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Frugivory and Size Variation of Animal Prey in Black Redstart Phoenicurus Ochruros During Summer and Autumn in South-Western Poland

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Frugivory and Size Variation of Animal Prey in Black Redstart Phoenicurus Ochruros During Summer and Autumn in South-Western Poland Ornis Fennica 88:161171. 2011 Frugivory and size variation of animal prey in Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros during summer and autumn in south-western Poland Grzegorz Or³owski, Jerzy Karg & Joanna Czarnecka G. Or³owski & J. Karg, Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, PolishAcad - emy of Sciences, Bukowska 19, 60-809 Poznañ, Poland. E-mail [email protected] J. Czarnecka, Ecology Department, Institute of Biology, Maria Curie-Sk³odowska Uni- versity, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland Received 4 August 2010, accepted 27 January 2011 Analyses of faeces of the Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros from the countryside of south-western Poland revealed a significant increase in the proportion of plant items (mainly berries of Sambucus nigra/racemosa) between July and October; for animal prey items an inverse trend was found. During summer-autumn, no significant trends in the mass of all animal prey were found. The most numerous animal prey were three genera of ants (Lasius, Formica and Myrmica; 44.1% by number of all animal prey). Large num- bers of undamaged seeds of several species of shrubs in the analyzed faeces, including non-native species, indicate that the Black Redstart is a potential disperser of woody plants in rural landscapes of Europe. 1. Introduction (Flinks & Pfeifer 1990, Sedlacek et al. 2007) and adult birds on wintering grounds in the Mediterra- The Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros inha- nean region (Herrera 1978, Zamora 1992, Hodar bits built-up areas within human dominated land- 1998, Nicolai 1998, 2001), including data on scapes and is broadly distributed across Europe, frugivory (Crocq 2002, Fuentes et al. 2001, Guitan including Scandinavia. The species belongs to the et al. 2001). However, detailed studies on the diet group of birds recognized as facultative frugi- of Black Redstarts during summer and autumn in vores, whose diet switches from animal to plant, central and northern Europe are lacking. Similarly, mainly fruits, during the post-breeding period the importance of fruits in the diet of passerines in (Menzel 1983, Herrera 1984a, Cramp 1998, Stie- central and northern Europe did not appear to have bel & Bairlain 2008). On the other hand, some data been established quantitatively, except for some from the Mediterranean region reveal the lack of studies in Britain (Sorensen 1981, Snow & Snow plant material in the autumn-winter diet of the 1988, Boddy 1991) and recently in Germany Black Redstart, which indicates a general foraging (Eggers 2000, Stiebel & Bairlein 2008). strategy based on the diet consisting of available This study therefore aimed to characterise the food resources (Herrera 1978, Hodar 1998, Nico- diet composition of the Black Redstart during the lai 1998). Until now most papers on the diet of the post-breeding period in the countryside of south- Black Redstart have concerned mainly nestlings western Poland. We determined the mass and pro- 162 ORNIS FENNICA Vol. 88, 2011 portion of animal prey and plant (fruit) fraction in 0 and 37). The collected droppings were preserved the food during four months of summer and au- dry. The identification of food items was con- tumn. Finally, we explored the connection be- ducted using a binocular microscope. tween the mass of animal prey and their taxo- The items found in the droppings were divided nomic, habitat and temporal characteristics. into animal and plant material. The diet composi- tion was expressed by the number and weight of both kinds of items. The number of prey (hereafter 2. Material and methods number of items, i.e., the number of individuals) belonging to a particular species of invertebrates The diet of the Black Redstart was determined on (mainly insects) was established on the basis of the basis of faecal analysis. Droppings were col- fragments of chitin parts found, mainly elytra (Co- lected at three countryside areas (villages) of leoptera and Heteroptera), wings (Diptera, Hyme- south-western Poland: (1) Turew (geographical noptera), mouth parts (most orders and larvae) and location: 52°0337N, 16°4939E), (2) R¹biñ other preserved parts (e.g., limbs, petiolus, clypeus (52°0313N, 16°5418E) and (3) Stolec or mandible). (51°2138N, 18°3952E). During the determination of the number of Droppings were collected from the roosting prey belonging to a particular species a rule of sites of Black Redstarts (up to a few individuals) summation of different chitin parts was applied to located in buildings and in their proximity, such as the level of one individual, i.e., two or more differ- in barns, stacks of stones and bricks, agricultural ent fragments of chitin parts (e.g., head, mandi- machines and other artificial structures linked with bles, six legs, and other parts in the case of ants) human activity; in Stolec, droppings were col- from one dropping was treated as belonging to the lected from two localities ca. 200 m apart, near or same individual of a given species. This protocol inside buildings and from a nest after the departure produces the minimum estimate for the total num- of fledglings on 7 Aug 2009. Woody vegetation ber of invertebrates and plant items consumed. within 100 m of all sites was comprised mainly of The weight of animal prey and plants (mainly fruit tree species: apple Malus domestica, pear fruits) was expressed by dry mass (mg d.w.). For Pyrus communis,plumPrunus spp., sweet cherry animal prey these values were obtained by detailed Prunus avium, Scots pine Pinus sylvestris,anda measures of insect weights (Karg 1989). few species of shrubs, including both native and The data given by Herrera (1987) and Ercisli exotic ornamental species, such as black elder and Orhan (2007) were used for the calculation of Sambucus nigra, European bird cherry Prunus pa- dry weight of consumed whole fruit (i.e., seed with dus, blackthorn Prunus spinosa, hawthorn Cra- pulp) of black elder, white mulberry Morus alba, taegus spp. and bramble Rubus spp. In Stolec, also guelder rose Viburnum lantana and bramble Ru- the red elder Sambucus racemosa, whose fruiting bus sp. In the case of multi-seeded fruits, when the period extend between July and beginning of Au- number of seeds recorded in droppings was gust, was abundant. greater than their number in one fruit, the determi- The fruiting period of the black elder began at nation of the number of consumed fruits was done the first middle of August, however during the first by dividing the total number of recorded seeds by half of this month, drupes of both species of elders the average number of seeds per fruit based on lit- was available as a potential food source. Drop- erature; hence, for black elder the total number of pings were collected during 19 different days recorded seeds (n = 197; Appendix) was divided (dates) in the summer-autumn seasons between 5 by 2.6 (Herrera 1987). Due to difficulties with July 2008 and 30 October 2009. Altogether 25 fae- identification of seeds of elder species, which oc- cal samples with 279 droppings were collected. curred sympatrically in Stolec, these two items The number of droppings collected during consec- were treated as Sambucus racemosa/nigra. utive months at the three areas amounted to 44 in A general linear model (GLM; Hosmer & July (28, 16 and 0 for Turev, R¹biñ and Stolec, re- Lemeshow 1989) was applied to test the effects of spectively), to 164 in August (4, 18 and 142), to 34 four predictor variables on the mass of prey of the in September (34, 0 and 0) and to 37 in October (0, Black Redstart during the four months. In this Or³owski et al.: Summer and autumn diet of the Black Redstart 163 $ !" # % " '( * + & )) Fig. 2. Proportion of the number of items in the droppings of the Black Redstart at three areas (names of areas on the x-axis) during July-October Fig. 1. Percentage distribution of the number (n = in south-western Poland. The category ‘Other’ in- 1049) and biomass (n = 6370.405 mg d.w.) of dif- cludes Araneae, Diplopoda, Lepidoptera, ferent taxonomical groups of invertebrates and Lumbricidae, Mollusca, Odonata, Orthoptera and plant items (calculated for whole dry fruits) in the unidentified insects. The total number of items is diet of the Black Redstart. The number of items is given in parentheses. calculated for all items and the biomass for 942 items with known weight (see Table 1). mer-autumn period. Hence, the data on diet com- position were divided into seven half-month peri- multivariate analysis, data for 721 prey items with ods (between July and October) and differences in known mass were used (Appendix); individual the proportions of six main types of items, includ- prey was treated as a separate data point. Four cat- ing the main taxonomical groups of invertebrates, egorical predictor variables were used: Order = were tested between these periods with a chi- five classes (Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diptera, square test. The percentage data were arcsine- Heteroptera and others, including Araneae, transformed (Y = arcsin (Y)1) prior to analysis Diplopoda, Lepidoptera, Lumbricidae, Mollusca, (Zar 1984). Odonata, Orthoptera; Appendix); Village (Turew, Also possible differences and trends were ex- R¹bin or Stolec), Month (July, August, September amined for the mass of all prey, including two or October) and the variable "Control" (continu- most numerous taxonomical groups of prey (Hy- ous variable consisting of 19 different dates of menoptera and Coleoptera), during four months gathering faecal samples, expressed as whole and 19 different dropping-collecting dates using numbers between 1 and 19). To identify the model, non-paramethric Kruskall-Wallis, median and the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used Spearman rank correlation tests. Post hoc compar- to optimise the number and combination of predic- isons were applied to assess differences in the tive variables included (Burnham & Anderson mass of prey between pairs of months.
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