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Witmer Stone THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY Vor.. 58 Jut.y, 1941 No. 3 IN MEMORIAM: WITMER STONE BY JAMES A. G. REHN Plate to I• TI•E eminently fitting words of a long-time colleague,"Witmet Stone was born a naturalist, nurtured a naturalist and a naturalist he lived until the end of his days. Most of the many activitiesthat filled his busylife flowedfrom his profoundinterest in nature." Scientist, man of letters,biographer of scienceand scientists,and protectoro• wildlife, he combined with these attainments what another old •riend, Dr. CorneliusWeygandt, has most aptly called "a geniusfor friend- ship." To a buoyant spirit he addedan enthusiasmwhich he kept throughlife, a keensense of humor, a touchof whimsey,a sympathetic understanding,a love of good literature and the instinctsof the his- torian and bibliophile, attributesall of which broadenedhis outlook upon the world and drew him closelyto his fellow men. In his death on May 23, 1939, the American Ornithologists'Union lost an honored Fellow and a former President and Editor, and his associates at the Academyof Natural Scienceswere deprivedof a counselorand coad- jutor who for over fifty yearshad lived as one o• them. Witmet Stonewas born in Philadelphia,September 22, 1866, the second son of Frederick D. and Anne E. Witmet Stone. His ances- try was PennsylvaniaEnglish-Quaker and PennsylvaniaDutch, two stockswhich have given us a number of our famousAmerican natural- ists,such as Melsheimer, Haldeman, Say, von Schweinitz,Darlington, Cassin,Leidy and Cope. His father was for many yearsLibrarian of the Historical Societyof Pennsylvaniaand a recognizedauthority on Pennsylvaniahistory. Doubtlesswe can trace much of Witmet Stone's appreciationof good literature, scholarlywriting and regard for booksand book-makingto an early paternal influence. When quite younghis interestin Nature beganto assertitself, and the collecting 299 THE AUK, VOL 58 PLATE 10 300 REHN,In Memoriam:Witmer Stone L['Auk July of minerals,birds' eggsand skins,insects and plantswas the pattern by which it becameevident. By the rare goodfortune which some of us have,a groupof neigh- boringyouths of the Brownfamily had similarinterests, and from this early associationdeveloped friendships severed only by death. In his memorialoœ Stewardson Brown, Dr. Stonehas pleasingly pictured in the followingwords the influenceof 'Restalrig',the Brownhome- stead,and its folk, upon the livesoœ the boyswho sharedit: "It lay on the extremeeastern edge of Germantown(part oœPhila- delphia)and beyondit stretchedmiles of opencountry, with delightful bits oœwoodland here and there, and the WingohockingCreek, then a clear open stream,flowed not far away. The surroundingswere ideal for the developmentof a love oœnatural history;and the atmos- phereoœ the homeequally so. There wasa generalinterest in out-door life in the family, and a love oœhunting and fishingon the part of the father and elder brothers. A gun closetin the hall wasever ready to furnish the meansoœ securing any rare bird that visitedthe neigh- borhood,while many mountedspecimens graced the bookcasein the parlor. And there liœewas not bound about by narrow restrictions suchas someparents feel it necessaryto impose..... We three boys had very many interestsin common--alove oœNature, oœmusic and of out-doorathletic exercises--and we becameinseparable companions. Indeed for a period of more than ten yearswe spentalmost our entire sparetime at Restalrigor in the immediatevicinity mainly in collect- ing and studyingspecimens of plants,animals and minerals.... In 1882,in conjunctionwith my late brotherFrederick D. Stone,Jr., and Brown's younger brothers,Herbert and Francis H., we formed the 'Wilson Natural Science Association', which met in our house where a room had been transformedinto a museumfor the housingof our collections,and here weeklysessions were held and papersread with all the formality of a more seriousorganization. While our activities were admittedlyvery local in scope,I have sincebeen impressedwith the admirablebasis that they affordedfor our future work, better, I am inclined to think, than would have been derived from less concen- trated work over a wider field. Our aim was to become familiar with all oœthe animal and plant life of that part of Germantownas well as the mineralsand rocks,and I think we nearly succeeded." The productivevalue of this commonearly interestis evidentfrom the subsequentcareers of the two Brown boysmost intimately con- cerned. Amos P. Brown eventuallybecame Professor of Geologyat the Universityoœ Pennsylvania and StewardsonBrown for yearsprior to hisdeath in 1921was Curator of Botanyat the Academyof Natural Vol.58-[ REHN,In Memoriam:Witruer Stone 301 194• .• Sciencesof Philadelphia. Its importanceto Witmer Stonewas often expressedby him, and doubtlessmuch of his exceptionallybroad acquaintancewith specificelements of the fauna and flora of eastern Pennsylvaniacould be tracedto the boyhoodyears at Germantown. Witmet Stone'searly educationwas secured at the historicGerman- town Academy,from which he passedto the University of Pennsyl- vania, graduatingin 1887. In undergraduatedays he was elected Secretaryof his class-onewhich producedan exceptionalnumber of able and outstandingmen-and this posthe held until his death. The A.B. degreeof 1887was followed by that of A.M. in 1891,and in 1913 the Universityof Pennsylvaniaconferred on him the honoraryone of Sc.D., while in 1937 it further honored him with its Alumni Award of Merit. In March 1888,Stone's appointment as a JessupFund Studentat the Academyof Natural Sciencesof Philadelphiawas the beginningof the mostimportant and continuousassociation of his life, one rich in concreteresults for the institutionand opportunitiesfor the man. At the beginningof his servicesat the Academy,interest there in orni- thologywas definitely quiescent. After thepassing of the Gassinperiod of American ornithology,which centeredchiefly at the Academy,the loci of activeinvestigation in that field in this countrywere elsewhere --chiefly Washington,New York and Gambridge. Stone found the pricelessinheritance of the daysof Gassin,the greatand representative bird collection,mainly mounted on white T-perch stands,still as it wasin the 'forties,'fifties and 'sixties,its pricelesstypes often unmarked and all crowdedin glassdisplay cases,subject to the deteriorating effectsof light and dust. His own words,written in 1909/ describevividly the conditionin which he found this collection,considered by Philip Lutley Sclaterin 1858 to be the finest one then existing of the birds of the world. "When ! becameacquainted with the collectionin 1888, it had had no attentionfrom an ornithologistsince the death of Gassintwenty yearsbefore and was practicallyin the conditionin which he left it. "there were 25,000 specimens,all mounted,for, accordingto the ideasof the middle of the 19th century,every specimenwas supposed to be on exhibition. The ornithologist,who to-day can sit comfort- ably at his deskwith thousandsof bird skinsin cabinetdrawers within arm's reach, can realize the difficultiesthat attended John Gassin's researches,when tray after tray of mounted specimenshad to be car- ried from the museumto the library and therestood upon tablesgath- a In 'Problems of Modernizing an Old Museum', Proc. Amex. Assoc. of Museums, $: •9o9. 302 REHN,In Memoriam:Witmer Stone LF JulyAuk eringdust until their investigationwas completed .... Data werewrit- ten on the bottoms of the stands,occasionally with the addition of personalor historical comment. One stand for instancebore the inscription,'Labelled by John Cassinthis 29th of Nov. 1848,¬ before 8 o'clockin the evening,Wednesday', another 'Just heard of the down- fall of the French Empire. Vive la R•publique'. I found also the handwriting of Townsend, Audubon, Baird and Peale.... The amount of crowdingthat was necessaryto get the 25,000 specimens into the exhibition casescan readily be imagined. There were no lessthan 1500 hawks and eagles,among which were $0 specimensof the sparrowhawk, $8 duckhawks and 18 goldeneagles .... The pros- pect of reducingthat collection. and of transformingthe majority of the specimensinto studyskins, not to speakof the taskof procuring tight casesfor their accommodation,and the catalogingand labelling incident to the work-all at a time when funds for the purposewere not available-was, to say the least, appalling, and was not accom- plishedin a singleyear. The entire historyof the collectionhad to be worked up and all possibletypes or historicalspecimens hunted out, for in the old daysauthors did not clearlymark their type speci- mens;and not until this had been done was it possibleto discardany apparentlyuseless duplicates. Finally the data on the woodenstands had to be carefully transcribedto the labels and the cataloguepages and, in the caseof types,the basesof the standsthemselves were pre- served and numbered." 'In this laboriouswork, very largelydone with his own hands,Stone locatedover six hundred typesof Gould, Cassin,Townsend, Audubon and a scoreof other authors;he developedthe nucleusof a modern housingmethod in the Academyand savedfor posteritymany hun- dredsof exceedinglyrare and in somecases extinct speciesof birds. Not alone to the bird collectionwas this salvagingwork extended,but extensive,important and irreplaceableseries in virtually all fieldsof zoologyand palaeontologywere savedfrom further deteriorationand preservedfor future generations. For the greater part of twenty yearsthe majorofficial activity of Witmer Stone,aside from
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