCs and GCs in Conservative Party. In Crimestoppers (then the philanthropist and Britain and the purchased his first VC in the care of the museum. September 2012, he was Community Action Trust) ~For information about military historian. Lord Commonwealth’s most 1986 and currently owns The gallery, built with a appointed a member of in 1988. the Lord Ashcroft Gallery, Ashcroft is sponsoring prestigious award for more than 180 of the £5 million donation from the Privy Council and was He is the founder of visit www.iwm.org.uk/ the monthly supplements courage in the face of the decorations. Three years Lord Ashcroft, was made the Government’s the Ashcroft Technology heroes. For information because he wants to enemy. He has also ago, he began collecting opened by HRH The Special Representative Academy and Chancellor on Lord Ashcroft, visit promote a greater written four books on George Crosses (GCs), Princess Royal in 2010. for Veterans’ Transition. of Anglia Ruskin www.lordashcroft.com understanding of the bravery: Victoria Cross Britain and the Lord Ashcroft has been a He is Treasurer of the University. His numerous Follow him on Twitter: First World War and Heroes, Special Forces Commonwealth’s most successful entrepreneur International Democratic other charity roles @LordAshcroft 4 APRIL 6 2014 / THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH THE SUNDAY TELEGRAPH / APRIL 6 2014 5 Sponsored by XXXXXXDARK SCIENCE ar has a way of speeding things up. mustard gas followed, but so too did the been given. The arrival of airships and aeroplanes BRAVE NEW WORLD the submarine was an old one, made realisable by The pressures it creates hasten the development of efficient gas masks and, despite stirred the imaginations of writers such as HG Wells, Clockwise from main the great scientific leaps of the 19th century. All the gestation of processes that would accounting for about a million casualties, the use of who in 1908 alarmed readers of The Pall Mall Maga- picture: a British MkIII belligerents’ navies were equipped with them at the otherwise take much longer. This The killing machines chemical weapons never produced more than tacti- zine with a serial, The War in the Air. The high point tank; machine-gunners of start of the war, but the German diesel and electric- phenomenon was everywhere cal and temporary successes. The verdict of the bat- of the story was an attack on New York by an armada the 77th American powered U-boats were the most effective, with a Wapparent in the First World War and particularly in tlefield was that they were more trouble than they of German airships, dropping bombs that collapsed Division training near range of 5,000 miles. As with the air war, the scope of the field of technology. were worth and it was unsurprising that neither side skyscrapers, ignited infernos and drove the city’s Moulle, France, in May their operations was initially strictly military but The 19th century was a time of great scientific would make use of them in the next war. population mad with panic. 1918; a Zeppelin, grew ever wider, ending in unrestricted attacks on all advances in Europe and America. The innovations Instead, the future seemed to belong to three other In 1915, Wells’s vision became fact when the probably the L50, leaves enemy shipping. The consequences for civilians that resulted contributed to a feeling that it was a innovations: the tank, the aeroplane and the Germans launched a long series of Zeppelin raids on the hangar; the aircraft became clear with the sinking of the British liner good time to be alive and that mankind’s lot was Pюѡџіѐј BіѠѕќѝ ѠюѦѠ ѡѕђ яюѡѡљђѓіђљё ѤюѠ ю ѡђѠѡ яђё submarine. A design for a caterpillar-tracked coastal towns. On May 31, an airship attacked carrier HMS Angus in Lusitania, which was torpedoed by U-20 off Kinsale, generally improving. The applications saved labour, ѓќџ ю џюћєђ ќѓ ѡђѐѕћќљќєѦ ѡѕюѡ ѡџюћѠѓќџњђё ѡѕђ armoured vehicle had been offered to the British War London, showering grenades and incendiaries on dazzle camouflage Ireland, on May 7, 1915, with a loss of 1,198 lives. improved health, enhanced communications and Office in 1911 but was rejected and forgotten. Once Stoke Newington. Seven people were killed, German submarines sent more than 5,000 Allied shrank distances. With the coming of the war, the ћюѡѢџђ ќѓ Ѥюџ юћё ѕђљѝђё Ѡѕюѝђё ѡѕђ 1939-45 ѐќћѓљіѐѡ again, the post-1914 paralysis revived interest in a including a three-year-old girl, Elsie Leggat. The ships to the bottom of the sea during the course of dark side of science was given free expression, weapon that might sweep through barbed wire and experience fell far short of Wells’s apocalypse but the First World War. It was a harbinger of what was to becoming death-dealing instead of life-enhancing. cruise over trenches and in September 1915, in the none the less created an atmosphere of fear that come during the Battle of the Atlantic in the next The conflict cannot be said to have been the womanising American who moved to Britain and Shell bombardments became an integral part of latter stages of the Battle of the Somme, a British translated into hatred of the perpetrators. war, when U-boats, in combination with the Luft- mother of any great, transformative inventions. was knighted by Queen Victoria. The Maxim gun the trench experience, arriving either singly in tank made its first appearance in the conflict. Despite their impressive size, the Zeppelins waffe’s long-range bombers and reconnaissance Aircraft, submarines, machine-guns and the harnessed the gas energy produced by firing a round routine harassing fire or in the huge barrages that The French had simultaneously developed the seemed extraordinarily hard to shoot down.